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Carbon Compounds BIOCHEMISTRY I. Role of Carbon in Organisms Organic compounds = compounds ___________________ that contain carbon Ex: carbohydrates, lipids, proteins Inorganic compounds = compounds _____________________ that DO NOT contain carbon Ex: vitamins, minerals, water I. Role of Carbon in Organisms 4 Carbon forms ___ covalent bonds to become stable. Can join with other carbons chains to form straight ________, branches or _______. rings These structures may contain __________ multiple carbon atoms. This makes many ___________ compounds possible I. Role of Carbon in Organisms Methane = the simplest carbon _________ compound (CH4) Hydrocarbon = any molecule made _____________ hydrogen and ________ carbon atoms! ONLY of __________ II. The Digestive System The digestive system breaks down organic compounds into their building blocks (__________). monomers Body cells take the monomers and put them together in the form the body can use II. The Digestive System ________________ Macromolecules = extremely large compounds made of smaller compounds. _________ Polymer = large molecule formed when many smaller molecules (monomers) long chains. bond together, usually in ______ Ex: carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, nucleic acids POLYMERS MONOMERS (building blocks) Carbohydrate Monosaccharides _________________ Protein Amino Acids _____________ Lipid 3 fatty acids __________________ & 1 glycerol __________ Nucleic Acids _____________ Nucleotides What do athletes eat the day before a big game? Carbohydrates: Carb loading works because carbohydrates are used by the cells to STORE and RELEASE energy. III. Carbohydrates storage and Compounds used for _________ energy release of ________ Made of C, H, O atoms 3 types of carbohydrates: 1. ________________ Monosaccharide = C6H12O6 Simple sugar (6 carbons) ________ Ex: _______, glucose ________, fructose galactose _________ Only form our body can use ______ for energy 3 types of carbohydrates: 2. ________________ Disaccharide = C12H22O11 Double sugar made of 2 simple sugars ________ lactose (milk sugar), _________, maltose Ex: _________ sucrose (table sugar) _________ 3 types of carbohydrates: 3. ________________ Polysaccharide = monosaccharides more than 2 _________________ Ex. Starch - plant’s energy storing molecule ________ 3 types of carbohydrates: __________ Glycogen - Animal’s energy storing molecule glucose Energy storage in the form of _________ Found in the liver and skeletal muscle energy between When the body needs ________ meals/physical activity, glycogen is broken hydrolysis down into glucose through ____________ 3 types of carbohydrates: ________ Cellulose - provides structure in plant cell walls (cannot be digested by human body) What happens to CARBOHYDRATES in the body? Broken down by the digestive system into monosaccharides _________________ which are then absorbed into the body through the bloodstream where _____________, the body cells take the monosaccharides and energy produce ________. Lipids & Proteins BIOCHEMISTRY I. Lipids Commonly called _______ fats and _______ oils Contain ______ more C-H bonds and ______ less carbohydrates O atoms than _______________ Ex. C57H110O6 Nonpolar; therefore water repel _______ insoluble (__________) I. Lipids ____________________________: Functions of lipids in your body 1. ____________ Long term energy storage (used when carbohydrates are _____ NOT available) Insulation 2. __________ 3. _________ Protect body tissue (cushioning) Which has more energy lipids or carbs? TWICE as One gram of _____ fat contains _______ energy as one gram of much ________ _______________. carbohydrates fats Therefore, _____ are better _______ storage compounds! Fats vs. Carbs & Energy Storage 1 gram of Carbs (glycogen) = 4 Kcal of energy about ___ A short term rapid energy source (sprint events) 1 gram of Fats = about 9 Kcal of energy ______________ A long term energy source (endurance events – marathons) Types and Examples of Lipids: Sterols - steroids 1. _______ Waxes - bee, furniture, ear 2. ______ Cholesterol - in egg yolks 3. __________ Fats - from animals 4. _____ Oils - from plants 5. ____ Structure of Lipids Basic building blocks: 3 fatty acids + ____________ 1 glycerol _______________ Fatty Acids _____________ Long ________________ carboxyl chains of carbon with a __________ group at one end. Structure of Lipids One fatty acid: 3 types of fats: 1. ________________ Saturated fats = fatty acid chains single bonds of carbon with only ________ between the carbon atoms. Bad Fats – cholesterol (heart disease) “__________” _______ Solid at room temperature butter Ex: ________ 3 types of fats: 2. __________________ Unsaturated fats = fatty acid double bond chains of carbon with ONE ________ between the carbon atoms Good Fats “___________” ________ liquid at room temperature olive oil Ex: ___________ 3 types of fats: 3. ______________________ Polyunsaturated fats = more than one double bond between the carbon atoms in the chain. Ex: nuts, seeds, fish, leafy greens. Structural formulas for saturated and polyunsaturated fatty acids: What happens to LIPIDS in the body? Broken down by the digestive system into fatty acids and glycerol ______________________ which are then absorbed into the body through the bloodstream, where the body cells take the fatty acids and glycerol and make needed lipids. I. Lipids _______________ Triglycerides = majority of fat in organism consist of this type of fat molecules foods or made Derived from fats eaten in _______ in the body from other energy sources like carbohydrates. I. Lipids Calories ingested in a meal and not used immediately by tissues are converted to triglycerides and transported to fat cells to be stored. energy vs. Storage – 3 month supply of ________ glycogen’s 24 hour supply. I. Lipids Hormones regulate the release of triglycerides from fat tissue so they meet the body’s needs for energy between meals. Excess Triglycerides – Life Applications: Cause plaque to build up Arteriosclerosis = __________________ walls of the arteries get thick and hard; fat builds up inside the walls and slows blood flow blood clots heart attacks strokes Excess Triglycerides – Life Applications: ____________ Hypertension high blood pressure II. Proteins Large complex polymer composed of C, H, O, N and sometimes S Monomers (basic building blocks): amino acids _____________ 20 different ___ amino acids Functions of proteins in our body: Muscle contraction 1. _______ oxygen 2. Transport _______ in the bloodstream Functions of proteins in our body: 3. Provide immunity _________ (antibodies) 4. Carry out chemical __________ reactions What happens to PROTEINS in the body? Broken down by the digestive system into amino acids which are ___________ then absorbed into the body through the bloodstream, where the body cells take the amino acids and makes proteins for muscles. Enzymes & Nucleic Acids BIOCHEMISTRY I. Enzymes: A specialized type of _________ protein Function in your body ________________________: acts catalyst = substance that likes a __________ speeds up the rate of a chemical ________ reaction but it is NOT ____ used up in the reaction. I. Enzymes: activation Enzyme(s) reduce ____________ energy = amount of energy needed ________ to begin a reaction. Coenzyme = an organic molecule __________ ____________ associated with the enzyme to help in the reaction ______ I. Enzymes: Need an active site on the enzyme Active site - attracts and holds only _____________ ________ specific molecules called ___________. substrates “Lock-and-key” system I. Enzymes: Therefore, _________ enzymes enable substrates to molecules called ____________ undergo a chemical change to form products new substances, called __________. I. Enzymes: Example of the hydrolysis of sucrose using the enzyme (sucrase) I. Enzymes: Competitive Inhibitors ________________________ =a substance that _________ reduces the activity active of an enzyme by entering the _______ site in place of the ___________ substrate ______ mimics whose structure it ________. I. Enzymes: survive without enzymes! Could not _________ (almost all chemical reactions in cells require an enzyme) Speed up the reactions in ____________________________: 1. ___________ Digestion of food Synthesis of molecules 2. ___________ Storage and release of energy 3. ____________________ I. Enzymes: _________ Enzymes are named for the compound they work on. You drop the current compound ending and replace it with ______. -ase I. Enzymes: For example: Lactose’s enzyme is _________ lactase maltase Maltose’s enzyme is _________ sucrase Sucrose’s enzyme is _________ _________ Amylase (in your saliva) is the enzyme for starch I. Enzymes: 2 Factors that affect enzymes ______________________________: - too high or too low will denature (break apart) enzymes 1. _____________ Temperature pH 2. ___ How does our body get energy from the breaking down of molecules? _________________________ Energy is released when a chemical bond is broken _______________________! II. Nucleic Acids: Complex polymer that stores information code in cells in the form of a ______. Monomers (basic building blocks): __________, nucleotides which consist of C, H, O, N, P These elements are arranged in 3 groups: nitrogen base ______________, simple sugar and a _______________, _________________. phosphate group II. Nucleic Acids: II. Nucleic Acids: 1. _____ DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) contains all the instructions for organisms development . . . AKA genetic information 2. _____ RNA (ribonucleic acid) forms a copy of DNA and is used for protein synthesis (production) _________