Download Republic of Maldives

National Adaptation Programme of Action
(NAPA)
Republic of Maldives
GEF
Prepared by
The Government of Maldives
Ministry of Environment Energy and Water
National Adaptation Programme of Action
(NAPA)
Republic of Maldives
GEF
Prepared by
The Government of Maldives
Ministry of Environment, Energy and Water
i
Maldives NAPA Team:
Ms. Mariyam Saleem (Marine Research Centre)
Lead Author and Project Manager:
Dr. Ahmed Jamsheed Mohamed (Department of
Ms. Lubna Moosa
Public Health)
Dr. Mohamed Shareef (Ministry of Planning and
Co-Authors:
Dr. Simad Saeed
Dr. Mohamed Shiham Adam
Dr. Abdulla Naseer
Dr. Sheena Moosa
Mr. Ahmed Shaig
Contributors:
Mr. Ahmed Jameel (Ministry of Environment, Energy
and Water)
Mr. Amjad Abdulla (Ministry of Environment, Energy
National Development)
Ms. Hafeeza Abdulla (NAPA National Consultant)
Ms. Mizna Mohamed (Ministry of Environment, Energy
and Water)
Mr. Hussain Naeem (Ministry of Environment, Energy
and Water)
Editors:
Dr. Simad Saeed
Mr. Ahmed Shaig
Ms. Lubna Moosa
and Water)
Mr. Ibrahim Shaheen (Maldives Transport and
Support Staff:
Contracting Company)
Ms. Aminath Zumeena
Ms. Fathmath Shafeega (Ministry of Planning and
Mr. Ibrahim Hamza Khaleel
National Development)
Mr. Abdulla Mohamed Didi
Mr. Mohamed Aslam (LaMer)
Ms Athira Ali
Mr. Hussain Zahir (Marine Research Centre)
© Ministry of Environment, Energy and Water, 2006
The contents of this report may be reproduced in parts with acknowledgment of source.
ISBN
Published by:
Ministry of Environment, Energy and Water, 2006
Fen Building
Male', Republic of Maldives
Tel: +960 3324861
Fax: +960 3322286
Email: [email protected]
Website: www.environment.gov.mv
Cartography, design and layout by: Ahmed Shaig
Photos courtesy of: Portrait Gallery
Printed by:
National Adaptation Programme of Action - Maldives
Foreword
By President of the Republic of Maldives
27 December 2006
Our world is today faced with many
mitigate against climate change, there is
serious threats to the prospect of life and
no local-level fix to this global problem.
the well-being of our future generations.
Poverty, terrorism and global pandemics
rank among the most serious perils
facing us. However, to the three hundred
thousand inhabitants of the Maldives
none of these threats compare, in
magnitude and likelihood, to global
climate change and consequent sea level
rise.
Numerous challenges lie ahead of us in
the quest to safeguard the Maldives and
its people from the rising seas. We must
find ways to adapt to higher sea levels,
higher levels of natural stress on coral
reefs, higher temperatures, higher
frequency of severe storms and varying
rainfall patterns. Thus, this National
Adaptation Programme of Action (NAPA)
Twenty years ago, the Maldives activated
will hopefully guide us in this endeavour
the alarm bells on this impending threat
in the years ahead. It outlines the
to the survival of our nation. Slowly but
activities that we must implement to
surely, we caught the attention of the
adapt to climate change. I note with
international community. Two decades
satisfaction that the NAPA was developed
on, the scientific evidence of climate
with wide stakeholder participation and
change is overwhelming. Climate change
through extensive consultations at the
and sea level rise are already happening.
atoll and national levels. Thus, the views
Although some work is being done to
and priorities in the Programme have the
endorsement of the public.
ii
iii
Foreword by President
The reverberating message here is that
the commitments agreed on in the Kyoto
Protocol fall way short of reversing the
climatic trends. It is therefore absolutely
essential that those who have made
those commitments at least prove their
good faith.
I call upon all Government agencies, our
international development partners and
friends to extend their full cooperation to
us to make this adaptation programme a
success.
Maumoon Abdul Gayoom
National Adaptation Programme of Action - Maldives
Contents
Foreword
ii
4.2 Precipitation
14
Acknowledgment
vii
4.3 Temperature
14
Abbreviations
ix
4.4 Extreme events
15
1
Introduction
1
Vulnerabilities and Impacts
18
2
Adaptation Policy
5
5.1 Land, Beach and Human
Framework
3
2.1 NAPA Goal
3
Settlements
5.2 Critical Infrastructure
23
5.3 Tourism
25
5.4 Fisheries
28
Country Characteristics and National
5.5 Human Health
31
Development
7
5.6 Water Resources
33
3.1 Geography and climate
8
5.7 Agriculture and Food
3.2 Society
9
3.3 Economy
10
2.2 Maldives Adaptation Policy
Framework
3
3
3.4 NAPA and National
Development
4
19
Security
5.8 Coral Reef Biodiversity
6
10
Climate Change and Climate
Variability
13
4.1 Sea level rise
13
34
36
Adaptation Needs and Priority
Adaptation Strategies
40
6.1 Adaptation Needs
40
6.1.1 Land, Beach and Human
Settlements
6.1.2 Critical Infrastructure
40
40
iv
v
Table of Contents
6.1.3 Tourism
41
6.1.4 Fisheries
41
6.1.5 Human Health
41
6.1.6 Water Resources
42
6.1.7 Agriculture and Food Security
42
6.1.8 Coral Reef Biodiversity
42
6.2 Priority Adaptation
7
Strategies
43
Adaptation Projects
45
References
131
Annex I - Maldives NAPA Process
and Key Steps
137
Annex 2 - List of participants in the
national and regional workshops
147
National Adaptation Programme of Action - Maldives
year, and its linear trend for
List of Tables
Hulhulé for 1989 to
Table 4.1 Probable maximum storm
tide
18
Table 4.2 Probable maximum storm tide
by region
19
2005
15
Figure 4.2 Relationship between hourly
sea level and return period for
Hulhulé, based on observed
Table 4.3 Storm tide estimates for medium
and high sea level rise
scenarios
2005
19
Table 4.4 Return period of wind speeds
and the probable maximum
Figure 4.4 Relationship between daily
rainfall and return period for
daily rainfall for 1975 to
2005
uninhabited islands in
17
Figure 4.5 Cyclone tracks over Maldives
23
Table 5.2 Major land reclamation
activities in Maldives
16
Hulhulé, based on observed
20
Table 5.1 Largest inhabited and
Maldives
Figure 4.3 Maximum daily rainfall, by
2005
20
Table 4.5 Cyclone hazard zone in Maldives
wind speed
16
year, for Hulhulé for1975 to
associated with cyclones in
Maldives
hourly sea level for 1989 to
between 1877-2004
20
Figure 5.1 Island size and land utilization
25
Table 6.1 List of priority adaptation
across Maldives
22
Figure 5.2 Extent of erosion in
strategies
48
Table 7.1 List of project profiles
50
Maldives
25
Figure 5.3 Export revenue for tuna, reef
fish fisheries and other
varieties, 1998 2005.
List of Figures
Figure 5.4 Relative estimates of fish catch
Figure 2.1 Conceptual framework of NAPA
illustrating the complex
34
Figure 5.5 Incidence of acute
sustainability and adaptation
Figure 3.1 Location of Maldives
by atoll units in terms of
population and reef area
relationship between
to climate change
32
9
11
Figure 3.2 Map of Maldives showing
geographic and climate
features
Figure 3.3 Population Distribution in year
2000 and 2006
Figure 4.1 Maximum hourly sea level, by
gastroenteritis in the Maldives
2002-2005
36
Figure 5.6 Incidence of dengue in
Maldives 2000-2005
37
Figure 5.7 Incidence of scrub typhus in
Maldives 2000-2005
37
Figure 5.8 Map of Major coral reef
structures
42
vi
vii
Acknowledgement
Acknowledgement
The National Adaptation Programme of
Action Maldives was prepared by the
Integrated Climate Change Strategy
(ICCS) Projects of Ministry of
Environment, Energy and Water.
We would also like to thank the members
of the Climate Change Technical Team
from the following government and
private agencies for their valuable time
The Ministry wishes to acknowledge the
and input to the NAPA process from the
valuable support of Global Environment
following government agencies and the
Facility and its implementing agency,
private sector.
United Nations Development
4
Programme. We would like to thank
Ms.Hudha Ahmed, the UNDP Programme
Co-ordinator for her commitment,
helpful support and guidance throughout
and Marine Resources
4
Marine Research Centre
4
Maldives Transport and
Contracting Company
the NAPA process.
The Ministry gratefully acknowledges the
work undertaken by the National Project
Manager of the Integrated Climate
Change Strategy Project, Lubna Moosa
4
Ministry of Health
4
Ministry of Planning and National
Development
4
process and producing the draft NAPA
report.
Ministry of Tourism and Civil
Aviation
and the Maldives NAPA Team for coordinating the stakeholder consultative
Ministry of Fisheries, Agriculture
4
Ministry of Housing and Urban
Development
National Adaptation Programme of Action - Maldives
4
Ministry of Construction and
Public Infrastructure
4
Ministry of Transport and
Communication
4
Ministry of Education- Educational
Development Centre
4
Ministry of Economic
Development and Trade
4
Ministry of Atolls Development
4
Department of Meteorology
4
Maldives Fishermen's Association
4
Land and Marine Environmental
Resources Group Pvt. Ltd.
4
Seamarc Pvt Ltd
4
Banyan Tree Maldives
Appreciation is also expressed to
representatives from the atolls who
participated in the regional stakeholder
consultations and those from the
government and private agencies who
participated in the national workshop.
We thank the staff of the Integrated
Climate Change Strategy Project, Atoll
Ecosystem Conservation Project, and the
Environment Section for the support
extended by them.
viii
ix
Acronyms
Acronyms
7NDP
Seventh National Development
NAPA
Plan
CCTT
Climate Change Technical
Programme of Action
SRES
Team
ENSO
El Niño-Southern Oscillation
FNC
First National Communication
GDP
Gross Domestic Product
GEF
Global Environment Facility
ICCS
Integrated Climate Change
National Adaptation
Special Reports on Emission
Scenarios
SST
Sea Surface Temperature
UNDP
United Nations Development
Programme
UNFCCC United Nations Framework
Convention on Climate Change
Strategy
IOTC
Indian Ocean Tuna
Commission
IPCC
Intergovernmental Panel on
Climate Change
MDGs
Millennium Development
Goals
MSL
Mean Sea Level
MTL
Mean Tide Level
V&A
Vulnerability and Adaptation
National Adaptation Programme of Action - Maldives
x
Male’ International Airport
1
Introduction
Chapter I
Introduction
“...there must be a way out. Neither the Maldives nor any small island nation wants to
drown. That's for sure. Neither do we want our lands eroded nor our economies destroyed.
Nor do we want to become environmental refugees either. We want to stand up and fight.”
President Maumoon Abdul Gayyoom,
Small States Conference on Sea Level Rise, Male', 1989
The Maldives is among the most
Inventory and Vulnerability Assessment:
vulnerable to predicted climate change
A Climate Change Enabling Activity. The
and non-action is not an option for the
FNC contained mitigation and adaptation
country. The number of scientific and
measures and the project profiles for
technical assessments undertaken in the
continuing climate change adaptation
country since 1987 has reiterated the
and mitigation process.
need for long-term adaptation to climate
change. Since the commencement of sea
wall construction around the capital
Male' in September 1988 the
government has implemented several
projects aimed at adaptation to
environmental threats.
This is the first National Adaptation
Programme of Action (NAPA) developed
to communicate the most urgent and
immediate adaptation needs of the
Maldives as stipulated under UNFCCC
Decision 28/CP.7. NAPA was prepared
with support from the Global
The Maldives played an important role in
Environment Facility (GEF) and United
the negotiations that led to the United
Nations Development Programme
Nations Framework Convention on
(UNDP). Preparation of NAPA began in
Climate Change (UNFCCC) and was the
October 2004 and the process was
first to sign the Kyoto Protocol to the
halted because of the South Asian
UNFCCC. The Maldives submitted the
tsunami of December 2004. NAPA work
First National Communication (FNC) to
recommenced in February 2006.
the UNFCCC in 2001 following the
implementation of the Maldives GHG
National Adaptation Programme of Action - Maldives
NAPA process was guided by the
consultations at regional and national
principles of broad stakeholder
level were undertaken based on a prior
engagement, partnership building among
agreed methodology to identify
focal agencies and ownership by the
vulnerabilities and adaptation activities
people of Maldives especially the atoll
and to prioritize these activities.
population. A multidisciplinary National
Climate Change Technical Team (CCTT)
was established as a first step to foster
stakeholder engagement. Community
consultations and awareness raising
activities were held for representatives
from seven atolls of the Maldives and the
capital Male'. Targeted awareness raising
and activity-based learning was
conducted for school children from five
secondary schools. Existing climate data
for the Maldives was analysed with
international expertise culminating in the
first Climate Risk Profile for the Maldives.
National experts produced vulnerability
and adaptation (V&A) related technical
papers for priority sectors identified by
the NAPA Working Group. Extensive
The NAPA is intended to be concise as
well as brief and contains seven
chapters. Following this introduction
Chapter Two presents the NAPA goal and
describes the National Adaptation Policy
Framework. Chapter Three describes the
country characteristics and national
development goals. Chapter Four depicts
the climate hazards and risks. Chapter
Five analyses vulnerabilities and the
biophysical impacts of climate change.
Chapter Six lists the adaptation needs
and priority activities. NAPA concludes
with Chapter Seven that contains the
project profiles for adaptation to climate
change in the Maldives.
2
3
Adaptation Policy Framework
Chapter II
Adaptation Policy
Framework
This chapter presents the goal of the
sustainable development outcomes; and
Maldives NAPA and the overall
adaptation strategies.
adaptation policy framework adopted for
the country.
According to the Intergovernmental Panel
on Climate Change (IPCC) “vulnerability
2.1 NAPA Goal
is the degree to which a system is
susceptible to, or unable to cope with,
The goal of the NAPA is to present a
adverse effects of climate change,
coherent framework to climate change
including climate variability and
adaptation that enhances the resilience
extremes” (IPCC 2001:388). Adaptation
of the natural, human, and social
refers to “adjustment in natural or
systems and ensures their sustainability
human systems in response to actual or
in the face of predicted climate hazards.
expected climatic stimuli or their effects,
which moderates harm or exploits
2.2 Maldives Adaptation Policy
beneficial opportunities” (IPCC
Framework
2001:365). For the Maldives NAPA,
adaptation is a multi-dimensional goal
Figure 1.1 provides a simplified picture
that aims to increase resilience of the
of the policy framework for adaptation to
vulnerable systems against climate
climate change in the Maldives. It
hazards and risks to achieve sustainable
presents the interactions among climate
development outcomes.
hazards and risks; exposure and
vulnerability of the systems; the desired
It is acknowledged that a complete
adaptation policy framework would be
National Adaptation Programme of Action - Maldives
4
Figure 2.1: Conceptual framework of NAPA illustrating the complex relationship between sustainability and adaptation to
climate change.
Investment
Insurance
Sea Level Rise
Na
tur
al
A B I L I T
IE
E R
SYSTEMS
n
B
E R A I L I
T
N
ma
Hu
Produced
L
N
Extreme
Weather
Access to
resources
L
I
E
V U
S
Sustainable Development
Outcomes
Adpatation Strategies
Policies
Work
Income
Mobility
Shelter
Recreation
Environmental Quality
Knowledge
Health
Family & Social Relations
Freedom
Security
Laws & Regulations
Awareness,
communication &
information
Market-based tools
S
Projects
Management
V
U
Increasing
Temperature
Changes to
Precipitation Patterns
Growth collapse
Balance of payments
Technology or trade induced shocks
Financial crisis
Political instability
Natural disasters
Social upheaval
Civil strife
Terrorism
more complex than is depicted here.
adaptation framework is on climate
Because of the limitations in human
change related hazards, risks and shocks
knowledge on complex systems such as
and what the Maldives will do to cope
society and ecosystems it is not possible
with them. The first component of the
to have a perfect adaptation policy
framework is the climate change-related
framework. However, there is plurality of
hazards for the Maldives. The hazards are
values in the framework presented here
assessed based on the Climate Risk
as it attempts to bring climate change
Profile of the Maldives, the Disaster Risk
into the national development agenda
Profile of the Maldives and the IPCC Third
and identify key interrelationships.
Assessment Report. The hazards are
described in Chapter Four. Other types of
Societies have always faced risks and
shocks. Sustainable societies are those
that have devised mechanisms to help
reduce or mitigate risk and cope with the
effects of shock. The focus of the
risks such as growth collapse, balance of
payments, financial crisis and technology
or trade induced shocks are also shown
in the framework which may impact the
vulnerable systems concurrently and
5
Adaptation Policy Framework
hence future adaptation outcomes.
systems are the human-made material
resources that can be used to produce a
The second component of the
adaptation policy framework is
vulnerable systems. The vulnerable
systems are characterized by high
vulnerability through exposure to
flow of future income which includes the
basic infrastructure (transport, buildings,
water, energy and communications), and
production equipment such as machinery
and tools (Saeed 2005).
different specific climate hazards, as well
as being strategically important at
The vulnerability of these systems to
national level. For the purposes of the
climate hazards is described in Chapter
Maldives NAPA 'system' comprises of
Five. This chapter is based on synthesis of
natural, human and produced systems.
scientific and technical vulnerability
assessment studies that have been
Natural systems are the natural and
environmental resources broken down
into; (i) renewable natural resources; (ii)
conducted in the Maldives since 1987
and the V&A assessment contained in the
FNC in 2001.
non-renewable resources; (iii) the
ecosystems and services which support
The third component depicted on the
and maintain the quality of land, air and
right hand side of the adaptation
water; (iv) the maintenance of a vast
framework is the sustainable
genetic library, referred to as biological
development outcomes. Sustainable
diversity and (v) land, the space in which
development is not an easily defined
human activities take place. Human
concept and it is almost impossible to
system refers to human lives, human
define how much of it is adequate. The
health and knowledge, skills and
essential elements of sustainable
competences of individuals. Produced
development can only be understood
relative to place, time, local context,
culture and value systems. The goals of
the Seventh National Development Plan
(7NDP) are taken as a good basis for
understanding the sustainable
development outcomes for the Maldives
relative to present time and local context.
The country characteristics and the
national development goals are described
in Chapter Three.
A society's ability to achieve sustainable
development outcomes depends on
choices made by individuals, firms and
governments on how they use and
National Adaptation Programme of Action - Maldives
transform the systems and how they
The final component of the adaptation
mitigate or reduce the risk of climate
framework is the barriers to
change to the systems. The fourth
implementation. There are several socio-
component of the adaptation policy
political shocks and stresses such as
framework is the processes that interact
political instability, social upheaval and
with the systems to influence adaptation.
terrorism that could affect speedy
In order to achieve the sustainable
implementation of national adaptation
development outcomes, there has to be a
activities. Such shocks have a tendency to
process for maintenance, replacement
alter and reshape national priorities over
and renewal of the systems. This process
the short and medium-term. Natural
needs to be equal to or exceed the
shocks such as tsunamis, storms and
processes of depreciation, degradation
epidemics also reshape priorities in the
and loss in the system. Replacement
short-term.
would not automatically take place and
deliberate investment decisions are
needed. On the other hand, climate
change poses dangers or irreversible
losses to critical systems. Hence, a policy
of prudent insurance is needed as well.
Provided that national priorities do not
change then the key barrier to
implementation of adaptation strategies
are weak institutions. Although the
adaptation strategies are clear most of
the organizations lack strategic direction
In order to make wise investment and
and human, financial and technical
insurance decisions, signals need to be
resources to implement them.
picked on the status of the systems, the
Furthermore, lack of knowledge,
hazards and risk levels to the systems,
education and awareness among the
how society currently uses the systems,
public on the science and impacts of
and how the society has coped with risks
climate change tends to reduce the
in the past. This requires the generation
demand the public place on the
of information, fostering learning and
government and private sector to supply
knowledge. In the NAPA the decision
adaptation and mitigation to climate
processes are termed adaptation
change.
strategies. The signals on the adaptation
needs of the society and the relative
values of the adaptation strategies were
obtained through carefully planned
expert analysis and regional and national
level stakeholder consultations. The key
adaptation needs as identified and
prioritised by stakeholders are listed in
Chapter Six.
In the project profiles in Chapter Seven of
the NAPA special attention has been
given to remove barriers to long-term
adaptation to climate change in the
Maldives.
6
7
Country Characteristics and National Development
Chapter III
Country Characteristics
and National Development
This chapter provides the background on
(Figure 3.1). This chain is 860km long
geography, climate, society, the economy
and the width varies between 80 to
and the national development goals.
120km. There are 1190 small tropical
islands out of which 358 islands are
3.1 Geography and climate
being currently utilized mainly for human
settlements, infrastructure and economic
Maldives is an archipelago of 25 low-
activities. The largest island is Gan in
lying coral atolls located in a north to
Laamu Atoll which is barely 6km .
2
south direction on the Laccadives-Chagos
submarine ridge in the Indian Ocean
Maldives has a tropical monsoon climate.
The south-west monsoon is from May to
Figure 3.1: Location map of Maldives.
November and the north-east monsoon
Pakistan
is from January to March. Daily
o
temperature varies between 31 C and
Myanmar
Saudi Arabia
India
o
23 C. The mean daily maximum
o
temperature is 30.4 C and the mean
Thailand
o
daily minimum temperature is 25.7 C.
Humidity ranges from 73 to 85% (MEC,
2004; Meteorology, 2006).
Sri Lanka
The annual average rainfall for Maldives
MALDIVES
Indonesia
Equator
I n d i a n
O c e a n
is 2,124mm. Southern atolls on average
receive 2,277mm while northern atolls
National Adaptation Programme of Action - Maldives
8
Figure 3.2: Map of Maldives showing geographic and climate features
350
30
300
25
250
20
200
15
150
10
100
5
50
0
0
J
F
M
A
M
J
J
A
S
O
N
D
7°N
Rainfall (mm)
Temperature (0C)
Hanimaadhoo Weather Station
35
Kulhudhuffushi
6°N
North Maalhosmadulu Atoll
One of the 11 atolls on the western line of
islands. It has an area of high faro density
within its lagoon, a feature most
commonly found in atolls of Maldives.
2
Surface Area: 1184.31 km
2
Reef Area: 223.50 km
2
Land Area: 12.90 km
No. of Reefs: 155
No. of Islands: 85
Month
5°N
Male’ International Airport
Weather Station
35
350
30
300
25
250
20
200
15
150
10
100
5
50
0
0
Hulhumale’
Male’
4°N
Rainfall (mm)
Temperature (0C)
Thiladhunmathi Atoll
Largest atoll in the world. Subdivided to
4 administrative units. Has numerous
reef passes, a feature prominent amongst
northern atolls.
2
Surface Area: 3788.71 km
2
Reef Area: 500.70 km
2
Land Area: 68.70 km
No. of Reefs: 164
No. of Islands: 167
Kaashidhoo Atoll
Known as an oceanic platform reef and
contains a single large island. There 4 of
these reefs in Maldives.
Surface Area: 9.54 km2
Reef Area: 9.54 km2
2
Land Area: 12.2.89 km
No. of Reefs: 1
No. of Islands: 1
3°N
Gan Island and Hadhdhunmathi Atoll
J
F
M
A
M
J
J
A
S
O
N
D
Largest island. This atoll also contains
the largest total land area in any atoll.
2
Surface Area: 884.63 km
2
Reef Area: 203.70 km
2
Land Area: 25.27 km
No. of Reefs: 56
No. of Islands: 130
Month
2°N
Gan’ International Airport
Weather Station
Kadhoo
Airport
35
350
30
300
25
250
20
200
15
150
10
100
5
50
1°N
Thinadhoo
J
F
M
A
M
J
J
Month
A
S
O
N
D
Kaadedhoo
Airport
0°N
Equator
Islands
Reefs
0
Hithadhoo
73°E
0
Rainfall (mm)
Temperature (0C)
Huvadhoo Atoll
Also known as Suvadhiva Atoll, it is the
2nd largest atoll and contains the most
number of islands.
Surface Area: 3278.59 km2
Reef Area: 437.90 km2
2
Land Area: 33.45 km
No. of Reefs: 210
No. of Islands: 238
Major weather stations
0 20
60
100 Km
9
Country Characteristics and National Development
Figure 3.3: Population distribution in year 2000 and 2006
receive 1,786mm of rainfall annually.
Haa Alifu Atoll
Lowest annual rainfall recorded in the
14,141
13,272
last 30 years is 1,346mm in 2002 at
Haa Dhaalu Atoll
Hanimaadhoo Weather Station and the
16,863
16,439
highest is 3,185mm in 1978 at Gan
Shaviyani Atoll
11,391
11,814
International Airport Weather Station.
The highest rainfall recorded within 24
Noonu Atoll
10,429
10,080
hours to date is 220mm on 9 July 2002
at Kaadedhdhoo Weather Station
Raa Atoll
14,424
14,639
(Meteorology, 2006).
Lhaviyani Atoll
8,629
8,226
3.2 Society
Baa Atoll
9,172
8,876
The Maldivian society is perhaps unique
in the world as a nation since everyone
Kaafu Atoll
83,507
113,878
speaks the same language and belongs to
the same religion. Maldivians speak
North Alifu Atoll
4,840
4,841
Dhivehi and the contemporary
population is culturally homogeneous
South Alifu Atoll
6,620
6,906
although originally from a varied ethnic
mixture of Indo-Aryan, Dravidian,
Vaavu Atoll
1,649
Sinhalese and Arabs.
1,504
Faafu Atoll
Population of the Maldives passed the
3,779
3,624
300,000 mark in July 2006. The
Meemu Atoll
population growth rate is 1.8 per annum
5,020
4,654
Dhaalu Atoll
(MPND, 2006). In 13 out of the 20
4,927
4,671
atolls the population declined in the
census period 2000-2006. Figure 3.3
Thaa Atoll
shows the distribution of the population
9,302
8,536
by atoll.
Laamu Atoll
11,497
12,018
Population size among the atolls and the
Gaafu Alifu Atoll
islands differs across the country. More
8,129
7,977
than a third of the total population
Gaafu Dhaalu Atoll
numbering 104,403 persons lives in the
11,840
11,023
capital Male'. Out of the atolls Seenu
Gnaviyani Atoll
Atoll has the highest population at
7,528
7,642
17,922, while Vaavu Atoll has the lowest
Seenu Atoll
18,499
17,762
population at 1,614 (MPND, 2006).
Apart from Male', there are only three
Population
Yr 2000
Yr 2006
Population more than 5000
National Adaptation Programme of Action - Maldives
islands that have a population greater
than 5,000. They are Hithadhoo (Seenu
Atoll) with 9,407, Fuvahmulah
(Gnaviyani Atoll) with 7,642, and
Kulhudhufushi (Haa Dhaalu Atoll) with
7,206 persons. In 2006, the number of
islands that had a population between
5000 and 1000 people was 57, while
60 islands had between 1,000 and 500
people and 74 islands had a population
of less than 500 people.
From 1997 to 2004, there is evidence of
significant increases in income levels of
the people (MPND, 2006). The
about 7% to the GDP. Agriculture plays a
headcount ratio shows that in 1997 the
minor role in the economy and the
proportion of population having less than
sector contributed only 2.8% to GDP in
Rf 15 per person per day was around
2000 (MPND, 2004).
45%, while by 2004 it had come down
to about 20%. Even though income levels
has been increasing, income inequality
between Male' and the atolls has
3.4 NAPA and National
Development
increased. There is also evidence that
Synergy with national development goals
northern atolls are becoming poorer
is one of the objectives of NAPA. In the
relative to southern atolls (MPND,
selection and prioritization of adaptation
2005).
activities NAPA uses development goals
in Vision 2020, Seventh National
3.3 Economy
Development Plan (7NDP) and the
Millennium Development Goals (MDGs).
The annual gross domestic product (GDP)
increased from Rf 385 million in 1978
The Vision 2020 outlined by President
to Rf 7,934.0 million in 2005 (MPE,
Maumoon Abdul Gayoom on 26th July
1988; MMA, 2004). The estimates of
1999 provides the direction for
2005 show that tertiary sector
sustainable development of the Maldives
dominates the GDP with 73%, while the
and is the basis for current national
secondary and primary sectors contribute
development policies. NAPA will
17% and 10% respectively (MPND,
contribute to the achievement of the
2004). Tourism is the main economic
Vision 2020, particularly through
activity and contributes about one third
providing a planned approach to combat
to the GDP. Fisheries is the largest
the climate change threat.
contributor to exports and contributes
10
11
Country Characteristics and National Development
The 7NDP lays down the development
equal opportunity for education, life
policies and strategies of the Government
long learning and training
for the period 2006 to 2010. The
policies and strategies in the 7NDP are
targeted at improving the quality of life
7
Improve health and well-being
8
Promote gender equality, family
for the people living in the Maldives,
values and youth development.
particularly the poor, the disadvantaged
and the vulnerable groups. A key
9
Safeguard the values, rights and
principle of the 7NDP is that the
freedoms necessary to allow all to
development policies should not
live a life of dignity.
compromise the ability of future
generations to achieve non-declining per
capita well being. The proposed way
forward is optimal use of the available
natural resources and the protection of
10 Promote access to justice, rule of law
and maximize public safety
11 Strengthen governance and national
security
critical natural capital such as water
resources, coral reefs and fish breeding
At the United Nations Millennium
grounds.
Summit held in September 2000,
Maldives along with other nations of the
The specific goals of the 7NDP are:
1
Create an environment conducive for
growth and generate employment
world committed to achieve the MDGs.
The eight broad goals and the 18 specific
targets to be achieved by 2015 are
designed to:
2
Enhance trade, support businesses
and build competitive industries
1. Eradicate extreme poverty and
hunger.
3
Invest in strategic and state-of-the
art infrastructure to enable ease of
movement, enhanced access to
services, and build competitive
2. Achieve universal primary education.
3. Promote gender equality and
empower women.
advantage
4. Reduce child mortality.
4
Create a built environment with
opportunities for equitable access to
5. Improve maternal health.
housing, sports, and recreation and
preserve cultural heritage
6. Combat HIV/AIDS malaria and other
diseases.
5
Protect the natural environment and
make people and property safer
6
Invest in people through providing
7. Ensure environmental sustainability.
8. Develop a global partnership for
development.
National Adaptation Programme of Action - Maldives
12
<image>
North harbour of Capital Male’
Climate Change and Climate Variability
Chapter IV
Climate Change and
Climate Variability
Maximum Hourly Sea Level (mm)
Figure 4.1: Maximum hourly sea level, by year, and its linear
trend for Hulhulé (1989 to 2005).
The first component of the Maldives
Adaptation Framework (Figure 2.1)
750
described in Chapter Two is climate
700
change-related hazards. This chapter
650
summarises the global and national
600
550
predictions for climate hazards. The
500
hazards reviewed are sea level rise,
450
precipitation, temperature and extreme
400
events.
350
300
1989
1994
1999
2004
Year
Source: MEEW (2006)
Figure 4.2: Relationship between hourly sea level and return
period for Hulhulé, based on observed hourly
sea level for 1989 to 2005
The global mean sea level rose 10 to
20cm during the 20th century at the
rate of 1to 2mm/year. Future sea level is
88cm between 1990 and 2100. Sea
120
level is projected to rise under all
100
scenarios of IPCC Special Reports on
80
Emission Scenarios (SRES). The projected
60
average rate of increase is 5mm/year,
40
with a range of 2 to 9mm/year (IPCC
20
0
550
4.1 Sea level rise
projected to rise within the range of 9 to
140
Return Period (yr)
13
2001).
580
610
640
670
700
Hourly Sea Level (mm)
Source: MEEW (2006)
National Adaptation Programme of Action - Maldives
trend in relative sea level for Hulhulé
(Male' International Airport Weather
Station) is 1.7mm/year. The maximum
hourly sea level is increasing by
approximately 7mm/year, a rate far in
excess of the observed local and global
trends in mean sea level (Figure 4.1).
Figure 4.3: Maximum daily rainfall, by year, for Hulhulé
(1975 to 2005)
Annual Maximum Daily Rainfall
(mm)
For Maldives, the observed long term
For Hulhulé an hourly sea level of 70cm
200
180
160
140
120
100
80
60
40
20
0
1975
1980
1985
1990
1995
100-year event. It will likely be at least
4.2 Precipitation
Source: MEEW (2006)
Figure 4.4: Relationship between daily rainfall and return
period for Hulhulé, based on observed daily rainfall
for 1975 to 2005
400
projected to increase during the 21st
century (IPCC, 2001). A marginal decline
in precipitation is projected for the
Return Period (yr)
Global average water vapour
concentration and precipitation are
2005
Year
above mean sea level (MSL) is currently a
an annual event by 2050 (Figure 4.2).
2000
300
200
100
Indian Ocean region (Nurse and Sem,
2001).
0
80
100
120
140
160
180
Daily Rainfall (mm)
In the case of Maldives, no significant
Source: MEEW (2006)
long term trends are evident in the
observed daily, monthly, annual or
maximum daily rainfall (Figure 4.3).
Currently a daily rainfall of at least
160mm is a relatively rare event at
Hulhulé, with a return period of 17
years. An extreme daily rainfall of
180mm is currently a 100-year event. It
will likely occur twice as often, on
average, by 2050. An extreme threehourly rainfall of 100mm is currently a
25-year event. It will likely become at
least twice as common, on average, by
around 2050 (Figure 4.4).
4.3 Temperature
The global average surface temperature
is projected to increase by 1.4 to 5.8°C
over the period 1990 to 2100. The
projected rate of warming is much larger
than the observed changes during the
20th century (IPCC, 2001). For the
Indian Ocean region, temperature is
expected to increase by 2.1°C for the
2050s and 3.2°C for the 2080s (Nurse
and Sem, 2001).
14
15
Climate Change and Climate Variability
For Maldives, there is relatively high
(Male' International Airport Weather
confidence in projections of maximum
Station) have been steadily increasing
temperature. The annual maximum daily
across seasons and the rising rates are
temperature is projected to increase by
very high. The annual mean SST trends at
around 1.5°C by 2100. A maximum
Hulhule’ and Gan are 0.2±°C and 1.1 to
temperature of 33.5°C is currently a 20-
1.6°C/decade respectively. The higher
year event. It will likely have a return
trends observed for Gan maybe due to
period of three years by 2025.
Gan being located near the equator.
The present average monthly Sea Surface
During May 1998 mean monthly SST was
Temperature (SST) in the Maldives ranges
1.1 C above the highest mean monthly
o
o
o
from 28 C to 29 C, rarely increasing
SST expected in any 20 year return period
above 30C. Mean monthly SST is lowest
(Clark et al. 2001).
in December and January reaching its
highest in April and May.
4.4 Extreme events
An increasing trend in SST has been
Greater extremes of drying and heavy
observed in the Maldives (Singh et al.
rainfall is projected, increasing the risk of
2001; Khan et al. 2002). Large seasonal
droughts and floods especially during El
variations in the SST trends were
Nino events (IPCC 2001). Tropical
observed at Gan (Gan International
cyclones are predicted to be enhanced in
Airport) in Seenu Atoll. SST and Mean
intensity by 10 to 20% (Nurse and Sem
Tide Level (MTL) trends at Hulhule’
2001).
Table 4.1: Probable maximum storm tide
Return Period
(Years)
Pressure
drop (hPa)
Storm Surge
Height (m)
Average Tide
height (m)
Storm Tide
(m)
100
20
0.84
0.98
1.82
500
30
1.32
0.98
2.3
Source: UNDP (2006)
Table 4.2: Probable maximum storm tide by region
Storm Surge
Height (m)
Average Tide
Height (m)
Storm Tide
(m)
-
-
0
Central-west Islands
0.45
0.93
1.38
Central-east Islands
0.6
0.93
1.53
Northwest Islands
0.99
0.98
1.97
NorthEast Islands
1.32
0.98
2.3
Hazard Zone
Southern Atolls
Source: UNDP (2006)
National Adaptation Programme of Action - Maldives
Table 4.3: Storm tide estimates for medium and high sea level rise scenarios
Storm Tides at
Predicted SLR
Scenarios 2080-2100
Present Day
Storm Surge
Height (m)
Average
Tide Height
(m)
Storm
Tide (m)
Medium
(0.48m)
High
(0.88m)
-
0.93
NA
NA
NA
Central-west Islands
0.45
0.93
1.38
1.86
2.26
Central-east Islands
0.6
0.93
1.53
2.01
2.41
Northwest Islands
0.99
0.98
1.97
2.45
2.85
NorthEast Islands
1.32
0.98
2.3
2.78
3.18
Zone
Southern Atolls
Source: UNDP (2006) and Shaig (2006)
According to the Disaster Risk Profile for
medium prediction, enough to
Maldives (UNDP, 2006), maximum
completely inundate a medium to small
storm surge height is reported to be
sized island in the Maldives. A storm
1.32m with a return period of 500 years.
surge at high prediction could cause a
If coupled with high tide, it could
3.18m wave that could inundate even
generate a storm tide of 2.30m (Table
the largest of islands. These surges do not
4.1).
take into account regular monsoonal
wind generated flooding which is
The probable maximum storm tide by
region in Table 4.2 shows that the
islands in the northeast of the Maldives
could face storm tides of 2.30m in
height.
The study also reported the forecasted
maximum storm tides for different
regions of the Maldives based on
medium and high sea level rise scenarios
(Table 4.3).
Based on these assumptions, scenarios,
and given that the average height of
Maldivian islands is 1.5m above MSL, sea
level rise would cause regular tidal
inundations in most islands even at the
medium prediction. The high prediction
could cause inundations recurrently in
almost all islands. Storm surges can
create up to 2.78m waves under
considered the most common in
Maldives (Shaig, 2006; UNDP, 2006).
16
17
Climate Change and Climate Variability
Figure 4.5: Cyclone tracks over Maldives between 1877-2004
Maldives lies out of the tropical cyclone
zone due to its proximity to equator.
10°N
India
However, there have been incidents from
the past where cyclonic storms have
passed over Maldives and their still
8°N
remain the probability for future such
events. Figure 4.5 shows the tracks of
cyclonic system over Maldives in 128
6°N
years.
There is a clear pattern of northern
Maldives being exposed to more frequent
4°N
freak storms than the south. Table 4.4
shows the predicted return periods for
cyclonic activity based on historical
MALDIVES
2°N
records of wind data. Currently an
I n d i a n
O c e a n
extreme wind gust of 60 knots has a
return period of 16 years. It is estimated
0°N
77°E
75°E
73°E
71°E
69°E
that this will reduce to 9 years by 2025
(MEEW 2006). The cyclonic wind hazard
zone mapping predicts category 3
cyclone for the northern Maldives in a
Table 4.4: Return period of wind speeds associated with cyclones
in Maldives
Type
Wind Speed
(knots)
Return periods
(years)
Tropical Depression
28-33
10-20
Tropical Depression
34+
23
Cyclone
65+
134.6
Source: UNDP (2006)
Table 4.5: Cyclone hazard zone in Maldives and the probable maximum
wind speed
Hazard Zone
Southern Maldives
Probable Maximum
Wind Speed (knots)
Saffir-Simpson Scale
(Hurricane Category)
0
0
South Central
55.9
0
Central
69.6
1
North Central
84.2
2
Northern Maldives
96.8
3
Source: UNDP (2006)
500 year return period (Table 4.5)
(UNDP 2006).
National Adaptation Programme of Action - Maldives
Chapter V
Vulnerabilities and Impacts
The second component of the Maldives
The impacts on the vulnerable systems
Adaptation Framework (Figure 2.1)
are described in this chapter for the high
described in Chapter Two is vulnerable
risk sectors identified through the V&A
systems. This chapter presents the
assessment process. These are (i) Land,
vulnerabilities inherent in the different
Beach and Human Settlements; (ii)
components of the natural, human and
Critical Infrastructure; (ii) Tourism; (iv)
produced systems to the climate hazards
Fisheries; (v) Human Health; (vi) Water
described in Chapter Four and the
Resources; (vii) Agriculture and Food
predicted impacts of climate change on
Security and, (viii) Coral Reef Biodiversity.
the Maldives.
Vulnerability assessments were
undertaken for critical components of
the systems and stakeholder
consultations were conducted to
complete hazard-vulnerabilities-impacts
matrices and verify the results. The
assessments and consultations showed
how the vulnerabilities in the
components interact with the climate
hazards to impact key development
sectors.
18
19
Vulnerabilities and Impacts
5.1 Land, Beach and Human Settlements
latest satellite and aerial imagery. This
land is divided over 1192 coral islands
The small size, extremely low elevation
and 96% of the islands are less than
and unconsolidated nature of the coral
2
1km in area (Figure 5.1). Only 10
islands place the people and their
2
islands are more than 2.5km . The
livelihoods at very high risk from climate
largest island Gan (Laamu Atoll), has an
change, particularly sea level rise.
2
area of 6.1km (Table 5.1). Land is highly
Maldives is the sixth smallest sovereign
scarce and the 358 islands that are
state in terms of land area. The total land
currently in use account for 176km . The
area of the Maldives is estimated to be
834 unutilised islands make up only
2
2
59km .
2
approximately 235km , based on the
Figure 5.1: Island size and land utilization across Maldives
100.0%
83.3
80.0%
80.3
67.7
60.0%
40.0%
24.5 19
19.4
20.0%
20.7
10.5
8.8
7.1
0.6
0.3
500+ha
100-250ha
50-100ha
25-50ha
2.8
250-500ha
5.6
1-25ha
0.0%
19.6
% of total
% of islan area utilised
ds utilised
% of Total
Land Area
% of Total
Islands
Source: Shaig (2006)
Table 5.1: Largest inhabited and uninhabited islands of Maldives
Inhabited Islands
Uninhabited Islands
Island
Atoll
2
Area (km )
Island
Atoll
2
Area (km )
1
Gan
Laamu
6.13
Gan
Seenu
2.89
2
Hithadhoo
Seenu
5.26
Gan
Gaafu Dhaalu
2.51
3
Fuvahmulah
Gnaviyani
5.01
Kaadedhdhoo
Gaafu Dhaalu
1.87
4
Isdhoo
Laamu
3.73
Madidhoo
Shaviyani
1.07
5
Hanimaadhoo
Haa Dhaalu
3.04
Kadhdhoo
Laamu
1.03
6
Kaashidhoo
Kaafu
2.81
Kalhufahalafushi
Thaa
1.03
7
Filladhoo
Haa Alifu
2.70
Maafahi
Haa Alifu
1.02
8
Baarah
Haa Alifu
2.68
Maavaarulu
Gaafu Dhaalu
0.98
9
Kedhikolhudhoo
Noonu
2.15
Keylakunu
Haa Dhaalu
0.91
10
Nolhivaramu
Haa Dhaalu
2.10
Farukolhu
Shaviyani
0.88
Rank
Source: Shaig (2006)
National Adaptation Programme of Action - Maldives
Over 80% of the total land area of the
Maldives is less than 1m above MSL. The
highest point recorded in the country is a
beach ridge at Fuvahmulah (Gnaviyani
Atoll), with an elevation of 4m above
MSL (MHAHE 2001). As future sea level
is projected to rise within the range of 9
to 88cm between 1990 and 2100, the
islands of Maldives would be submerged
in the projected worst case scenario.
The coral islands that make up the
Maldives are morphologically unstable
and change in their size, shape, elevation
and position on reef platforms over time.
The beaches of these islands are
particularly dynamic with substantial
seasonal changes. At present, the total
2
beach area is estimated at 13km or 5%
of the total land area and the coastline of
the Maldives is estimated to be 2,300km
long (Shaig 2006).
Most of the islands in Maldives are barely 1m
above the sea level. Under the predicted worst
case sea level rise scenario, most of Maldives
could be inundated.
low elevation also makes human
settlements defenseless against severe
weather events and storm surges. Over
the last 6 years more than 90 inhabited
islands have been flooded at least once
The small size of the islands forces
and 37 islands have been flooded
people to live next to the sea. At present,
regularly or at least once a year (Shaig
44% of the settlement footprints of all
2006). The severe weather event of May
islands are within 100m of coastline.
2004 alone caused flooding in 71
This translates to 42% of the population
inhabited islands (MEC 2004). The
and 47% of all housing structures being
tsunami wave of December 2004
within 100m of coastline. More than
flooded all but nine islands and required
50% of the housing structures in 121
evacuation of 13 islands (MPND 2005).
islands are within 100m of coastline
Since housing designs, structures and
(Shaig 2006). Only Nolhivaramu (Haa
materials are not adapted to flooding, it
Dhaalu), has all its housing structures
exacerbates the vulnerability (UNEP
100m away from the coastline. Given the
2005). The flooring of houses does not
close proximity of the settlements to the
have adequate elevation from the ground
sea and low elevation of the islands,
and because of the poor construction
homes of people are at severe risk of
material used for housing structures,
inundation with higher sea levels.
higher frequency and increase in
intensity of flooding could make these
The small size of the islands and their
islands uninhabitable.
20
Vulnerabilities and Impacts
inhabited islands. More than 45% of the
87 tourist resorts have reported severe
erosion (Shaig, 2006). Although beach
erosion can be attributed to a number of
factors, changes in climatic conditions is
known to exacerbate erosion (Nurse and
Coastal Erosion Image
Sem, 2001). In the Maldives the intensity
and duration of northeast and southwest
monsoons affect beach erosion patterns.
Further aggravation of erosion through
elevated sea level and storm surges
would cause significant loss and damage
to people's property, tourist resorts,
valuable land and critical infrastructure.
The beaches that represent 5% of the
total land area of the Maldives, are of
Human pressures also increase the
unconsolidated nature and naturally
vulnerability of the land and beaches to
dynamic and unstable. More than 97% of
predicted climate change. The population
inhabited islands reported beach erosion
of the country has increased by four-fold
in 2004, of which 64% reported severe
since 1911 and overcrowding is a
beach erosion (Figure 9). Erosion
significant problem. Already 34 of the
patterns of inhabited islands have been
inhabited islands do not have additional
further complicated due to human
land for new housing and another 17
intervention in coastal areas. The
islands will reach their carrying capacity
problem of erosion is not specific to
by 2015 (Shaig, 2006). Land
Figure 5.2: Extent of coastal erosion in Maldives
100%
80%
60%
40%
20%
S
GDh
Ga
L
Th
Dh
F
M
V
ADh
AA
K
Lh
B
R
N
Sh
HDh
0%
Ha
Proportion of Islands
21
Atoll
Islands with severe erosion
Islands with moderate erosion
No significant erosion
Source: VPA II (2004)
National Adaptation Programme of Action - Maldives
22
reclamation work has been carried out to
alleviate population pressure on land.
Table 5.2 lists some of the major land
reclamation projects in the last 30 years.
Hulhumale' (Kaafu Atoll) is the largest
land reclamation project where
2
approximately 2km was reclaimed to
reduce population pressure on Male'.
Apart from land reclamation, several
other human activities have increased
the vulnerability of land, beaches and
human settlements. They include
construction of poorly designed coastal
infrastructure, poorly engineered coastal
protection measures, removal of coastal
A number of human Activities have in the past contributed to increase
the vulnerability of islands.
vegetation, and sand mining. Coral reefs
smallness of the islands and extreme low
have a critical coastal protection
function, yet there have been a number
of human stresses on the reef system
elevation makes retreat inland or to
higher grounds impossible. Building
setback has limited utility and beach
such as coral mining, reef entrance
blasting, dredging, solid waste disposal
and sewage disposal that has affected the
health, integrity and productivity of the
replenishment may only be a temporary
remedy for beach loss. Unless expensive
coastal protection measures are
undertaken the human settlements face
reefs.
the threat of inundation.
The scarcity of land in the Maldives, the
Table 5.2: Major land reclamation activities in Maldives
Area Reclaimed
% Reclaimed
Rationale
2 1
(Present Island)
(Km )
Island
Atoll
Hulumale'
Kaafu
1.89
100%
Population Pressure
Male'
Kaafu
0.82
41%
Population Pressure
Maamigili
Alifu Dhaalu
0.80
51%
Economic and infrastructure
Hulhule
Kaafu
0.76
58%
Infrastructure
Thinadhoo
Gaafu Dhaalu
0.66
60%
Population Pressure
Hithadhoo
Seenu
0.53
10%
Population Pressure
Thilafushi
Kaafu
0.49
100%
Infrastructure
Naifaru
Lhaviyani
0.37
68%
Population Pressure
Thulhaadhoo
Baa
0.14
66%
Population Pressure
Hinnavaru
Lhaviyani
0.12
54%
Population Pressure
Source: Shaig (2006)
23
Vulnerabilities and Impacts
5.2 Critical Infrastructure
in Laamu and Seenu Atoll (Shaig, 2006).
Significant investments have been made
Tourism infrastructure in the 87 resorts
to develop infrastructure in the country.
with 21,156 beds makes up the bulk of
At present there are five airports of
economic infrastructure both in terms of
which two are international. Three major
investment value and quantity. Each
commercial sea ports have been
resort has its own power generation,
developed in the Male', Kulhudhuffushi
water production and sewerage system.
(Haa Dhaalu Atoll) and Hithadhoo (seenu
More than 1200 over-water structures
Atoll). More than 128 island harbours
have been developed as guest rooms,
have been developed by year 2006 in
spas and restaurants in tourist resorts
inhabited islands, resorts, airports and
(Shaig, 2006).
islands leased for economic and
administrative purposes. There are at
least 350 piers in resorts and inhabited
islands. The main causeways are located
Other critical infrastructure includes
environmental services and utilities.
There are waste management systems,
sewerage systems and erosion mitigation
measures such as near-shore breakwaters
and groynes. Utilities infrastructure
include powerhouses and desalination
plants and their distribution systems
(Shaig, 2006).
The location of infrastructure within close
proximity to the coastline makes them
highly vulnerable to sea level rise and
storm conditions. The infrastructure of
the two international airports is within
50m of the coastline. About 30% of the
infrastructure of Male' International
Airport lies within this range and
additional land reclamation done on the
island towards the ocean-ward side has
resulted in parts of the island being
within 15m of the wave break zone
(Shaig, 2006).
More than 90% of all resort
infrastructure and 99% of all tourist
accommodation, which make up the
Male’ International Airport: One of the most vulnerable and
critical infrastructure in Maldives
most crucial economic product of the
National Adaptation Programme of Action - Maldives
country, are within 100m of coastline.
the predicted rise in sea level and
The average width of a tourist resort is
increased frequency and intensity of
190m while 63% of resort islands have a
extreme weather, the critical
width less than 200m and 88% have less
infrastructure such as airports, harbours,
than 300m. Furthermore, 70% of all
coastal protection structures, tourist
fisheries infrastructure are within 100m
facilities, hospitals, schools and utilities
of coastline where proximity to beach is
are at high risk. If appropriate adaptation
taken as an advantage (Shaig 2006).
measures are not taken, frequent
24
inundations could virtually obliterate the
The average width of inhabited islands is
critical infrastructure damaging the
566m resulting in all infrastructures built
within 233m maximum from the
coastline. In both inhabited islands and
resorts 80% of the powerhouses are
located within 100m of coastline. Also,
90% of the islands have their waste
disposal sites within 100m of coastline
and on the ocean-ward side of the island.
More than 75% of communications
infrastructures are located within 100m
from the coastline. In addition, land
reclamation on some islands have caused
settlements and associated infrastructure
to be located close to the coastline
(Shaig, 2006).
All infrastructures on an island are at the
low elevation of 1.5m above mean sea
level (MSL). Over-water structures in
resorts are built above the high tide and
require high investment costs. The
average height of the causeways and
bridges is 1.6m above MSL. Guidelines
for setting up powerhouses require the
generator sets to be placed on concrete
pads usually 6 to12 inches high (Shaig,
2006).
In the location, design and construction
of infrastructure climate change hazards
have not been taken into account. With
Top: Male’ Port, Bottom: An island harbour. Ports and harbours are considered
on the most critical infrastructures vulnerable to climate change in Maldives
25
Vulnerabilities and Impacts
economy threatening safety and security
5.3 Tourism
of the people. The scale and magnitude
of damage that may be caused to
Tourism with 87 resorts and 21,156
infrastructure can be deduced from
beds is the most dominant and fastest
historical records.
growing economic sector in the Maldives
(MPND, 2004). In December 2004,
The flooding event of 1987 caused
tourist arrivals reached more than
damages worth US$4.5 million to the
600,000 within a calendar year (MoT,
Male' International Airport alone
2005). Tourism contributes about one
(MHAHE, 2001). During tsunami waves
third to the GDP and accounts for
of 2004, over-water structures in resorts
17,000 direct jobs (World Bank et al.
were amongst the most impacted and
2005). The sector also provides indirect
the total damage estimated for the
employment and other opportunities in
tourism sector was US$230 million
transport, communication, agriculture,
(World Bank et al. 2005). The damage to
distribution and construction as well as
transport and communications
in the more dispersed local economies.
infrastructures were estimated to be
The tourism industry, directly and
US$20.3 million where 4,200m length
indirectly accounts for a high portion of
of quay wall and 15,000m of
government revenues. Lease payments
harbour/sea walls and breakwaters were
from hotel projects were US$48 million
damaged or destroyed (World Bank et al.
in 2004 with bed and departure taxes
2005).
contributing US$41 million and custom
duties another US$43 million (World
Bank et al. 2005). The tourism sector is
expected to grow significantly over the
next five years with the opening of 53
new resorts with an additional 10,000
beds (MPND, 2006).
The marine biological diversity, tropical
climate, small island environment and
the world-class hotels are the unique
marketable assets of the tourism sector.
The reef ecosystems of Maldives are the
seventh largest in the world and their
diversity is amongst the richest in the
world. The sun-sand-and-sea product is
An over-water bungalow in a tourist resort. Tourism
infrastructures are extremely vulnerable to climate change
due their close proximity to beach areas.
the mainstay of tourism in the Maldives
and climate is a key determinant in
choosing the Maldives as a destination.
National Adaptation Programme of Action - Maldives
White sandy beaches, swaying coconut
palms and lush tropical vegetation are
essential components of the image of the
Maldives tourism. Investments in a resort
range from US$10 million for an average
tourist resort with 200 beds to over US$
40 million for modern high-end resort
(MHAHE, 2001). According to the World
Travel Awards 2006, Maldives is the
World's Leading Dive Destination and
Indian Ocean's Leading Destination
(World Travel Awards, 2006).
Climate change influences the viability
and profitability of tourism, both directly
and indirectly. In the Maldives one resort
is one island and these small tropical
tourist resorts are among the most
vulnerable and least defensible in the
world. The resort islands are vulnerable
due to its smallness, low elevation and
geographical dispersion. The tourist
resort islands are extremely small with
73 out of the 87 resorts being less than
0.1km2 while the largest tourist resort is
just 0.5km2 (Shaig, 2006). The average
elevation of tourist resorts is 1.5m above
MSL. The tourist resorts are distributed
along a length of 830km.
2001). Saltwater intrusion will impact
the groundwater lens in resorts affecting
the tropical vegetation. The present
investments in tourist resort
infrastructure exceed US$1 billion and
loss, or even under-utilization, of such
infrastructure due to climate variability
and change will devastate the Maldivian
economy. Vulnerability of tourism to
extreme events is evident as shown by
the combined cost to tourist resorts and
loss of Government revenue from the
tourism sector as a result of the Indian
Ocean tsunami in excess of US$300
million (MPND, 2005).
The tourist resorts are already
experiencing damage to the environment
and natural resources that are consistent
with climate change. One of the most
important assets of tourist resorts is
beaches with 70% of tourists visiting the
Maldives primarily for beach holidays.
Sea level rise would disrupt tourism
through loss of beaches. Already 45% of
tourist resorts have reported varying
degrees of beach erosion (MHAHE,
Snorkelling and diving are the two main
tourist activities. At any resort at any
given time 70to 80% of tourists are
snorkellers while 25 to 35% of tourists
visit the Maldives primarily for diving
(Westmacott, 1996). Assuming 1.5 dives
for every tourist arrival (Anderson, 1997)
the total number of annual dives in
2006 is estimated at about one million.
The earning from a single dive ranges
26
27
Vulnerabilities and Impacts
coral reefs of a popular shark diving spot
in 1995 and 1996 reduced the number
of divers resulting in a loss of revenue of
US$500,000 in a single year (Anderson,
1997). Coral reefs are not only
economically important to the tourism
sector in terms of the aesthetic value and
Coral reef and diving
ecosystem services they provide, they
also represent natural sea-defence acting
to buffer beaches from wave action and
other oceanic forces. Increased bleaching
coupled with reduced calcification will
affect coral growth and reef integrity and,
reduce the ability of the reef to keep up
with sea level rise.
The additional risks to tourism are in
from US$45 to 55. Coral reefs thrive in a
narrow temperature range and are highly
sensitive to changes in temperature.
Given the current predictions for increase
in SST and the observed relatively more
frequent or persistent El Nino episodes,
coral bleaching is expected to rise rapidly
and significantly (IPCC, 2001). Coral
bleaching events occurred in the
Maldives in 1977, 1983, 1987, 1991,
1995, 1997 and 1998, with the latter
being the most severe. Almost all the
many cases indirect, with the initial
impacts being imposed on the
infrastructure, fisheries, water resources,
agriculture and human health. For
example, over 99% of tourists arrive to
the Maldives by air and Male'
International Airport is the only entry
point by air. The airport sea defenses are
barely adequate and any damage to the
international airport by climate change
and sea level rise will cause extreme loss
to the tourism sector.
shallow reefs in the country were
Climate projections for the Maldives,
impacted in 1998 and on average live
including those related to variability and
coral cover before and after the
extreme events, indicate increasing
bleaching was approximately 45% and
likelihood of conditions detrimental to
5%, respectively (MHAHE, 2001). Coral
the tourism sector. The consequences of
bleaching events will have significant
climate change will be felt not only
implications for the tourism sector.
within the tourism sector but also by the
Climate change and its various impacts
on marine biological diversity pose a
significant risk to tourism. Damage to
individuals, communities, enterprises and
entire sectors that are in turn dependent
on tourism. At the same time adverse
climatic conditions will impact on the
National Adaptation Programme of Action - Maldives
tourist experience and, in extreme
28
Figure 5.3: Export revenue for tuna and reef fish / other varieties,
1998 -2005.
situations, on tourists' health and safety
and on the reputation of the country as a
10o
tourist destination.
5.4 Fisheries
Fisheries is a critical component of the
economy. More than 20% of the
population depend on fisheries as the
major income earning activity. Fisheries
Millions US$
8o
6o
4o
2o
o
1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005
Year
is also the most dominant in terms of
employment of the local labour force
employing over 15,000 fishermen and
contributes 7% to the GDP. Fish,
particularly tuna, is the primary source of
dietary protein for the Maldivians and
tuna is served daily in every meal (Adam,
2006).
The total fish catch was 186,000 metric
tons in 2005 and export revenue then
stood at over US$100 million (Figure
5.3). Tuna and tuna-related species
accounted for approximately 89% of the
total fish catch and tuna products
provided US$97 million of fish export
revenue. Skipjack tuna makes up 71% of
total fish catch followed by yellowfin
tuna at 13%. These two fishery are
significant even at the Indian Ocean wide
catch levels, representing 20% and 7%
respectively. In the Maldives, fish other
than tuna species are classified as reef
fish. In 2005, 11% of the fish catch was
reef fish and contributed US$7 million to
the fish export revenue (Adam, 2006;
MPND, 2006).
Tuna
Reef Fish & Other Varieties
Source: Adam (2006), Note: 2005 data is preliminary
Fisheries industry is highly vulnerable to
climate change as tuna is highly attuned
to the biophysical conditions of the
pelagic environment, particularly ENSO
and associated changes in SST. During
the 1997/1998 El Nino the Indian
Ocean purse seine fishery was shifted to
the east, unlike other years owing to the
elevated depth of the 20degC isotherm
(Adam, 2006). In the Maldives during
the El Nino years, catch rates of skipjack
tuna are depressed while catches of
yellowfin tuna are elevated and the
effect is reversed in La Nina years (Adam
and Anderson 1996; Adam and
Anderson, 1996).
Tuna movement and abundance in the
Indian Ocean is closely linked to the
climate driven ocean productivity (Adam,
2006). The Somali Basin and the north
Arabian Sea is particularly productive
during the southwest monsoon. The
recent trend of declining winter and
spring snow cover over Eurasia is causing
29
Vulnerabilities and Impacts
catch a kilogram of livebait is required
which approximates to 21,000 tons of
livebait each year (Adam, 2006).
Without adequate and continuous supply
of livebait pole-and-line fishery will not
exist in the Maldives. The bait is taken
from small schooling varieties associated
with the coral reefs. The most popular
species are silver sprats, fusiliers and
cardinal fish.
The habitats for livebait are coral reef
systems that are highly vulnerable to
changes in SST and other climate
a land ocean thermal gradient that is
changes. This has significant implications
particularly favourable to stronger
for the availability of livebait as shown by
southwest monsoons. Such favourable
the 1998 coral bleaching event when
conditions have caused over 300%
abundance of long nose file fish
increase in phytoplankton biomass in the
(Ocymonocanthus longirostris) rapidly
area (Goes et al. 2005). These in turn
declined. This particular species is an
could have profound implications for
obligate corralivore and the rapid demise
tuna distribution and abundance in the
of the live corals had an impact on their
Indian Ocean (Adam, 2006).
survival (Adam, 2006).
As tuna fishery of Maldives is part of the
Improved access to export markets and
wider Indian Ocean tuna fisheries,
increasing demand from tourist resorts
climate-induced changes and fishery
makes reef fishery an important source
overexploitation occurring elsewhere may
of livelihood for atoll communities.
have local repercussions (Adam, 2006).
Groupers, live-tropical fish and sea-
The most recent assessments of the tuna
cucumber are fished exclusively for
stock in Indian Ocean revealed that
export while lobsters and other reef fish
yellowfin tuna stock is considered to
are harvested to meet demands of
have reached maximum sustainable
tourism sector. Natural or anthropogenic
levels (IOTC, 2005).
disturbances on coral reefs are known to
The dependency of pole-and-line tuna
fishery method on livebait makes the
tuna fishery further vulnerable to climate
change and variability. Live bait is a prerequisite for the pole and line fishery in
the Maldives. For every 7 to 10kg of tuna
cause changes in community structure
and species resilience which has
implications to the reef fishery. For
example, Gobiodon citrinus and
Ocymonocanthus, two reef fish species
disappeared from exports after the 1998
coral bleaching event. Both species feed
National Adaptation Programme of Action - Maldives
predominantly on acropora polyps which
Meemu, Alifu and Lhaviyani atolls while
were most affected during the bleaching.
fish catch per reef area is highest in
Human stresses such as overexploitation,
Gaafu Dhaalu, Thaa and Laamu Atolls
catch of immature fish and fishery during
(Figure 5.4). The capital investments in
spawning periods exacerbates the
fisheries are increasing rapidly with the
vulnerability of reef fishery.
privatization of the fisheries making the
fisheries dependent island communities
The fisheries catch data shows there are
particularly vulnerable.
geographic variations in fish catch which
makes population of particular atolls
Decline in tuna fishery will have direct
more vulnerable to the impact of climate
implications on food security in the
change on fisheries than others. Highest
Maldives. Fish is the main source of
catch per capita is seen in Gaafu Dhaalu,
protein and local consumption of fish
Figure 5.4: Relative estimates of fish catch by atoll units in terms of population and reef area
Fish catch per population
Fish catch per Reef Area
Per capita catch
(tons per person per year)
Catch per reef area
(tons per SqKm per year)
0.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
Note: Reef areas are those
reported by Naseer & Hatcher
(2004)
Fish catches are total national
landings reported by MoFAMR
and populations estimates from
Census (2006), Ministry of
Planning and National
Development.
(Source: (Adam 2006))
30
31
Vulnerabilities and Impacts
exceeds 50,000 metric tons (MPND,
neonatal tetanus, whooping cough and
2006). Reef fish is a significant item of
diphtheria have been successfully
the tourist resort cuisine and impacts on
eliminated while non-communicable
reef fishery will affect tourism and
diseases such as heart disease, diabetes,
communities who depend on reef fishery
hypertension, cancer and renal diseases
as a source of income.
have emerged as major health concerns
in recent years. Furthermore, the
5.5 Human Health
Maldives has one of the highest known
incidences of Thalassaemia in the world
The health status of the Maldivian
with one out of every six Maldivians
population has improved significantly
being a Thalassaemia carrier. Added to
over the last two decades. In 2005, the
this is the growing problem of accidents
infant mortality rate was 12, maternal
and injuries leading to death and
mortality was less than 1 per thousand
disabilities.
and life expectancy was 72.2 years. The
population per practising doctor was 775
Despite the improvement in health status
in 2005 (MHAHE, 2002; MPND, 2006).
the country still experiences high
incidences of water- and vector-borne
Maldives is now in a transition phase
diseases that are attributed to climate
from communicable to non-
change. Although mortality due to
communicable diseases. Communicable
diarrhoea and acute respiratory
diseases such as malaria and vaccine
infections has been reduced to zero, they
preventable diseases such as polio,
continue to cause significant morbidity to
children and adults, indicating
Figure 5.5: Incidence of acute gastroenteritis in the Maldives 2000-2005
inadequate access to safe water and
sanitation. The number of cases of acute
18000
gastroentritis increased by 50% from
No. of reported cases
16000
10,000 cases in 2004 to 15,000 cases
14000
in 2005 (Figure 5.5).
12000
10000
Changes in temperature and rainfall
8000
regimes are causing higher incidence of
6000
vector-borne diseases. There is evidence
4000
that dengue outbreaks are becoming
2000
more frequent and it appears that there
0
2002
2003
2004
2005
Year
Male’ < 5
Atoll > 5
Male’ > 5
Republic < 5
is an association with ENSO events. The
first outbreak of dengue occurred in
Atoll < 5
Republic > 5
Source: Epidemiological Surveillance Records - DPH, Moosa (2006)
1979, the second in 1983 and the third
1988 which was the worst with 2054
cases of dengue fever and nine deaths in
children under 10 years. After that for 10
32
National Adaptation Programme of Action - Maldives
years there were no outbreaks until the
Figure 5.6: Incidence of dengue in Maldives 2000-2006
next occurred in 1998 with a total of
350
1750 cases and no reported death.
300
reported from Maldives and there is
continued high prevalence from mid
2005 (Figure 5.6). In 2005 the case
load increase is about 52% with as
compared to 2004.
No. of reported cases
Since 1998 every year cases have been
250
200
150
100
50
Among the other vector-borne diseases
of public health concern, Scrub Typhus
0
J
which was endemic 60 years ago re-
F
M
A
M
J
J
A
S
O
N
D
Month
emerged in 2002 (Figure 5.7) with
2000
mortality rates as high as 10% (Moosa
2001
2005
2004
2006). Chikungunya was for the first
2003
2002
2006
Source: Epidemiological Surveillance Records (Dept of Public Health)
time diagnosed in December 2006 and
reached epidemic proportions. In
Figure 5.7: Incidence of scrub typhus in Maldives 2000-2005
addition to these climate related
50
an increase in the conditions of the skin,
45
40
subcutaneous tissue and eye that has
close linkages to climate change caused
by increase exposure to UV radiation.
The islands of the Maldives are a mere
1.5m above MSL which makes them
highly vulnerable to flooding and
salinization of freshwater supplies due to
No. of reported cases
communicable diseases there has been
35
30
25
20
15
10
5
0
J
F
M
can adversely affect water supplies.
M
J
J
A
2002
2003
2004
could increase as a result of disruption of
the tsunami. Evidence also shows that
sewage and water systems due to
people in the atolls are more vulnerable
flooding. The high level of risk to the
to diarrhoeal diseases than in Male' and
health of the population from climate
this disparity is more pronounced in
change related water-borne diseases is
children under five years (Moosa 2006).
number of flooding related
gastroenteritis cases in 2005 following
O
N
D
2005
Source: Epidemiological Surveillance Records (Dept of Public Health)
Water-borne diseases such as shigella
evident from the 50% increase in the
S
Month
rise in sea level. The islands are also
vulnerable to storms and cyclones that
A
33
Vulnerabilities and Impacts
The nutritional status of children varies
across the atolls and in 2004 the
prevalence of underweight in children
under five years of age was estimated at
27%. The forecasts are that one in four
children may still be underweight in
Maldives in 2015. Even though there are
6 regional hospitals, 10 atoll hospitals,
65 atoll health centres and 52 health
posts the population in the remote
islands face difficulty in getting access to
healthcare delivery system, and during
bad weather medical evacuation is
almost impossible. With more frequent
At present 18% of inhabited islands
experience rainfall and/or ocean-induced
flooding at least once a year (Shaig
2006). With the projected increase in
sea level and higher frequency of
extreme events incidents of flooding is
likely to be more frequent and severe.
Increased flooding coupled with
increased surface air temperature will
cause higher incidence of vector-borne
diseases in the Maldives. Already the
vector-borne disease dengue has spread
to the atolls at epidemic proportions.
extreme weather events, significant
mortality and morbidity will be a serious
challenge to the atoll population
(Mohamed 2006).
Climate change related impacts on
fisheries and agriculture, threaten food
security in the Maldives. Such impacts
will have direct effect on nutrition status
of children and overall health of the
population. Impacts on infrastructure
and human settlement during extreme
events could cause physical injury to the
people.
Children and the population living in
remote islands where diagnostic and
5.6 Water Resources
treatment facilities are lacking are
particularly vulnerable to the climate
Groundwater is a scarce resource because
related vector-borne diseases.
of the hydrogeology of the country. The
The vulnerability to climate change
related health risks is further
compounded by local characteristics such
as the high level of malnutrition in
children, accessibility and quality of
healthcare, high population congestion
and low income levels (Moosa 2006).
freshwater aquifer lying beneath the
islands is a shallow lens, 1 to 1.5m
below the surface and no more than a
few meters thick. Surface freshwater is
lacking throughout the country with the
exception of a few swampy areas in some
islands. Traditionally people depended on
shallow wells to get access to the
National Adaptation Programme of Action - Maldives
groundwater lens for drinking water.
However, 90% of the atoll households
now use rainwater as the principal source
of drinking water. In Male', 100% of the
population has access to piped
desalinated water. Following the tsunami
38 islands have been provided with
desalination plants that are being
operated daily or on emergency basis.
Thickness of the groundwater aquifer in
the islands is determined by net rainfall
recharge, size of the island and
permeability of the soil column. The
freshwater aquifers already stressed from
over-extraction face the risk of total
depletion if dry periods extend. As the
Station in Seenu Atoll. Highest rainfall is
islands have a precarious hydrological
during the months of May and October
system, with the predicted sea level rise
and the highest rainfall recorded within
and during periods of wave-induced
24 hours to date is 219mm on 9 July
flooding, there is a very high risk of
2002 at Kaadedhdhoo Weather Station
saltwater intrusion into the freshwater
in Gaafu Dhaalu Atoll. The lowest rainfall
lens. Salinization of groundwater would
is during February and March
affect the quality of life in the islands as
(Meteorology 2006).
people depend on groundwater for
washing, bathing and other non-potable
uses. Saltwater intrusion would also
affect soil and vegetation causing impacts
on agriculture and terrestrial ecosystems.
Although the global average precipitation
is projected to increase during the 21st
century, a marginal decline in
precipitation is projected for the Indian
Ocean region (Nurse and Sem 2001).
Rainwater is the main source of drinking
The predicted changes in precipitation
water in the atolls. The annual average
have the potential to impact on
rainfall for Maldives is 2,124mm.
rainwater harvesting across all the atolls
Southern atolls on average receive
and in particular the northern atolls.
2,277mm of rainfall annually while
Drinking water shortages during dry
northern atolls receive 1,786mm. Lowest
periods is a significant challenge for the
annual rainfall recorded in the last 30
atoll population even at present. Water
years is 1,346mm in 2002 at
shortages were reported by 30% of the
Hanimaadhoo Weather Station in Haa
atoll population in 2004 (MPND 2005).
Dhaalu Atoll and the highest is
3,185mm in 1978 at Gan Weather
34
35
Vulnerabilities and Impacts
5.7 Agriculture and Food Security
cheap imports of vegetables and fruits.
The available cultivable land is 103m2
Agriculture is vital to the food security,
per capita (MFAMR 2006). Soil is
nutritional status and livelihoods of the
generally made up of medium-sized
atoll population. Agriculture contributed
calcium carbonate sand grains. A typical
2.6% to GDP in 2005 (MPND 2006).
soil profile is made up of a thin sandy
The total cultivable land area is
layer at the top, a layer of organic matter
2
2
estimated at 27km , including 18km on
2
15 to 40cm deep, layer of hardpan 30 to
inhabited islands and 9km on
50cm deep before reaching unweathered
uninhabited islands (MFAMR 2006). The
bedrock. The soil is absent of silt and clay
main subsistence crops include banana,
reducing the adsorption capacity only to
watermelon, cucumber, taro, coconut,
the organic matter layer while the
breadfruit, mango, sweet potato,
medium sized calcium carbonate grains
pumpkin, papaya, luffa, cabbage and
result in high infiltration rates. The
brinjal.
average pH is 8.5 due to high calcium
content of the soil causing deficiencies in
Agriculture sector is constrained by the
limited availability of cultivable land,
poor quality of soil and the abundance of
micro-nutrients. In addition, the soil
lacks nitrogen and potassium due to
excessive leaching making the fertility
low (FAO 2005; MFAMR 2006).
Every year more than 17 million
kilograms of rice, 17 million kilograms of
flour and 10 million kilograms of sugar
are imported (MCS 2006). Imports of
fresh vegetables and fruits have also
increased mainly due to the expanding
tourism sector. In 2003, the Maldives
imported US$32.4 million worth of
vegetable products, US$25.9 million
worth of meat and meat products, US$3
million worth of animal and vegetable
fats and oils, and US$37.8 million worth
of prepared foodstuffs (MFAMR 2006).
Climate hazards such as changes in
temperature, precipitation and timing of
extreme or critical threshold events will
affect agriculture in the Maldives. The
critical impact pathways include heat
stress on plants, changes in soil moisture
National Adaptation Programme of Action - Maldives
and temperature, loss of soil fertility
through erosion of fertile top soil, less
water available for crop production,
changes in height of water table,
salinization of freshwater aquifer and loss
of land through sea level rise. The
consequences of such impacts are likely
coral reef biodiversity
to be more severe in the Maldives
because agriculture is already under
stress due to poor soil, limited land
available for cultivation and water
scarcity. The subsistence crop agriculture
will also be affected by severe weather
events. Over the past six years 90 islands
have experienced flooding and amongst
these 37 islands had flooding six times or
more (Shaig 2006).
5.8 Coral Reef Biodiversity
Coral reef ecosystems of the Maldives are
Heavy import dependency, limited food
significant both at international and
storage and ad hoc distribution also pose
national level. They form the seventh
severe food security risk to the
largest reef system and are among the
population. The Maldives imports almost
richest in the world in terms of species
all food items except fresh tuna and
diversity. It has two of the largest natural
coconut. Long-term and emergency food
atolls in the world, Thiladhunmathi Atoll
storage is virtually absent except for
with a total surface area of 3,788km
warehousing in Male' and nine other
and Huvadhoo Atoll with a total surface
islands (STO 2006). Since food
area of 3,278km . At the national level,
distribution system is by boat from Male'
the Maldives is a nation of coral islands
to islands and the quantity that can be
where the reefs function as natural sea
transported across on one trip is small
defences for the highly vulnerable
(MHAHE 2001), higher frequency of
islands. The two major economic
extreme events associated with climate
activities tourism and fisheries are reef
change would increase food security
based and provide more than 80% of the
problems. In 2003, 7% of the population
total revenues to the country. The reefs
experienced food crisis and for nearly
also provide food and are the source of
half of this population it lasted for less
coral sand that is used as a construction
than 10 days (MPND 2004).
material.
2
2
In the 25 natural atolls of the Maldives
there are 2,041 distinct coral reefs
(Naseer 2006). About 529 reefs are
36
37
Vulnerabilities and Impacts
Figure 5.8: Map coral reef structures
7°N
Ihavandhippolhu Atoll
A: 289.81
R: 119.50
I: 5.70
Thiladhunmathi Atoll
A: 3788.71
R: 500.70
I: 68.70
Makunudhoo Atoll
A: 142.48
R: 142.48
I: 0.96
Alifushi-Eththigili Atoll
A: 4.38
R: 4.38
I: 0.71
North Maalhosmadulu Atoll
A: 1184.31
R: 223.50
I: 12.90
6°N
Kudarikilu Atoll
A:
R:
I:
Faadhippolhu Atoll
A: 701.42
R: 158.00
I: 7.20
South Maalhosmadulu Atoll
A: 1126.95
R: 262.90
I: 5.50
Kaashidhoo Atoll
A: 9.54
R: 9.54
I: 2.89
5°N
Goidhoo Atoll
A: 112.61
R: 112.61
Gaafaru Atoll
A: 88.05
R: 88.05
Thoddoo Atoll
A: 4.75
R: 4.75
4°N
3°N
1°N
0°N
73°E
Equator
I: 0.19
I: 1.62
North Male’ Atoll
A: 1568.18
R: 349
I: 9.40
Rasdhoo Atoll
A: 61.84
R: 61.84
I: 0.62
South Male’ Atoll
A: 536.33
R: 175.60
I: 2.00
Ari Atoll
A: 2271.75
R: 489.40
Felidhe Atoll
A: 1090.97 R: 251.10
2°N
I: 2.20
I: 8.30
I: 0.92
Vattaru Atoll
A: 46.72
R: 46.72
I: 0.01
North Nilandhe Atoll
A: 597.15
R: 151.30
I: 2.20
Mulaku Atoll
A: 983.92
R: 197.30
I: 4.20
South Nilandhe Atoll
A: 736.46
R: 179.40
I: 4.40
Kolhumadulu Atoll
A: 1695.79
R: 243.70
I: 9.30
R: Reef Area (Sqkm)
Hadhdhunmathi Atoll
A: 884.63
R: 203.70
I: 23.10
I: No of Islands
Huvadhoo Atoll
A: 3278.59
R: 437.90
I: 34.30
Fuvahmulah Atoll
A: 10.18
R: 10.18
I: 5.13
Addu Atoll
A: 157.22
I: 15.00
R: 70.32
A: Land Area (sqkm)
Islands
Reefs
0 20
Source data: Naseer (2006)
100 Km
National Adaptation Programme of Action - Maldives
found on the rims of the 16 complex
bleaching. During the 1998 El Nino
atolls, five make up ocean faros and four
event monthly mean SST was 1.2±4 S.D.
are oceanic platform reefs. The rest are
above the 1950 to 1999 average, with
found as patch reefs within the lagoons
the greatest anomaly in May of +2.1°C
of the complex atolls. Figure 15 shows a
(Edwards et al., 2001). During that event
diagrammatic outline of these major
coral bleaching was first reported in mid-
coral reef structures. The total area of the
April. Bleaching was reported to be
atolls including the atoll lagoons is
severe from late April to mid-May with
2
approximately 21,372km and the total
reef area is close to 4,500km
some recovery evident by late-May.
2
representing 20% of the total area of the
atolls. Thiladhunmathi Atoll has the
largest reef area with approximately
2
500km while Ari Atoll has the second
2
largest with 489km (Figure 5.8).
The reefs in the central and northern
region were more affected than the other
regions (Zahir, 1999). Significant
reductions in live coral cover were seen
at reefs in the central atolls, with average
live coral cover decreasing from about
The coral reef system of the Maldives
42% to 2%, a 20-fold reduction from
supports rich marine biological diversity.
pre-bleaching levels. Almost 98% of
Over 1090 species of fish, 36 species of
branching corals died whereas the
sponges, 180 species of stony corals and
majority of massive corals survived the
250 species of hermatypic corals are
bleaching (Edwards et al., 2001).
found. In addition, 9 species of whales,
Monitoring programs have shown that
15 to 20 species of sharks and seven
recovery of both coral cover and species
species of dolphins and five species of
diversity is underway with dominance of
turtles have also been observed.
recruitment by branching corals (Edwards
Altogether 285 species of algae, five
et al., 2001). On 23 March 2003,
species of seagrass, 400 species of
several species of branching corals from
molluscs, 350 species of crustaceans and
the genus Acropora released thousands
80 species of echinoderms have been
of bright red eggs and sperm bundles
documented (MHAHE, 2002; MEC,
into the Indian Ocean. This indicates that
2004).
the corals have reached maturity and as
the new generation of coral colonies
Corals are highly sensitive to changes in
continues to grow, increased spawning is
temperature and some species of corals
expected in the coming years and there is
live at or near their thermal limits
hope that the Maldivian reefs will fully
(Goreau, 1992). As a result the incidence
recover.
of bleaching will increase in frequency
and intensity with the projected rise in
On the other hand, estimates of April
SST. The evidence from the reefs of the
mean monthly SST suggests a rise of
Maldives supports that warming of the
0.16°C per decade. If this trend
ocean surface leads to significant coral
continues, by 2030 mean April SST in
38
39
Vulnerabilities and Impacts
Coral reefs in the Maldives are also
vulnerable to the projected rise in sea
level. Most reefs of the Maldives appear
to be at the point where they are sea
level limited and with no potential for
upward growth. Reefs appear to be now
Coral Bleaching
growing outwards laterally and filling up
inside (Naseer 2006). It is predicted that
sea level rise would induce reefs to grow
vertically upwards. However, increased
SST and oceanic CO2 concentrations may
alter the calcification potential of coral
reefs resulting in slow growth. The
calcification rate of corals is expected to
decline by 14 to 30% by 2050 (IPCC
A pile of dead coral: In the 1998 El-Nino
event, almost 98% of the branching coral
died. There are numerous implication for the
coral reef survival due predicted increase in
Seas Surface Temperatures.
2001). Reef health is also being severely
affected by human activities. Hence reefs
may not be able to keep pace with the
predicted rise in sea level. This also
the central atolls will normally exceed
reduces the chances of the islands of
the anomaly level at which corals appear
Maldives to naturally adapt to the
susceptible to mass bleaching (Edwards
predicted rise in sea level.
et al., 2001).
The impacts on the reefs would affect
As mass spawning and recruitment in the
tourism, fisheries, food security and
reef ecosystems is cued to environmental
human settlements. These impacts are
conditions coral reef biodiversity is
considered in details in the respective
particularly vulnerable to climate change.
sections of this chapter.
After spawning, coral larvae usually drift
with the currents for at least four days
before settling on nearby reefs. Many
reef fish are also known to have seasonal
spawning cycles which may be disrupted
by changes in environmental conditions
resulting in recruitment failure. In
addition, reef fishes have a pelagic larval
phase ranging from days to few weeks.
Survival of larvae depends on favourable
conditions of the pelagic environment as
well (Adam 2006).
National Adaptation Programme of Action - Maldives
Chapter VI
Adaptation Needs and
Priority Adaptation Strategies
The fourth component of the Adaptation
3. Strengthen land-use planning as a
Framework is the adaptation strategies
tool for protection of human
(Figure 1 Chapter Two). This chapter first
settlements.
lists the adaptation needs and then the
priority adaptation strategies.
4. Build capacity for coastal
protection, coastal zone
6.1 Adaptation Needs
The adaptation needs were identified
through wide stakeholder consultations.
The adaptation needs are classified here
under the priority sectors presented in
management and flood control.
5. Protect beaches through soft and
hard-engineering solutions.
6. Protect house reef to maintain
natural defense of islands.
Chapter Five. These sectors are similar to
those given in the FNC (2001).
7. Improve building designs and
regulations to increase resilience.
6.1.1 Land, Beach and Human
Settlements
8. Integrate climate change
adaptation into national disaster
1. Consolidate population and
development.
2. Acquire support for the speedy and
efficient implementation of Safer
Island Strategy.
management framework.
40
41
Adaptation Needs and Priority Adaptation Strategies
6.1.2 Critical Infrastructure
breeding to reduce the economic
and social impacts of changing
1. Develop coastal protection for
tuna abundance.
airports and development focus
islands.
3. Undertake research and
disseminate information on
2. Strengthen capacity for planning
fisheries and climate change.
and design of infrastructure to
ensure development of resilient
infrastructure.
4. Experiment new and alternative
species and breeding methods for
livebait.
3. Protect powerhouses and utilities.
5. Integrated reef fishery
4. Protect telecommunication
management.
infrastructure.
6. Exploit new species and promote
6.1.3 Tourism
1. Protect beaches and tourist
infrastructure.
2. Develop climate change
adaptation policy and strategy for
tourism.
3. Diversify the tourism product to
reduce over-dependency on
marine environment.
4. Strengthen tourism institutions to
coordinate climate response in the
tourism sector.
5. Incorporate climate change
adaptation measures to upcoming
poultry farming as alternative
sources of protein to reduce overdependency on tuna for protein.
6.1.5 Human Health
1. Strengthen regulatory and
institutional capacity for vector
control.
2. Streamline the planning of
healthcare services and strengthen
medical emergency response.
3. Promote healthy lifestyles, healthy
islands and healthy buildings.
4. Strengthen the capacity for
healthcare delivery.
resorts.
5. Undertake research and
6.1.4 Fisheries
1. Improve fish finding and fish
harvesting.
2. Establish aquaculture/mariculture
as an alternative to natural
disseminate information on
climate change related diseases.
6. Increase nutrition promotion
campaigns.
National Adaptation Programme of Action - Maldives
6.1.6 Water Resources
for local food.
1. Acquire appropriate sewage
8. Enforce and strengthen quarantine
treatment and disposal
and integrated pest control to
technologies to protect water
prevent pests and diseases.
resources.
9. Introduce new irrigation
2. Increase safe rainwater harvesting.
3. Acquire desalination technologies
technologies.
6.1.8 Coral Reef Biodiversity
appropriate for small islands.
1. Provide alternatives to coral and
4. Undertake recharging of aquifers
to reduce salinisation from
sand as construction materials and
enforce the ban on coral mining.
saltwater intrusion and storm
surge flooding.
2. Enhance the capacity for waste
management to prevent pollution
5. Protect and preserve natural water
of marine environment.
catchment areas.
3. Formulate and implement an oil
6.1.7 Agriculture and Food Security
1. Develop a national food security
strategy.
2. Secure trade agreements with
pollution contingency plan.
4. Acquire appropriate sewage
treatment technologies.
5. Establish marine protected areas.
foreign trade partners to ensure
food security.
6. Establish an information base on
coral reefs and climate change.
3. Establish capacity for emergency
food storage in development focus
islands at regional level.
7. Undertake monitoring and
research to prevent coral diseases
and rehabilitate coral reefs.
4. Introduce new technologies to
increase local food production.
8. Develop measures to protect coral
reefs from development activities.
5. Strengthen marketing and sale of
local food items.
6. Improve allocation of land for
agriculture.
7. Promote traditional food
preservation and storage practices
42
43
Adaptation Needs and Priority Adaptation Strategies
5.2 Priority Adaptation Strategies
prioritisation method are given in Annex
I. The top ranking priority adaptation
The adaptation needs were prioritised by
strategies are listed in Table 9. The
community, government and private
priority project profiles developed to
sector stakeholders using analytical
implement these strategies are given in
hierarchy process. Details of the
Chapter Seven.
Table 6.1: List of priority adaptation strategies
Adaptation Measures
Score
Rank
Build capacity for coastal protection, coastal zone management and flood
76.14
1
Consolidate population and development.
44.47
2
Introduce new technologies to increase local food production
35.62
3
32.94
4
32.94
5
32.03
6
29.78
7
29.09
8
28.32
9
Incorporate climate change adaptation measures to upcoming resorts
27.83
10
Promote healthy lifestyles, healthy islands and healthy buildings.
27.45
11
27.03
12
26.54
13
24.42
14
23.72
15
control.
Acquire support for the speedy and efficient implementation of Safer
Island Strategy.
Develop coastal protection for airports and development focus islands.
Integrat e climate change adaptation into national disaster management
framework.
Strengthen tourism institutions to coordinate climate response in the
tourism sector.
Improve building designs to increase resilience and strengthen
enforcement of building code.
Acquire appropriate sewage treatment and disposal technologies to
protect water resources.
Enhance the capacity for waste management to prevent pollution of
marine environment.
Provide alternatives to coral and sand as construction materials and
enforce the ban on coral mining.
Integrated reef fishery management.
Streamline the planning of healthcare services and strengthen medical
emergency response.
National Adaptation Programme of Action - Maldives
Table 6.1 (Continued): List of priority adaptation strategies
Adaptation Measures
Score
Rank
Increase safe rainwater harvesting.
23.66
16
Develop measures to protect coral reefs from development activities
22.83
17
19.37
18
19.26
19
19.02
20
17.40
21
Develop climate change adaptation policy and strategy for tourism.
16.84
22
Protect house reef to maintain natural defense of islands.
16.27
23
Prot ect and preserve natural water catchment areas.
15.15
24
14.54
25
13.89
26
Strengthen regulatory and institutional capacity for vector control.
13.74
27
Protect beaches and tourist infrastructure.
13.02
28
12.89
29
11.93
30
Undertake recharging of aquifers and other measures to reduce
salinisation from saltwater intrusion and storm surge flooding.
Undertake research and disseminate information on climate change
related diseases.
Strengthen the capacity for healthcare delivery.
Strengthen capacity for planning and design of ports, harbours and
jetties.
Experiment new and alternative species and breeding methods for
livebait.
Enforce and strengthen quarantine and integrated pest control to prevent
pests and diseases.
Review the marketing strategy of tourism to diversify the tourism
product and reduce over-dependency on coral.
Acquire desalination technologies appropriate for small islands.
44
45
Adaptation Projects
Chapter VII
Adaptation Projects
7.1 Adaptation Projects
Maldives to the adverse effects of climate
change. The project profiles in Table 10
This chapter presents the projects that
are based on the priority adaptation
are necessary for long-term adaptation of
strategies in Section 6.2.
Table 7.1: List of project profiles
Project
Project Title
Number
1
Strengthening coastal zone management in Maldives to enhance climate change resilience.
2
On-the-ground demonstration of safer islands and integration of future climate change
scenarios in the safer island strategy to adapt to sea level rise and extreme weather risks
associated with climate change
3
Increase the resilience of local food production through enhancing the capacity of farmers,
local communities and institutions to address food security issues caused by climate change
and climate variability.
4
Coastal protection of airports and focus islands to reduce the risk from sea induced flooding
and predicted sea level rise.
5
Mainstreaming climate change adaptation into development planning and National Disaster
Management Framework to accommodate adaptation measures in future development and
disaster management plans.
National Adaptation Programme of Action - Maldives
Table 7.1 (Continued): Project profiles
6
Enabling adaptation of tourism businesses and tourism dependent communities to
predicted climate change and variability
7
Improve resilience of Island communities to climate change and variability through
sustainable building designs.
8
Demonstrate on-the-ground wastewater technologies that can protect groundwater and
coral reef resources vulnerable to climate change stresses .
9
Promotion of health, creation of effective structures and implementation of policies and
measures to reduce health vulnerability to climate change.
10
On-the-ground demonstration of effectiveness of waste management at regional level to
protect coral reefs, human health and water resources for increased adaptive capacity to
climate change.
11
Preventing coral and sand mining from coral reefs, lagoons and beaches to maintain their
natural status and increase the resilience of natural environment to climate change.
12
Accumulate knowledge and communicate practical information to raise public
awareness and increase political commitment to adapt to the health risks to the
Maldivian population from climate change
13
Build the information base on vulnerability of reef fishery to the predicted impacts of
climate change and variabilities to determine adaptation measures required for integrated
reef fishery management.
14
Strengthening capacity of healthcare delivery and streamlining planning of healthcare
services to adapt to climate change related health risks
15
Improve rainwater harvesting to secure availability of safe water and reduce vulnerability to
changes in precipitation caused by climate change.
16
Increase resilience of coral reefs to reduce the vulnerability of islands, communities and
reef -dependant economic activities to predicted climate change.
17
Enhance adaptive capacity to manage climate change related risks to water resources
through increasing knowledge, strengthening regulatory framework and adoption of
appropriate new technologies.
18
Improve the design and construction of access infrastructure in Maldives to increase the
resilience of access infrastructure and island beaches to climate change.
19
Investigating alternative livebait management, catch, culture and holding techniques
in the Maldives to reduce vulnerability of the tuna fishery sector to the predicted
climate change and variability.
20
Improve the health status of the population, particularly children, by the prevention and
management of vector-borne diseases caused by changes in temperature and flooding due
to extreme rainfall.
46
47
Adaptation Projects - Project 1
Project
1
Strengthening coastal zone management in
Maldives to enhance climate change resilience.
Rationale
naturally adapt to changing conditions.
Unfortunately, there are a number of
The Maldives is a country based almost
non-climate drivers, resulting from
entirely on a coastal environment. The
human activities, that has acted to
climate, geology, geomorphology and
increase the vulnerability of these
coastal processes of the Maldivian low
islands. Human activities such as
lying coral islands make their coastal
improperly designed coastal development
environments highly dynamic. Islands
activities, sand mining, coral mining,
develop on the reef environment based
waste and sewage disposal into coastal
on an equilibrium of different forces such
areas and removal of coastal vegetation
as wave conditions, climate, ocean
has led to considerable and often
currents, sediments or reef characteristics
permanent negative impacts on the
and has potential to change in geological
coastal environments.
time based on changes to the different
forces. Human settlements in such a
The impacts on the coastal zone are its
relatively volatile environment have
gradual degradation. Coastal erosion has
meant that considerable effort is
been reported by almost all inhabited
required to manage the coastal
islands and the majority report severe
environment in order to maintain the
erosion. Coral reefs which stand as the
settlements.
first line of defense for the islands against
waves have been removed considerably
Climate change and climate variability
in some islands. The sediment budget of
has added new dimensions to the
the islands have been reduced in some
vulnerability of such coastal
islands due to sand mining while
environments. It is expected that the
sediment loss has occurred in most
coastal areas of coral islands will undergo
islands with improperly designed coastal
considerable change with the predicted
infrastructure. The impact of these
climate change and the maximum
changes is felt by the entire island
chances of survival in the worst case
community to the extent that most
predictions are reliant on how far the
islands unanimously agree that their
elements natural environment such as
major environmental concern is coastal
coral reefs and island beaches are able
erosion.
National Adaptation Programme of Action - Maldives
Much of these human induced
Objective 1: Develop the human resource
vulnerabilities have been a result of the
and institutional capacity at atoll and
absence or limitations in coastal zone
island level to manage coastal zones
management. Human activities on
coastal environment need to be
regulated and negative impacts mitigated
Activities
1.1 Develop a coastal zone
constantly to allow the natural processes
management training kit based
to function properly. The main
specifically based on the
hindrances to properly manage the
environmental conditions of
coastal zone are considerable. There is an
Maldives.
apparent lack of human resources,
1.2 Coastal management training
limitations in institutional setup at island
conducted in the outer atolls
level, lack of technical capacity to
targeting the key players at island
properly assess and design coastal
level.
development activities or to develop
1.3 Establish environmental
standards and guidelines, and a lack of
surveying units and develop basic
capacity at island to manage the coastal
coastal surveying capacity at Atoll
environment.
In the face of the predicted climate
or Regional level.
1.4 Train coastal engineers to be
change and increase in coastal
based in the 5 Regional
development activities, coastal zone
Development Management
management has become a critical
Offices (RDMO's)
concern for all inhabited islands. Urgent
1.5 Undertake feasibility study to
actions needs to be taken to establish the
conduct a coastal zone
human resources, technical capacity and
management course in the
institutional setup to minimize or
Maldives College for Higher
mitigate the impacts from human
Education.
activities and facilitate the natural
1.6 Develop curriculum for a coastal
adaptation processes to work, in order to
zone management course in the
maximize the chances of adaptation to
Maldives College for Higher
climate change.
Education
Description
1.7 Establish a Coastal Zone
Management Training Course in
the Maldives College for Higher
Goal
Strengthen human, technical, regulatory
and institutional capacity for coastal
zone management to enhance future
climate change resilience of islands.
Education.
Short term outputs
4
Coastal zone management
training kit developed
48
49
Adaptation Projects - Project 1
4
4
4
Coastal Zone management
activities and how current design
Training conducted in the outer
and implementation could be
atolls.
enhanced.
Environmental surveying units
2.2 Review existing practices in land
established at Atoll or regional
reclamation and conduct detailed
level.
studies on how they increase the
vulnerability islands to short term
Coastal surveying equipments
severe weather events and
and office setup assistance
climate change.
provided for the units.
4
Staff identified for the surveying
2.3 Develop standards and guidelines
for access infrastructure
units.
4
development and land
One Coastal engineer trained for
reclamation projects to
each of the RDMO's
4
Feasibility study for establishing a
complement EIA requirements.
2.4 Develop environmental
coastal zone management course
guidelines for land use planning
in the Maldives College for
at island level.
Higher Education
4
Curriculum for a coastal zone
management course in the
4
Short term outputs
4
Technical study on impacts of
Maldives College for Higher
current access infrastructure
Education.
development activities in islands
Coastal Zone Management
and recommendations for
training course developed and
enhancement
accredited.
4
Study on impacts of land
reclamation activities on island
Outcome
Coastal zone management skills
vulnerability
4
Standards and guidelines
enhanced and institutional setting
developed for land reclamation
improved at regional, atoll and island
and access infrastructure
level.
development activities in all
islands.
Objective 2: Enhance the technical
4
capacity to design coastal modifications
Environmental guidelines for land
use planning at island level.
suitable for small coral islands.
Outcome
Activities
2.1 Undertaking studies to assess the
Technical capacity to design coastal
main impacts from access
modifications suitable for small coral
infrastructure development
islands.
National Adaptation Programme of Action - Maldives
Objective 3: Strengthen atoll and island
Implementation
level capacity to enforce existing coastal
zone management related regulations.
Institutional arrangement
Activities
Lead agency:
3.1 Designation of staff responsible
for enforcement and monitoring.
Ministry of Environment, Energy and
Water.
3.2 Sensitization programmes on
coastal zone management
Partner agencies:
regulations
Ministry of Atolls Development; Ministry
3.3 Develop and provide an
information package (including
leaflets and posters) for island
offices to inform public on all
of Planning and National Development;
MCI; Ministry of Housing and Urban
Development; Regional Development
Management Offices; Atoll Offices.
regulations related to coastal
zone management.
Project Steering Committee:
3.4 Develop mechanisms to
determine compliance with
regulations.
Short term outputs
4
4
Project Management Team:
Official from Ministry of Environment,
related regulations enforcement
Energy and Water and Ministry of
and monitoring
Construction and Infrastructure.
A number of sensitization
management regulations
Risks and barriers
4
Existing inappropriate
An information package
modifications may negate
promoting coastal zone
positive changes from improved
management related regulation
new infrastructure
developed and disseminated to
4
representatives and NGOs
Staff designated for coastal zone
programmes on Coastal zone
4
Policy-level officials from community
4
Long-term maintenance of
island offices
equipment acquired under the
Compliance monitoring system.
project may be expensive and
there may not be a budget
Outcome
Atoll and island level capacity to enforce
allocation for the maintenance.
4
outer islands
existing coastal zone management
related regulations enhanced
Human resource limitations in
4
Trained staff retention at the
specified locations
50
51
Adaptation Projects - Project 1
4
Adequacy of single surveying
units for each region/atoll
Evaluation and monitoring
The project will be monitored according
to the national M&E standards set by
President's Office and Ministry of
Planning and National Development.
Quarterly progress reports, expenditure
reports, annual monitoring reports will
be submitted accordingly. In addition,
any donor finance agency requirements
on M&E will be fulfilled.
Financial resources
Total project cost: US$ 1,230,00.
National Adaptation Programme of Action - Maldives
Project
2
On-the-ground demonstration of safer islands and
integration of future climate change scenarios in
the safer island strategy to adapt to sea level rise
and extreme weather risks associated with climate
change
Rationale
and enable the communities to sustain
social and economic development in
All the islands of the Maldives are among
times of emergencies and disasters. It
the most vulnerable to the rise in sea
aims at providing ecologically safe zones
level associated with climate change. All
principally to mitigate tsunami hazards
the islands are also vulnerable to natural
and other disasters by establishing
disasters such as storms, high winds and
building and construction codes that
wave actions, which regularly result in
would enable vertical evacuation if and
floods, destruction of property, and
when necessary and provide all basic
sometimes loss of lives. The primary aim
services in an emergency, including
of this project is to enhance people's
particularly health, communication and
safety from climate change impacts and
transport infrastructure, and have a
natural disasters, and the path selected is
buffer stock of basic food stuffs and
to improve and strengthen the safer
water.
island strategy developed by the
government to resettle communities
The safe islands would have (i) quick
from the smaller, more vulnerable
access to air travel, (ii) coastal protection
islands onto larger, better protected
(iii) sufficient space for subsequent
ones. Several components of the Safer
population growth (iv) potential for
Island Strategy may in fact contribute to
expansion (v) proximity to another island
making islands more vulnerable to
and or possibility for connection with
climate change impacts and natural
another island, (vi) a viable economy and
disasters, if the climate change scenarios
(vii) access to social services.
are not adequately considered in the
land-use planning and development of
safer islands.
In the absence of this project, it is
possible that climate change concerns
may not be adequately integrated into
The concept of the “safe islands” is to
the safer island strategy. This project
extend the population consolidation
would contribute to the resilience of the
strategy to incorporate the aspect of
Maldives in the face of climate change
extreme vulnerability and develop
and its capacity to respond effectively to
measures to mitigate ecological disasters
increasing threats posed by climate
change and natural disasters.
52
53
Adaptation Projects - Project 2
Description
Short-term outputs
4
Goal
Climate risk profile for the five
regions of the Maldives.
Development of the institutional,
4
Vulnerability assessment of
technical and regulatory capacity for
existing host islands and
healthcare services planning and delivery
proposed host islands.
to prevent and manage climate-related
4
health risks.
Climate change sensitive
selection criteria for host/safe
islands.
Objective 1: Integrate climate change
concerns in the safer island strategy
Activities:
4
Methodology for selection of
adaptation measures.
4
Training for key stakeholders and
awareness materials.
1.1
Undertake a detailed climate risk
profile for the different regions
4
measures and technologies.
of the Maldives
1.2
1.3
Assess and evaluate the specific
Outcome
vulnerabilities of the proposed
Adaptation to future climate change
host islands to the climate
scenarios fully integrated in the safer
hazards
island strategy of the Maldives.
Develop climate change criteria
Objective 2: Strengthen the capacity to
to be used in the selection of
host/safe islands
1.4
Develop methods and models for
the selection of a pragmatic suite
of climate change adaptation
measures to be implemented in
implement practically the safer island
strategy for adaptation to climate
change.
Activities
2.1
safer islands
1.5
land use planners on latest
Provide training and technical
science of climate change and
sensitizing them on pragmatic
stakeholders to integrate climate
long term adaptation
change adaptation in the present
safer island strategy
Undertake cost-benefit analysis
of adaptation measures and
technologies for safer islands
Improve the land use planning
process through informing the
assistance to the key
1.6
CBA of different adaptation
2.2
Incorporate climate change
concerns into the land use
planning laws, regulations and
guidelines
National Adaptation Programme of Action - Maldives
2.3
Undertake an inventory and
Outcome:
assessment of coastal resources
in one of the host islands
Capacity for implementation of safer
island strategy improved.
2.4
Formulate a model coastal zone
management strategy to reduce
Objective 3: Demonstrate on-the-ground
island vulnerability and guide
the practicality of safer islands as
coastal development activities in
adaptation to climate change.
a host/safe island
Activities
2.5
Develop the capacity to
formulate regional development
3.1
select an island to be developed
plans and integrate climate
as a safe island
change adaptation into them
2.6
Train island, atoll, and regional
3.2
a safer island
climate change adaptation
Establish a donor assistance
3.3
3.4
development
4
4
Training courses and awareness
safe island
3.5
impact assessment for the
Draft land use laws, regulations
proposed safer island
and guidelines.
development
Method for assessment and
3.6
Undertake the coastal protection
inventorization of coastal
and flood control engineering
resources pilot tested
works
CZM strategy for safe islands
4
Climate concerns integrated in
3.7
Implement the selected
adaptation measures for the
regional development plans
island
Training for environmental
officers working in the islands
4
Conduct an environmental
building for land use planners.
4
4
Undertake the coastal zone
management planning for the
Short-term outputs:
4
Develop the land use plan for
the safer island
coordination forum to mobilize
funds for safer island
Mobilize the incremental finance
required to develop the island as
level environmental officers on
2.7
Using the selection criteria,
Modalities for mobilizing finance
developed and regular meetings
with donors
3.8
Review and report on the
successes and lessons learnt
54
55
Adaptation Projects - Project 2
Short-term outputs
and NGOs will be established
4
Selection of a safer island.
4
Mobilization of incremental
staff will be recruited to the Regional
finance.
Development section of the Ministry of
4
Land use plan for the safer island
Planning and National Development
4
CZM plan for safer island
4
EIA for safer island
4
Engineering solutions for erosion
Project Management: Full time project
Risks and barriers
4
Development is the agency
prevention and flood control
4
coordinating the tsunami
Demonstration of adaptation
reconstruction activities. Hence it
activities
4
Ministry of Planning and National
would be necessary to provide
Dissemination of lessons and
additional staff to implement this
success stories
project.
Outcome
4
Ministry of Planning and National
Development would require the
Practical implementation of safer island
technical support from the
strategy demonstrated.
Ministry of Environment, Energy
and Water and other agencies. It
Implementation
would be important to delineate
the roles and responsibilities at
Institutional arrangement:
an earlier stage to avoid
duplication of effort and seek
Lead agency
cooperation.
Ministry of Planning and National
Development
Evaluation and monitoring
Partner agencies
The project will be monitored according
to the national M&E standards set by
Ministry of Environment, Energy and
President's Office and Ministry of
Water; Ministry of Housing and Urban
Planning and National Development.
Development; Ministry of Atolls
Quarterly progress reports, expenditure
Development; Ministry of Construction
reports, annual monitoring reports will
and Public Infrastructure
be submitted accordingly. Donor
requirements on M&E will be fulfilled.
Project Steering Committee
A steering committee comprising of
senior planning officials, island
development committees, private sector
Financial resources
Total project cost: US$ 3,360,000
National Adaptation Programme of Action - Maldives
Project
3
Increase the resilience of local food production
through enhancing the capacity of farmers, local
communities and institutions to address food
security issues caused by climate change and
climate variability.
Rationale
sustainability and productivity of existing
farming schemes will require innovative
Climate change will impact agriculture
marketing approaches and particularly,
and food production in the Maldives
strengthening of the links to existing
through sea level rise, salt intrusion into
tourism market. Better control of pests
the ground water aquifer, salinization of
and weeds would also be crucial for
soil and flooding caused by increased
sustained increase in local food
rainfall. The geographical distribution of
production.
islands in the country across a large area
of sea seriously constraints the
This project is designed to increase the
distribution of food. Consequently, many
capacity of farmers, local communities
island communities depend on home
and institutions by enhancing
grown vegetables and fruits for nutrition
knowledge, access to technologies, best
while the staple diet of imported rice and
practices, marketing and pest control.
flour is transported from Male'.
Description
Increased local food production is
identified as a key adaptation measure to
Goal
tackle food security issues posed by
climate change. There is acute lack of
knowledge on the adaptive capacity of
the local plant species used for food
production to the predicted climate
change. Appropriate irrigation and other
technologies are also crucial for
increased food production and national
food security. Increasing agriculture will
require simultaneous capacity building at
all levels, from the farmers in the field to
national agencies managing agriculture
and national water resources
management institutions. Improving the
Improve local food production for food
security through capacity building of
farmers, local communities and
institutions.
Objective 1: Assess community
knowledge and practices on local plant
species used for food production.
Activities
1. Develop a framework of analysis
to assess different types and
scales of local food production
and gather data about different
56
57
Adaptation Projects - Project 3
species cultivated in different
2.
irrigation technologies suitable
Identification of traditional food
for different local crop species.
change hazards will impact the
islands.
5.
building to disseminate and
Examine how food crops are
integrate proven methodologies
conserved traditionally and
into relevant farming
identify current farming practices
communities.
Short-term outputs
4
Recommendations on seed and
Analytical framework on data
planting materials management
requirements.
system.
4
Agricultural Produce Database.
4
Assessment report on local food
production.
Vulnerability and Adaptation
Assessment for agriculture sector.
4
Knowledge required to increase adaptive
capacity enhanced.
Objective 2: Identification and testing of
appropriate technologies and good
practices to increase adaptive capacity of
local plants.
Activities
Develop mechanisms to manage
Community level network
publicized on internet and yellow
pages.
4
Irrigation demonstrations for
commercially important species.
4
Outcome
1.
Communications and capacity-
production.
Short-term outputs
4
Explore technologies applicable
to agriculture in small tropical
applicable to adaptation.
4
4.
Assess how the predicted climate
local plant species used for food
4.
Demonstrate appropriate
scales.
varieties and their management.
3.
3.
Profile of available technologies
disseminated.
4
Workshops, awareness materials.
4
Best practice guides.
Outcome
New and alternative ways of increasing
food production promoted.
Objective 3: Develop the policy,
institutional and regulatory framework
to ensure food security.
local plants genetic diversity.
2.
Establish a seed and planting
Activities
materials network to support
1.
Provide technical assistance for
informal exchange of seedlings
the formulation of National Food
and rootstocks.
Security Strategy that includes
review of existing mandates,
National Adaptation Programme of Action - Maldives
designating a national focal
produce fair to link farmers with
agency, defining roles and
buyers and sellers.
responsibilities and,
2.
3.
Undertake feasibility study on
strengthening food storage and
elevation of current subsistence
distribution.
crops to commercial use.
Review the existing laws on land,
4.
Educate local farmers on
uninhabited islands and land use
maintaining quality standards
planning and recommend
required from tourism market.
improved land allocation
measures for food production.
3.
Short-term outputs
Secure preferential trade
4
Agriculture market analysis report.
agreements with major bilateral,
4
First trade fair for agricultural
regional and international trade
partners to ensure food security
for essential food items.
produce.
4
commercialisation of subsistence
crops.
Short-term outputs
4
Draft National Food Security
4
Policy recommendations to
Quality standards defined and
workshops conducted.
Strategy.
4
Feasibility report on
Outcome
improve land allocation for food
production.
4
Trade agreements for rice, flour
and sugar.
Outcome
Market access to farmers improved.
Objective 5: Enhance agricultural
production through enabling integrated
pest control and better quarantine of
imports.
Policy and institutional framework for
food security strengthened.
Activities
1.
Objective 4: Strengthen the links
on pest and disease identification
between farmers and markets to ensure
sustainable local food production.
for farmers
2.
control measures in agricultural
Undertake an analysis of the
service centres
tourism market and identify
major consumer preferences with
regard to local food crops.
2.
Establish an annual local food
Demonstrate appropriate
integrated pest and disease
Activities
1.
Develop guidebooks and manuals
3.
Undertake technical studies for
development of a pest and
disease laboratory at Male'
International Airport.
58
59
Adaptation Projects - Project 2
4.
5.
Draft regulations to protect the
Development; Ministry of Tourism and
farmers, natural resource base,
Civil Aviation; Ministry of Economic
and biological diversity from
Development and Trade; Ministry of
pesticide imports and use.
Atolls Development; Ministry of Health;
Develop the policies, regulatory
Maldives Food and Drug Authority
framework and plans necessary
to establish plant and animal
quarantine system.
Short-term outputs
4
Guidebook and manuals on pests
Project Steering Committee: Policy-level
officials, community representatives,
private sector and NGOs
Project Management: Full time project
staff will be recruited.
and diseases
4
Demonstration of integrated pest
control methods and tools in three
Risks and barriers
4
Agricultural Service Centres
4
laboratory
4
not clear.
4
Legal framework for food security
inadequate.
Regulations on pesticide import
and use
4
responsibilities on food security
Design and technical requirements
report for pest and disease
Organizational roles and
Evaluation and monitoring
National policy and regulations on
plant and animal quarantine
The project will be monitored according
to the national M&E standards set by
Outcome
President's Office and MPND. Quarterly
progress reports, expenditure reports,
Better pest control and, plant and animal
annual monitoring reports will be
quarantine enabled for local food
submitted to MPND. In addition, any
security.
donor finance agency requirements on
M&E will be fulfilled.
Implementation
Institutional arrangement:
Lead agency: Ministry of Fisheries,
Agriculture and Marine Resources
Partner agencies: Ministry of
Environment, Energy and Water; Ministry
of Housing and Urban Development;
Ministry of Planning and National
Financial resources
Total project cost: US$ 825,000
National Adaptation Programme of Action - Maldives
Project
4
Coastal protection of airports and focus islands to
reduce the risk from sea induced flooding and
predicted sea level rise.
Rationale
high risk from climate related damages
and more importantly to predicted
Airports, especially the two international
climate change. The consolidation of
airports are amongst the most critical
population to these growth centres
economic infrastructures of Maldives due
further exposes more population and
their importance in the limited
their property, due to the high density of
transportation network. The tourism
development and proximity to coastline.
industry is almost entirely dependent on
It is crucial that these islands be
the proper functioning of the
protected from the impacts of the
international airports. At times of
predicted climate change in order to
disasters it is also the main entry point
reduce the risks to human life and
for international aid, the main
critical infrastructure.
distribution points of emergency aid and
perhaps the main evacuation point at
At present, Maldives lack the capacity to
times of a major disaster. Unfortunately,
undertake risk assessment studies or to
due their low elevation and proximity to
develop technical and engineering
coastline, the infrastructure of the five
solutions. They also lack the financial
main airports are highly vulnerable to
resources to undertake large scale
damage from severe weather related
protection of the above described
flooding and future climatic change. In
infrastructure. It has become an urgent
the past, during natural disasters and
priority to protect these investments to
severe weather events, airport operations
avoid substantial economic losses in the
have been interrupted due to extensive
future.
flooding of main infrastructures.
Similarly, the development focus islands
identified under the regional
development programme are expected to
receive large public investments in order
to develop them as growth centers within
the country. Currently these new
expensive and critical investments are at
60
61
Adaptation Projects - Project 4
Description
4
Detailed engineering and designs
of MIA coastal protection
Goal
measures
Reduce vulnerability of airport and focus
4
protection measures
island to current climate risks and future
climate change risks.
Objective 1: Protect Male' International
Implementation of MIA coastal
Outcomes
Reduced vulnerability of airports to
Airport (MIA) and the Regional Airports
future climate change related flooding;
from sea induced hazards and predicted
Smooth operation of tourism industry.
climate change impacts
Objective 2: Demonstrate innovative
Activities
1.1
Undertake technical and
engineering studies to protect
coastal protection measures for Focus
Islands
Activities
Male' International Airport and
regional airports using hard
2.1
Evaluate existing and new coastal
protection options suitable for
and/or soft engineering solutions
small coral islands.
1.2
Undertake cost effectiveness
analysis of the proposed
2.2
Undertake detailed technical and
solutions and develop financing
engineering studies for the
plans for MIA
selected coastal protection
options.
1.3
Develop detailed engineering
and design of coastal protection
2.3
Implement demonstration
projects for the different options
measures for MIA.
in selected island or islands.
1.3
Mobilise resources and
implement the public works
2.4
Undertake evaluations of the
successes and lessons learned
required for MIA protection.
from the demonstration projects
Short-term outputs
4
and disseminate results.
Technical and engineering reports
for protecting Male' International
2.5
continuation of successful
Airport and Regional Airports
4
demonstration options.
Cost effectiveness analysis of
Coastal protection options for
MIA
Develop financing plans for the
Short-term outputs
4
Evaluation report identifying
most suitable coastal protections
National Adaptation Programme of Action - Maldives
measures for islands of Maldives
4
Detailed technical and
engineering designs for the most
appropriate coastal protection
4
4
Policy-level officials from and community
representatives
options
Project Management Team: Officials from
Demonstration project or projects
Ministry of Construction and Public
implemented for the most
Infrastructure and Ministry of Transport
appropriate options
and Communication.
Evaluation reports and further
recommendations from
demonstration projects.
4
Project Steering Committee
Risks and barriers
4
all focus islands.
Financing Plan for continuation
of demonstration options
Standard designs might not suit
4
Timeframe required for a
comprehensive study may be
Outcomes:
Reduced vulnerability of focus islands to
climate change related risks; Improved
long, during which period the
airport remains exposed.
4
Building solid coastal protection
response of disaster management
now may remove any possibility
services during disaster events.
of natural adaptation for those
islands in the future.
Implementation
4
Hard engineering solutions are
expensive to implement and
Institutional arrangement
Lead agency
Ministry of Construction and Public
Infrastructure (focus Islands) and
Ministry of Transport and
Communication (Airports)
Partner agencies
hence, difficult to sustain for all
inhabited islands.
Evaluation and monitoring
The project will be monitored according
to the national M&E standards set by
President's Office and MPND. Quarterly
progress reports, expenditure reports,
annual monitoring reports will be
Ministry of Atolls Development; Ministry
submitted accordingly. In addition, any
of Planning and National Development;
donor finance agency requirements on
MCI; Ministry of Housing and Urban
M&E will be fulfilled.
Development; Ministry of Environment,
Energy and Water; Ministry of Tourism
Financial resources
and Civil Aviation.
Total project cost: US$12,250,000
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63
Adaptation Projects - Project 5
Project
5
Mainstreaming climate change adaptation into
development planning and National Disaster
Management Framework to accommodate
adaptation measures in future development and
disaster management plans.
Rationale
adaptation measures included in it. The
reasons for the lack of climate change
The vulnerability of Maldives archipelago
adaptation elements with the current
to climate change is readily apparent.
planning and management framework
The root causes of vulnerability include
are manifold; lack of climate change
extreme low elevation of just 1.5m above
sensitization amongst planners and
mean sea level, the small, dispersed and
public administrators, lack of public
unconsolidated nature of land and fragile
awareness on the need for adaptation
reef and island eco systems. Predicted
measures and lack of capacity to develop
climate change related hazards such as
adaptation measures within the disaster
sea level rise, Sea Surface Temperature
management framework. Hence, in order
(SST) rise and changes in local and
to effectively incorporate adaptation
regional climate patterns would expose
measures a first priority should be to
Maldives to events which it may not
mainstream climate change adaptation
cope. In order to prepare Maldives for
into the above mentioned key areas.
what now appears to be inevitable
climate change related impacts, an
Maldives has a sectoral planning
integrated planning and management
approach making it important to
approach is required. Unfortunately,
mainstream climate change adaptation
Maldives is far from achieving such an
into national level planning process.
approach. There is an urgent need for
Hence, the island level adaptation
mainstreaming climate change
measures and risk reduction of the most
adaptation into the development
vulnerable groups at island level are
planning process and to the disaster
largely reliant on how far the national
management framework. Development
level sectoral plans incorporate
plans such as National Development
adaptation measures into them.
Plans and Sectoral Master plans such as
Fisheries and tourism sector master plans
need to include climate change
adaptation measures. The planning
processes, especially physical planning
processes such as land use planning
requires adequate climate change
The benefits from this project will be
nation wide. It is an important step for
future adaptation preparation. Findings
from this project can also be replicated to
other small island states which uses a
sectoral planning approach.
National Adaptation Programme of Action - Maldives
sensitized to climate change risks
Description
and adaptations measures.
4
Goal
and businesses sensitized to
Mainstreaming climate change into
climate change risks and
national development and physical
adaptations measures.
planning processes and into the Disaster
Management Framework thought
A number of private developer
Outcome
awareness creation and capacity building
Public policy developers, atoll/island
Objective 1: Sensitize key stake holders
administrators and private sector
in development planning and public
developers sensitized to climate change
administration to climate change risks
risks and adaptation requirements
and adaptation measures
Objective 2: Increase public awareness of
Activities
climate change risks and adaptation
1.1
measures
Conduct workshops targeted at
public policy makers.
1.2
Conduct workshops targeted at
atoll/island administrators.
Activities
2.1
strategy for climate change risks
Workshops will be held in the
atolls providing practical
1.3
2.2
Relay climate change risk and
examples from their own
adaptation information through
environment.
key media outlets. These would
Conduct workshops and training
include radio and TV programs
programs targeted at private
designed to convey the key
sector businesses and
messages.
developers.
1.4
Develop a public communication
2.3
Develop and distribute
Exposure of key policy
information leaflets to outer
developers to international
islands.
forums on climate change
2.4
Promote ongoing community
discussions on climate risk
adaptation.
adaptation. Discussions will be
Short term outputs
4
facilitated by local specialists in
A number of policy developers
the field.
sensitized and exposed to climate
change risks and adaptations
measures.
4
A number of public
administrators in outer islands
Short term outputs
4
Public communication strategy
on climate change developed
64
65
Adaptation Projects - Project 5
4
4
A number of public awareness
general adaptation measures
material developed for media
identified at island level
Public awareness campaign
conducted.
4
Outcome
Nationwide community
Medium to long-term climate change
discussions held on climate
risks incorporated in Disaster
change adaptation.
Management Framework.
Outcome
Objective 4: Capacity building in climate
change related disaster planning and
Public awareness on the climate change
management
risks and adaptation needs raised
Activities
Objective 3: Include climate change risk
management in National Disaster
4.1
Train NDMC staff in climate
change science and risk
Management Framework
assessment.
Activities
3.1
Conduct studies to understand
4.2
experience of adaptation
potential hazard exposure
measures.
scenarios resulting from climate
change and develop
methodological framework for
assessing island level risk
Short term outputs
4
change risks.
mechanisms.
Conduct island level studies and
pubic consultations to determine
individual island risk exposures
and response mechanisms and
Disaster Management Framework
updated to include climate
exposure and response
3.2
Conduct study tours to gain
4
NDMC staff trained and exposed
to climate change risk assessment
and adaptation.
Outcome
enhance existing Disaster
Management Plans to include
Capacity in climate change risk
the findings.
assessment developed within National
Disaster Management Centre.
Short term outputs
4
Methodological framework
developed to assess individual
island exposure to climate
change.
4
Response mechanisms and
National Adaptation Programme of Action - Maldives
Objective 5: Streamline current and new
Ministry of Housing and Urban
development plans to include climate
Development; Ministry of Tourism and
change risk management.
Civil Aviation; Ministry of Construction
and Public Infrastructure; Ministry of
Activities
Health; Ministry of Education; Ministry of
5.1
Facilitate inclusion of climate
Transport and Communication; Atoll and
change adaptation in new
Island Offices.
development plans such as the
National Development Plans.
5.2
Project Steering Committee
Facilitate inclusion of climate
Policy-level officials and community
change risks in sectoral
representatives
development plans such as
Sectoral Master Plans
5.3
Improve land use planning
process by including climate
Project Management Team: Officials from
Ministry of Environment, Energy and
Water.
change adaptation measures.
Risks and barriers
Short term outputs
4
Difficulties in differentiating
between current adaptation
Development plans, land use plans and
requirements and future
sectoral master plans include climate
requirements during community
change adaptation aspects.
consultations.
Outcome
4
Some development plans,
especially master plans have
Streamline development plans to include
already been developed to
climate change adaptation.
medium term, making it difficult
to incorporate climate change
Implementation
Institutional arrangement
adaptation measures in the
short-term.
4
Lead agency
Requires coordination and
cooperation from a number of
different government
Ministry of Environment, Energy and
departments and community
Water
Partner agencies
groups.
4
Human resource limitations in
outer islands and government
National Disaster Management Centre;
Ministry of Atolls Development; Ministry
of Planning and National Development;
departments
66
67
Adaptation Projects - Project 5
4
Trained staff retention at the
specified field and location
Evaluation and monitoring
The project will be monitored according
to the national M&E standards set by
President's Office and MPND. Quarterly
progress reports, expenditure reports,
annual monitoring reports will be
submitted to MPND. In addition, any
donor finance agency requirements on
M&E will be fulfilled.
Financial resources
Total Project Cost: US$975,000
National Adaptation Programme of Action - Maldives
Project
6
Enabling adaptation of tourism businesses and
tourism dependent communities to predicted
climate change and variability
Rationale
combined cost (direct and indirect) to
tourist resorts and loss of Government
Tourism with 87 resorts and 18,447
revenue from the tourism sector in excess
beds is the most dominant and fastest
of US$300 million as a result of the
growing economic sector in the Maldives.
Indian Ocean tsunami.
In 2003 it accounted for 32.7% of GDP,
and employed over 56% of the working
Climate projections for the Maldives,
population. The sector also provides
including those related to variability and
employment and other opportunities in
extreme events, pose a significant risk to
transport, communication, agriculture,
tourism sector. The consequences will be
distribution and construction as well as
felt not only within that sector but also
in the more dispersed local economies.
by the individuals, communities,
Additional 10,000 beds are planned over
enterprises and entire sectors that are in
the next five years.
turn dependent on it. Climate influences
the viability and profitability of tourism,
The tropical small island environment
both directly and indirectly. In the sun-
and the marine biological diversity of the
sand-and-sea tourism segment, which is
Maldives are the unique marketable
the mainstay of tourism in the Maldives,
assets of the tourism sector. The reef
climate is a key determinant in choosing
ecosystems of Maldives are the seventh
a destination. At the same time adverse
largest in the world and their diversity is
conditions impact on the tourist
amongst the richest in the world. Coral
experience and, in extreme situations, on
reefs also represent natural sea-defence
their health and safety and on the
acting to buffer tourist resort beaches
reputation of the country as a tourist
from wave action and are important as
destination.
habitat for reef fish. But the small islands
and their rich biological diversity is
Although tourism sector is pursuing
among the most vulnerable and least
sound environmental management there
defensible in the world. The resorts are
are no direct efforts to adapt to the
vulnerable due to its low elevation,
significant, and growing, risks as a
smallness, fragile ecosystems,
consequence of climate change. The
remoteness, and geographical dispersion.
main barriers are lack of capacity,
Their vulnerability is evident by the
including awareness, knowledge, trained
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Adaptation Projects - Project 6
personnel, institutional support, and the
infrastructure due to climate variability
inability to finance measures that reduce
and change will devastate the Maldivian
risks which have external origins. There is
economy. Product diversification by the
a need for urgent action to address these
tourism industry is thus an essential
barriers.
adaptation measure to reduce this
dependency, and hence the level of risk
In the absence of this project, the
Government, the private sector, and the
communities that depend on tourism
activities would not be able to factor the
risks of climate change, including climate
variability, in their short and long term
planning to ensure the sustainability of
the tourism sector. The tourism sector is
already experiencing damage to the
environment and natural resources that
are consistent with climate change. 45%
of tourist resorts currently suffer from
beach erosion. The effects of sea surface
warming on coral reefs in the Maldives
are reflected in the increased incidence
of coral bleaching and mortality events.
Coral bleaching events occurred in the
Maldives in 1977, 1983, 1987, 1991,
1995, 1997 and 1998, with the latter
being the most severe as almost all the
shallow reefs in the country were
to the overall economy, and to society.
Concerted effort is required to find
alternative tourism products to beaches
and reefs. Options could include cultural
attractions and adventure activities such
as traditional sailing, as well as
establishing convention centres to host
international meetings and promote
ecotourism. Promotion and uptake of
insurance for resort investments, is also
required to ensure adequate cover by
insurance policies for natural disasters
and other extreme events. Adaptation
initiatives that reduce climate-related
risks to the tourism sector will need to be
taken across the full spectrum of players,
from the individual tourist resort
operator to governmental and intergovernmental organisations, and at
diverse locations both within and outside
the Maldives.
impacted. Bleaching events, as well as
slow recovery, have significant
This project will identify and implement
consequences for the tourist sector as
practical, on-the-ground adaptation
well as for global biodiversity. Other
measures to accelerate the process of
vulnerabilities due to climate change
reducing the vulnerability of the tourism
include salt water intrusion impacting on
sector in the Maldives to climate change.
the availability of fresh water and on
The project will contribute to wider
human health, and terrestrial biodiveristy
understanding of climate change impacts
on tourism, including adaptation
In an average tourist resort with 200
beds the investment is over US$ 13
million and is over US$ 43 million for
the modern super-luxury resorts. Loss, or
even under-utilization, of such
opportunities in other island
destinations, coastal zones, and for
tourism worldwide and thus generate
substantial global environmental
benefits.
National Adaptation Programme of Action - Maldives
Description
Short-term outputs
4
Goal
A capacity enhancement action
plan for adaptation of the
to develop and implement adaptation
initiatives that will reduce climate-related
tourism sector
4
Enhanced capacity of key players
risks to tourism sector, tourism
in, or related to tourism to better
dependent communities and to tourism's
manage and undertake initiatives
natural resource base.
that will reduce climate-related
risks
Objective 1: Strengthen capacity of the
4
Tourism climate change
tourism sector to develop policy and plan
information baseA targeted
for, and implement, adaptation activities
climate risk profile for the
designed to reduce climate-related risks
tourism sector
to the tourism sector.
Outcome
Activities
Improved understanding of specific
1.1
Develop a capacity enhancement
climate related risks to tourism and an
plan to strengthen the enabling
enabling environment to address those
environment for adaptation by
risks.
the tourism sector
Objective 2: Demonstrate adaptation
1.2
Build the capacity of key players
measures that will reduce climate change
to coordinate, manage,
risks to tourism
undertake, monitor and evaluate
initiatives that will reduce
Activities
climate-related risks
2.1
1.3
Gather information to ensure
Select high priority adaptation
measures for demonstration
existence of required information
base including technical, policy,
2.2
Implement appropriate
demonstration adaptation
economic and environmental
initiatives, including uptake of
information.
technologies
1.4
Prepare a targeted climate risk
profile for the tourism sector of
2.3
adaptation measures for reef
the Maldives, with risk
conservation
conditions such as high sea
surface temperatures, and the
consequences such as coral
bleaching.
Implement demonstration
2.4
Undertake demonstration of
beach erosion management
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Adaptation Projects - Project 6
2.5
Assess the costs and benefits of
Outcome
the demonstration initiatives
Increased use of good practices in
2.6
Develop a climate change
adaptation by the tourism sector.
adaptation implementation
strategy for the sector
Short-term outputs
4
Institutional arrangement:
Completed adaptation
demonstration projects
4
Implementation
Report on the costs and benefits
Lead agency
Ministry of Tourism and Civil Aviation
of adaptation measures
4
A tourism adaptation
implementation strategy
Outcome
Partner agencies
Ministry of Environment, Energy and
Water; Maldives Association of Tourism
Industry; National Chamber of
Effectiveness of tourism adaptation
Commerce and Industry; Ministry of
demonstrated and communicated
Planning and National Development;
leading to a more resilient tourism
Ministry of Economic Development and
sector.
Trade; National Disaster Management
Center
Objective 3: Increase understanding of
climate change adaptation policies and
measures in the tourism sector
Activities
Project Steering Committee
An inter-ministerial committee with
participation of private sector and NGOs
will be established to provide project
1.1
Prepare a synthesis of the
coordination execution, monitoring and
adaptation projects, with
evaluation.
particular emphasis on: a) the
enabling environment; b)
implementation process; c) costs
and benefits of adaptation; and
d) replication and up-scaling;
Short-term outputs
4
Synthesis report of adaptation
Project Management
Full time staff will be recruited to
manage the project.
Risks and barriers
4
Low human resource capacity in
the lead agency.
projects
4
Co-ordination among a number
of different stakeholders
National Adaptation Programme of Action - Maldives
Evaluation and monitoring
The project will be monitored according
to the national M&E standards set by
President's Office and MPND. Quarterly
progress reports, expenditure reports,
annual monitoring reports will be
submitted to MPND. The project will
comply with donor M&E requirements as
well.
Financial resources
Total project cost: US$ 765,000
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Adaptation Projects - Project 7
Project
7
Improve resilience of Island communities to
climate change and variability through
sustainable building designs.
Rationale
coastline. Majority of the islands, have
more than 50% of their housing
The low elevation and small size of
structures within 100m of coastline.
islands, makes the population highly
vulnerable to the predicted rise in sea
There is currently low adaptive capacity
level and frequent and more intense
due to insufficient knowledge, limited
extreme weather events.
human resources in institutions and poor
regulatory framework. The current
Over the last 6 years more than 90
building code does not take climate
inhabited islands have been flooded at
change associated impacts into account
least once and 37 islands have been
and the linkage is poorly understood due
flooded regularly or at least once a year.
to inadequate information dissemination.
Coastal erosion has been reported in
97% of inhabited islands in 2004, of
Description
which 64% reported severe coastal
erosion. While land reclamation has
Goal: Better and stronger buildings to
become the solution to alleviate
increase resilience of island communities
population pressure this increases
to climate change and variability.
exposure of the island and attracts
settlements to the more vulnerable area.
Objective 1: Ensure climate change
adaptation is incorporated into the
The average width of inhabited islands is
regulatory framework concerning design
566m resulting in most settlements to
and construction of public and private
be within close proximity from the
structures.
coastline. There is little opportunity for
communities to retreat inland. It has
been found that 44% of the settlement
footprints of all islands are within 100m
of coastline which translates to 47% of
all housing structures and 42% of the
population being within 100m of
Activities
1.1
Assess risks from current and
predicted climate hazards to
existing structures and building
designs.
National Adaptation Programme of Action - Maldives
1.2
Conduct feasibility study for
Objective 2: Create enabling
retrofitting existing housing
environment for establishing climate
structures and incorporating
resilient structures
adaptation measures into new
1.3
housing structures.
Activities
Review existing regulatory
2.1
Conduct awareness programmes
framework to identify gaps and
across the country to increase
limitations in relation to climate
public knowledge on climate
change adaptation
change related hazards, promote
climate resilient structures and
1.4
Revise the building code to
introduce changes to Building
incorporate minimum climate
Code
change and disaster resilience
measures.
2.2
Develop climate risk assessment
tools to assess vulnerability of
Short-term outputs
4
structures and hazard zones
within focus islands
Assessment report identifying
current and predicted climate
hazards to existing buildings and
2.3
structures in the most vulnerable
building designs
4
zones of selected focus islands
Feasibility study for retrofitting
existing housing structures and
4
4
Construct demonstration
2.4
Establish an upgrade assistance
incorporating adaptation
fund to facilitate speedy
measures into new housing
transformation of most critical
structures.
structures and structures of
Review of existing regulatory
vulnerable groups in focus
framework
islands.
Revised building code with
2.5
Train staff from key
climate change and variability
implementation agencies to
adaptation measures
develop capacity in sustainable
housing and public social
Outcome
infrastructure design.
Existing structures and future
construction regulated to mandate
minimum climate resilience
Short-term outputs
4
A number of public awareness
campaigns conducted nationwide
4
Climate risk assessment toolkit
developed for focus island.
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Adaptation Projects - Project 7
4
Demonstration structures
developed in selected 10 focus
islands
4
An upgrade assistance fund
established
4
Risks and barriers
4
Fund
4
implementation agencies.
Reluctance amongst individuals
to upgrade existing structures
Human resources developed in
key public infrastructure
High costs of Upgrade Assistance
based on a predicted risk.
4
Difficulties in enforcing building
code in existing structures, if they
require considerable
Outcome
modification.
Increase public awareness and speedy
4
Potential increase in initial
establishment of climate resilient
capital costs for structures built in
structures nationwide
major hazard zones
Implementation
Institutional arrangement:
4
Trained staff retention at the
specified field and location.
.Evaluation and monitoring
Lead agency
The project will be monitored according
Ministry of Construction and Public
to the national M&E standards set by
Infrastructure
President's Office and MPND. Quarterly
progress reports, expenditure reports,
Partner agencies
Ministry of Atolls Development; Ministry
of Planning and National Development;
Ministry of Housing and Urban
Development; Ministry of Environment,
Energy and Water; National Disaster
Management Centre.
Project Steering Committee
Policy-level officials, selected Island
Development Committee members and
Maldives Architects Association.
Project Management Team
Officials from Ministry of Construction
and Public Infrastructure.
annual monitoring reports will be
submitted to MPND. In addition, any
donor finance agency requirements on
M&E will be fulfilled.
Financial resources
Total Project Cost: US$1,970,000
National Adaptation Programme of Action - Maldives
Project
8
Enhance adaptive capacity to manage climate
change related risks to water resources through
increasing knowledge, strengthening regulatory
framework and adoption of appropriate new
technologies.
Rationale
groundwater aquifer would decrease or
eliminate groundwater as a water
Quality and availability of water is
resource affecting livelihood activity of
critically linked to quality of life for
agriculture and damaging the terrestrial
people living in islands with very scarce
environment of islands.
water resources. Groundwater is the
primary source of water for non-potable
Climate change related impacts on the
uses such as bathing and washing in all
aquifer will be exacerbated as current use
the inhabited islands of Maldives except
of groundwater aquifers exceeds the
Male'.
supply. The proximity of the aquifer to
the surface not only makes the
Groundwater in the islands is a
freshwater lens easily accessible but also
component of a precarious hydrological
highly susceptible to contamination.
system. The freshwater aquifer is a
Salinisation of aquifers is already a
shallow lens of freshwater floating on top
serious issue in the more vulnerable
of the saline water found on average at 1
islands due to over-extraction.
to 1.5m below the surface and is no
more than a few meters thick. The
Surface water is generally lacking in the
quality and the quantity of freshwater in
islands and where natural water
the aquifer vary from island to island as
catchment areas are found they are
it is determined by net rainfall recharge,
currently undervalued. Catchments are
size of the islands and permeability of
often reclaimed for additional land or
the soil column.
used as waste disposal areas. In most
instances the catchments are found close
The low-lying nature of the islands makes
to the sea and highly vulnerable to storm
the groundwater aquifer vulnerable to
surge flooding caused by the projected
salinization due to storm surge flooding
rise in sea level. Catchments are also
and saltwater intrusion caused by rising
susceptible to drought conditions caused
sea levels. Over the last 6 years more
by variability in rainfall patterns. The
than 90 islands (45% of all islands) have
human impacts often undermines the
been flooded at least once and 37
important role that catchments play in
islands have been flooded regularly or at
natural stormwater drainage and flood
least once a year. Salinisation of the
control.
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Adaptation Projects - Project 8
In the absence of this project there will
risks to the aquifer systems due
be lack of information on the risks to the
to climate change-related
integrity of groundwater aquifers and
hazards.
catchments. The hydrology, hydrogeology
and recharge dynamics of aquifers are
1.3
hydrogeology of natural water
poorly understood now. Laws, policies
catchment areas and their
and regulations on water resource
potential as a reservoir and as
management is insufficient or absent
stormwater flood control.
leading to weak institutional capacity.
Continued pressure on water resources
1.4
would result in loss of adaptive capacity
local level.
Short-term outputs
4
Goal
Study options to protect and
manage groundwater aquifers at
for climate change impacts.
Description
Assess the hydrology and
List of islands for risk analysis and
demonstration activities.
Better understanding of the dynamics of
4
Report on coral island aquifer
water resources, their relationship to
dynamics and climate change-
climatic hazards and enhanced
related risks to aquifers.
institutional and technological capacity
4
Status of natural water catchment
to manage climate change-related risks
areas and their potential as a
to water.
reservoir and stormwater flood
Objective 1: Gain knowledge on the
dynamics of groundwater aquifers and
natural water catchment areas to better
understand climate change-related risks
control determined.
4
Cost-benefit-analysis of different
tools and methods for aquifer
management.
to aquifers.
Outcome
Activities
Better knowledge on characteristics of
1.1
Identify the islands most
vulnerable to climate change as
starting point for conducting risk
analysis.
1.2
Assess groundwater aquifers to
understand the hydrology,
hydrogeology and recharge
characteristics and identify the
groundwater aquifers, long term risks to
aquifers from climate change and ways to
manage risks.
National Adaptation Programme of Action - Maldives
Objective 2: Strengthen the policy and
Outcome
regulatory framework for groundwater
protection and preservation to build
adaptive capacity of aquifers.
Activities
2.1
Better water resources management
through implementation of applicable
policy and enforcement of regulations.
Objective 3: Acquire and demonstrate
Review existing regulations on
sound water technologies suitable to
water resources management
small coral island environment.
and landuse planning to
incorporate climate changerelated risk management.
2.2
Activities
3.1
technology in selected islands.
Develop policies, standards and
guidelines for management of
3.2
groundwater aquifers in
technology and pilot test the
technology in a selected
Provide technical assistance for
location.
the development and
implementation of management
3.3
plans for water catchment areas
Sensitize water users to prevent
vulnerable islands.
3.4
salinisation caused by over-
prevent groundwater
intrusion.
4
4
3.5
Identify and document the
lessons from demonstration sites
climatic risks to groundwater
and develop replicable Aquifer
aquifers.
System Management Guidelines.
Policies, standards and guidelines
aquifers in inhabited islands
Short-term outputs
4
Awareness materials and
programmes prevention of
salinisation.
Applicability of infiltration gallery
and barrier removal for
Management plans for water
catchment areas.
4
salinisation.
Draft regulations that address
for management of groundwater
4
Identify and test other
appropriate technologies to
extraction and saltwater
Short-term outputs
Demonstrate aquifer recharging
technologies in selected
by communities.
2.4
Undertake an in-depth
assessment of solar desalination
inhabited islands.
2.3
Demonstrate infiltration gallery
implementation determined.
4
In-depth technology assessment
on solar desalination.
4
Demonstration of solar
78
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Adaptation Projects - Project 8
desalination technology in a
Project Management
selected island.
4
Costs and benefits of aquifer
recharging determined.
4
Technology options identified
and tested.
4
Compilation of lessons learned
on appropriate technology and
implementation at local level.
4
Aquifer System Management
Full time project staff will be recruited.
Risks and barriers
4
Lack of human resources.
4
Fragmented and unclear mandate
leading to coordination issues on
water management.
Evaluation and monitoring
Guidelines.
The project will be monitored according
Outcome
Enhanced adaptive capacity of
communities to address vulnerabilities of
water resources through adoption of
technologies.
to the national M&E standards set by
President's Office and MPND. Quarterly
progress reports, expenditure reports,
annual monitoring reports will be
submitted to MPND. In addition, any
donor finance agency requirements on
Implementation
M&E will be fulfilled.
Institutional arrangement
Financial resources
Lead agency
Total project cost: US$675,000
Ministry of Environment, Energy and
Water
Partner agencies
Ministry of Housing and Urban
Development, Ministry of Atolls
Development, Ministry of Planning and
National Development, Ministry of
Fisheries, Agriculture and Marine
Resources, Maldives Water and Sanitation
Authority
Project Steering Committee
Policy-level officials, community
representatives, private sector and NGOs
National Adaptation Programme of Action - Maldives
Project
9
Promotion of health, creation of effective
structures and implementation of policies and
measures to reduce health vulnerability to
climate change.
Rationale
prevented by reducing the vulnerability
of the natural and social systems. Thus,
There is overwhelming scientific evidence
there is a clear need for adaptation
of past and future global climate change.
measures to protect human health under
There are credible established links
climate change and climate variability.
between climate change and the health
Planned adaptation to the health impacts
of the population. The NAPA of the
of climate change comprises a broad
Maldives mainly predicts changes in
range of public health interventions.
frequency, intensity and severity of
General measures include building
familiar health risks. Global research has
capacity, developing the political
concluded that the global warming will
commitment, raising community
alter most of the disease carrying vector's
awareness, building strong alliances and
geographic distribution, increase the
networks. Specific adaptation measures
reproductive rates, and shorten the
include health promotion and health
pathogen incubation period within them.
policy development to prevent health
This means a further increase the
effects from vector, rodent and food and
incidence of vector borne diseases like
water borne diseases, floods and heat
Dengue, scrub typhus and the newly
stress. The mobilization of resources
introduced Chikungunya in the Maldives.
introduction of incentives to actually
Reemergence of malaria is also a high
implement them is also essential.
risk in view of the changing global
epidemiology. Diarrhoeal diseases,
Description
typhoid and other water borne diseases
are predicted to increase with the more
Goal
frequent and severe incidences of
flooding and salinization of water. Poor
nutrition is likely to exacerbate the
health problems. Direct physical hazards
from severe storms and flooding is also
likely to increase. Heat related illness and
morbidity are also predicted to increase.
Promotion of health through
development of appropriate policies and
measures and creation of effective
capable structures that will decrease
health vulnerability to current climate
variability and future climate change and
increase adaptive capacity in the
Most of these health impacts can be
Maldives
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Adaptation Projects - Project 9
Objective 1: Promote public health policy
Objective 2: Build alliances among health
to adapt to climate change
and other development sectors for
strategic planning and health promotion
Activities
Activities
1.1
Evaluate the efficacy of current
health policies to address
2.1
Develop methods to integrate
changing patterns of vector-
health impact studies into
borne pathogens, flooding,
environmental impact
malnutrition, heat stress and
assessment and for the
extreme events.
participation of health officials in
decision making on EIAs
1.2
Identify based on the review of
existing policies the new policies,
2.2
Develop methods to integrate
strategies and measures to cope
“healthy islands concept” in
with the additional burden of
land-use planning
climate change and variability.
2.3
1.3
Develop public health guidelines
Identify barriers to the
for the construction industry
implementation of the
covering aspects such as
adaptation policies and
prevention of mosquito breeding
strategies
in construction sites; adequate
ventilation and lighting in houses
1.4
Estimate the additional cost of
and buildings; and convenient
climate change adaptation to the
access to elderly and people with
health sector
Short-term outputs
4
4
2.4
Undertake a comprehensive
Review of existing policies and
stakeholder analysis on climate
measures
and health
Assessment of policy needs and
barriers
4
special needs.
2.5
intersectoral action and
Cost-benefit analysis of climate
coordination for climate and
change adaptation
Outcome
Health policy to address climate change
adaptation
Develop a framework to mobilize
health
2.6
Undertake a study on effective
community mobilization for
promotion of public health
National Adaptation Programme of Action - Maldives
Short-term outputs
4
4
EIA guidelines modified to
on climate and health issues
include health impact assessment
through appropriate training,
Public health guidelines for the
4
Short-term outputs
4
Assessment report on
construction industry
environmental health
incorporated in the National
institutional capacity
Building Code
4
exposure and advocacy.
Health guidelines for land use
planning developed
4
media to raise public awareness
4
Stakeholder participation plan for
Participation in international
conferences, seminars and
health and environment
workshops on climate change
developed
and health.
Strategies for community
mobilization in health promotion
4
Awareness materials and public
information
assessed
Outcome
Outcome
Increased national capacity in the
Integration of health concerns in
environmental health sector
planning and policy implementation
across development sectors to address
Implementation
adaptation to climate change
Institutional arrangement:
Objective 3: Create the capacity to
implement and sustain the health
Lead agency
adaptation policies
Ministry of Health
Activities
Partner agencies
3.1
Undertake a national capacity
self assessment for the health
sector on climate and health
Ministry of Environment, Energy and
Water; Ministry of Housing and Urban
Development; Ministry of Planning and
3.2
Provide education and training
National Development; Ministry of Atolls
opportunities for public health
Development; Ministry of Construction
officials and medical
and Public Infrastructure
practitioners on climate related
diseases prevention, control and
management.
3.3
Increase the capacity of the
Project Steering Committee
Policy-level officials, community
representatives, private sector and NGOs
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Adaptation Projects - Project 9
Project Management
An inter-agency Project Management
Committee will be established and a
project office set up. Full time project
staff will be recruited. Technical support
groups will be established as needed.
Risks and barriers
Understanding and translating the
project's strategies and methods of work
into plans and actions that are
compatible with short-term priorities and
traditions of island communities.
Evaluation and monitoring
The project will be monitored according
to the national M&E standards set by
President's Office and MPND. Quarterly
progress reports, expenditure reports,
annual monitoring reports will be
submitted to MPND. Donor requirements
on M&E will be fulfilled.
Financial resources
Total project cost: US$ 165,000
National Adaptation Programme of Action - Maldives
Project
10
On-the-ground demonstration of effectiveness of
waste management at regional level to protect
coral reefs, human health and water resources
for increased adaptive capacity to climate
change
Rationale
reef integrity and, reduce the ability of
the reef to keep up with sea level rise.
Inadequate waste management increases
The ability of coral reefs to recover from
the vulnerability of coral reefs and water
bleaching and maintain growth rate may
resources to the impacts of climate
be compromised by the improper
change through reducing their natural
disposal of waste in the marine
adaptive capacity. Poor waste
environment.
management is also one of the root
causes of poor environmental conditions
Vector borne diseases such as dengue
that increase the vulnerability of human
and scrub typhus are now major public
health.
health concerns in the country.
Epidemiological data shows changes in
Current arrangements for solid waste
the seasonal nature of dengue and
management on the inhabited islands
continued high prevalence from mid
are inadequate. Most wastes are dumped
2005. Scrub Typhus which was endemic
onto the island foreshore or burnt at low
60 years ago reemerged in 2002 with
combustion temperatures. As a result
mortality rates as high as 10%. There is
leachate and unconsolidated waste enter
also high morbidity caused by water-
the lagoon causing pollution of the reef
borne diseases particularly
system. Non-biodegradable waste such
gastroenteritis. From 15,000 cases in
as plastic bottles is accumulated in open
2004 number of cases increased by
dumping areas often creating breeding
almost 50% to 21,000 cases in 2005.
grounds for mosquitoes and other
The random and unsegregated dumping
disease causing vectors.
of waste is one of the main causes for
breeding grounds for vectors and
The coral reefs of the Maldives are
contamination of water.
important for its biodiversity value,
coastal defence functions and its
At present significant investment is being
contribution to the tourism and fisheries
made to provide waste management
sectors. The predicted increase in SST will
infrastructure at island level. In the
cause coral bleaching. Increased
absence of this project, routine collection
bleaching coupled with reduced
and transfer of the waste for processing,
calcification will affect coral growth and
recycling and proper disposal is unlikely.
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Adaptation Projects - Project 10
There is a need to ensure sustainable
government regulations and
management of waste at island level to
lessons learned from existing
prevent marine pollution and threats to
facilities.
human health. Waste management is
one of the objectives in the 7NDP.
1.5
Undertake construction of the
facility in accordance with
approved design.
Description
1.6
Goal
Identify and procure necessary
equipments and provide training
Effective management of waste to reduce
to staff on operation and
human stresses on biodiversity, human
maintenance.
health and water resources for increasing
their adaptive capacity to climate change
1.7
the regional waste transfer
and variability.
Objective 1: Establish a model waste
management system at regional scale
that can be replicated and upscaled
across the Maldives.
system.
Short-term outputs
4
Select the region based on
sectoral consultation and an
assessment of national
4
1.2
Undertake a detailed waste
4
tourism islands of the region.
Options for establishment of
RWMF identified.
4
Design and detailed engineering
drawings
4
Structure for RWMF established.
4
RWMF equipped for waste
processing and management and
characterisation survey for all
the inhabited, industrial and
Types and quantities of waste
generated determined.
development and environmental
management priorities.
Site selected based on predefined criteria.
Activities
1.1
Undertake feasibility study for
training provided to staff.
4
Feasible options for waste
transfer identified.
1.3
Undertake feasibility study of the
potential sites within the region
and recommend most
appropriate site.
1.4
Propose design with detailed
engineering drawings, of the
facility in accordance with
Outcome
Model Regional Waste Management
Facility (RWMFs) and regiona waste
transfer system established.
National Adaptation Programme of Action - Maldives
commercialisation of waste
Objective 2: Create the enabling
management services.
environment for regional level
waste management.
2.8
Develop a monitoring and
evaluation system to ensure
Activities
2.1
compliance with regulations and
standards.
Develop a regional waste
management plan with
appropriate stakeholder
consultations that includes,
collection, transfer, processing
and disposal.
Short-term outputs
4
An agreed plan for region wide
waste management system.
4
Policy framework and draft
regulations on regional level
2.2
Develop policies and regulations
to enable regional level waste
waste management.
4
management.
2.3
Develop the organizational and
and responsibilities defined.
4
Legal framework for costrecovery
management framework for
regional level waste
Institutions and respective roles
4
management.
Quality assurance system for
operation and maintenance of
RWMFs and transfer system.
2.4
Establish the legal basis for
introducing a pricing structure
and arrangements for levying
fees for waste management
4
awareness materials
4
A clear investment climate for
private sector established.
services with sanctions
4
2.5
Community workshops,
An operational M&E system.
Revise and improve existing
criteria, standards and guidelines
Outcome
for operation of RWMFs and
transfer system.
Stress on the ecosystems and human
health reduced through sound waste
2.6
Conduct public education and
management.
awareness programmes on
reducing, segregation, reusing
Implementation
and proper disposal of waste.
Institutional arrangement
2.7
Enable private sector
participation in operation and
Lead agency
maintenance through developing
the regulatory framework for
Ministry of Environment, Energy and
Water
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Adaptation Projects - Project 10
Partner agencies
Ministry of Atolls Development, Island
Offices, Atoll Offices, Ministry of Planning
and National Development, Ministry of
Construction and Public Infrastructure,
Ministry of Finance and Treasury,
Ministry of Housing and Urban
Development
Project Steering Committee
Policy-level officials, community
representatives, private sector and NGOs
Project Management
Full-time project staff will be recruited.
Risks and barriers
Gaps in the island level governance
framework.
Evaluation and monitoring
The project will be monitored according
to the national M&E standards set by
President's Office and MPND. Quarterly
progress reports, expenditure reports,
annual monitoring reports will be
submitted to MPND. In addition, any
donor finance agency requirements on
M&E will be fulfilled.
Financial resources
Total project cost: USD2.8 million
National Adaptation Programme of Action - Maldives
Project
11
Preventing coral and sand mining from coral
reefs, lagoons and beaches to maintain their
natural status and increase the resilience of
natural environment to climate change.
Rationale
has posed numerous challenges in
achieving this goal.
The stability of coral reef and island
coastal environment is known to be two
Coral mining and large scale sand mining
crucial factors defining the physical
is currently being practiced only in the
vulnerability of land in Maldives. Coral
outer atolls especially atolls furthest from
reefs provide protection for islands by
Male'. The poorest islands usually are
dissipating wave energy and by providing
unable to bear the comparatively high
sediments to keep the islands coastline
costs of alternative construction material
at equilibrium. The features of coastline
resulting from high transportation costs.
itself are critical to maintain the natural
Strong enforcement of mining regulations
adaptive capacity of an island. With the
without proper alternatives, also causes
predicted climate change, and associated
the risks of most vulnerable groups to
Sea Surface Temperature (SST) rise and
increase as their houses are constructed
Sea Level Rise (SLR), the growth of reefs is
substandard, exposing them to intense
predicted to be highly limited and the
flood and wind damage risks associated
ability of coastlines to naturally adapt
with climate change.
has been questioned. These climate
driven root causes of land and reef
vulnerability is expected to be further
exacerbated due to human stress. Two
sources of human stress that have a
direct impact on the vulnerability of reefs
and land is coral and sand mining. Since
the early 1990's a lot of efforts have
been put into prevent a centuries old
practice of coral and sand mining,
including a ban on coral mining and
restrictions on sand mining from
There is an urgent need to develop and
deliver an integrated approach to coral
and sand mining, which includes
measures to provide affordable
alternative sources of construction
material to outer islands, strong
enforcement of coral and sand mining
regulations and community involvement
in the coastal zone management. Failure
to deliver such an approach now may
seriously hinder the future natural
adaptation Maldives to climate change.
beaches. The recent high growth of the
constructed industry in Male' and high
The benefits from this project will have
demand for new housing in outer islands
far reaching positive impacts on a
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Adaptation Projects - Project 11
number of sectors and vulnerable groups.
1.2
Develop alternative policy tools
Sectors such as tourism and fisheries
to reduce the existing economic
benefit from the better conserved reefs
barriers to affordable
and the practice of poor quality housing
construction material.
especially in the small outer islands are
eliminated, reducing the vulnerability of
1.3
tools.
those structures to flood and wind
damage. Experiences from this project
can be further replicated to similar
archipelagic Small Island Developing
Short term Outputs
4
both a human activity and a
Feasibility study for alternate
sources of construction material
States to manage critical natural
resources that are in high demand from
Implement the necessary policy
in outer atolls.
4
Policy tools developed to
removed economic barriers to
conservation perspective.
provide construction material in
This project is expected to deliver an
integrated set of activities to address the
key problems in eliminating and
outer atolls
4
Appropriate policy tools
implemented
managing coral and sand mining.
Outcome
Description
Affordable alternatives sources of
construction material available in outer
Goal
islands
Reduce and eliminate coral and sand
mining in the outer islands to ensure
Objective 2: Enable the enforcement of
optimum conditions for natural
coral and sand mining regulations
adaptation of natural environment to
climate change.
Activities
Objective 1: Provide affordable
2.1
Strengthen the capacity of island
and atoll administrations to
alternative sources of construction
enforce regulations. This will
material.
include training on coastal
management and designation of
Activities
staff responsible for monitoring
1.1
Undertake feasibility study for
enforcement.
sustained provision of alternate
sources of construction material
in outer atolls.
2.2
Enhance public awareness of the
impacts of coral and sand mining
and the regulations prohibiting
such activities.
National Adaptation Programme of Action - Maldives
2.3
Develop mechanisms to
3.3
Develop awareness within
determine compliance with
construction groups or
regulations.
companies using targeted
workshops and leaflets.
Short term Outputs
4
Capacity within atoll and island
administration enhanced for
4
4
A number of awareness
enforcement of coral and sand
campaigns conducted for NGOs,
mining regulations.
IDCs and WDCs to improve
A number of public awareness
understanding of coral and sand
activities conducted to
mining impacts in relation to
disseminate knowledge on
climate change adaptation.
impacts of coral and sand mining
4
Short term Outputs
4
A number of community
and the regulations prohibiting
involvement activities in
such activities.
monitoring coral and sand
Compliance monitoring system.
mining activities supported.
4
Outcome
involvement activities in
monitoring coral and sand
Improved enforcement of coral and sand
mining activities supported.
mining regulations
Objective 3: Facilitate community role in
A number of community
Outcome
awareness building and regulation
Community involvement in coastal
enforcement.
management increased
Activities
3.1
Develop awareness within
NGO's, IDCs and WDCs on
climate change risks and the
Implementation
Institutional arrangement
Lead agency
impacts of coral and sand
mining on future adaptation
Ministry of Environment, Energy and
efforts. Programs would include
Water
awareness raising workshops
conducted at atoll or island level
3.2
Support the efforts for
community involvement in
monitoring sand and coral
mining regulation compliance.
Partner agencies
Ministry of Atolls Development; Ministry
of Housing and Urban Development;
Atoll and Island Offices.
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Adaptation Projects - Project 11
Project Steering Committee
Financial resources
Policy-level officials and community
Total Project Cost: US$375,000
representatives
Project Management Team
Officials from Ministry of Environment,
Energy and Water.
Risks and barriers
4
Mining sand could continue to be
cheaper than imported
alternatives especially for poorer
communities
4
Import dependence on
construction industry increases
4
Subsidies might have to be
permanent creating a financial
burden on government
4
Potential overlaps and
administrative conflicts between
island administration and
community groups in enforcing
regulations
4
Human resource limitations in
outer islands
Evaluation and monitoring
The project will be monitored according
to the national M&E standards set by
President's Office and MPND. Quarterly
progress reports, expenditure reports,
annual monitoring reports will be
submitted to MPND. In addition, any
donor finance agency requirements on
M&E will be fulfilled.
National Adaptation Programme of Action - Maldives
Project
12
Accumulate knowledge and communicate
practical information to raise public awareness
and increase political commitment to adapt to
the health risks to the Maldivian population from
climate change
Rationale
through focus on health promotion and
disease prevention and cooperation
Changes in the climate system pose a
among different sectors of society to
range of severe health risks to the
ensure that people have access to the
population of the Maldives. The NAPA
prerequisites for health. The long term
identified health effects from vector,
goal is to protect people from
rodent, food and water borne diseases,
environmental risks related to climate
floods, and heat stress. According to the
change and achieve community
recent scientific evidence climate change
participation. International cooperation
has already started to occur, and even in
would be used to fill the knowledge gap
the best scenarios the people are going
and the knowledge gained will be shared
to face direct and indirect health effects
with small island developing states and
over the coming decades.
other countries that may have to deal
with the same or similar health problems
However, the morbidity due to the
caused by climate change.
majority of these effects can be
decreased by implementing suitable
adaptation policies. Successful planned
adaptation depends on knowledge about
Description
Goal
the types of health risks and the effective
response strategies. The information
Acquire knowledge on the types of health
needs to be disseminated through an
risks to the Maldivian population from
effective communication strategy to the
climate change, and effectively
public to raise awareness and to the
communicate to the public and key
political and community leaders to
stakeholders information to facilitate
increase political commitment for
prevention of climate change related
adaptation.
diseases for effective adaptation.
Principles of Health For All, the Ottawa
Charter and the Adelaide Declaration
guided the outcomes and activities of this
project. This project translates the HFA
principles vis a vis climate change
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Adaptation Projects - Project 12
Objective1: Fill the knowledge gap on
increase future adaptive capacity
types of health risks to Maldivians from
identified
climate change and find innovative and
4
Information and knowledge
appropriate response measures to
sharing at regional and
prevent climate change related health
international level.
issues and diseases
Outcome
Activities
Greater knowledge on health risks from
1.1
Conduct targeted research and
climate change and better understanding
strengthen disease surveillance
of practical measures to adapt to climate
to analyze and understand the
change related diseases
relationship between health and
climate change in the Maldives.
Objective 2: Build the capacity to
undertake research, disseminate
1.2
Undertake inter-agency
information and raise public awareness
collaborative efforts to assess the
on climate related health risks and
existing adaptive capacity in the
preventive measures through an effective
health sector and identify
communication strategy
practical new measures to
1.3
increase adaptive capacity
Activities
Participate in and contribute to
2.1
Train medical practitioners and
regional level and international
public health officials to
level efforts to better understand
undertake progressive research
the climate related health risks
on climate change related
and measures to address the
diseases in the Maldives
risks.
2.2
strategy on climate change and
Short-term outputs
4
current baseline conditions,
future data needs and analytical
tools
4
2.3
Enable comprehensive,
consistent and continuous
awareness raising campaign,
through development of
Adaptive capacity baseline for
information materials, providing
coping with current climate
publicity, doing health audits
change determined including
and cooperating with the media.
existing policies, key stakeholder
attitudes and level of awareness
4
health
Assessment report on health and
climate change that describes the
Develop a communication
Specific policies and practices to
National Adaptation Programme of Action - Maldives
Short-term outputs
4
4
Research training needs identified
will be responsible for all planning and
and priority training provided
major decision making. The steering
National communication strategy
on climate change and health
4
representatives, private sector and NGOs
Public awareness materials and
committee should have well-defined
responsibilities, representative
membership, efficient working structures
and clear, but flexible procedures.
activities
Project Management: A project
Outcome
Health policy makers well-informed on
need for climate change adaptation,
greater public awareness on the
relationship between climate change and
Management committee, project office
and technical support groups will be
established to assist in the day to day
running of the project.
Full time project staff will be recruited.
health and higher commitment for cooperative efforts for promotion of health
Risks and barriers
Implementation
The health priorities at the island level at
this moment may be more towards
Institutional arrangement
Lead agency
Ministry of Health
establishing health care physical facilities
rather than preventing diseases. Thus
there may be a need to sensitize
politicians on the strategies and methods
of work outlined in this project
Partner agencies
Evaluation and monitoring
Department of Public Health;
Department of Medical Services; Ministry
Establishing accountability for the project
of Environment, Energy and Water;
is absolutely essential for the success of
Ministry of Housing and Urban
the project and the project will be
Development; Ministry of Planning and
monitored according to the national M&E
National Development; Ministry of
standards set by President's Office and
Construction and Public Infrastructure;
MPND. Quarterly progress reports,
Ministry of Atolls Development; Ministry
expenditure reports, annual monitoring
of Information and Arts; Male'
reports will be submitted to MPND.
Municipality.
Donor requirements on M&E will be
fulfilled.
Project Steering Committee
A steering committee comprising of
policy-level officials, community
Financial resources
Total project cost: US$ 375,000
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Adaptation Projects - Project 13
Project
13
Build the information base on vulnerability of
reef fishery to the predicted impacts of climate
change and variabilities to determine adaptation
measures required for integrated reef fishery
management.
Rationale
Maldives experienced extensive coral
“bleaching” in 1998 where almost all
Reef fishery is a livelihood activity
shallow reefs were affected. Communities
associated with both tourism and
changed dramatically in some instances.
exports. Groupers, live-tropical fish and
Large areas of reef flats were bleached
sea-cucumber are fished exclusively for
affecting habitats of reef associated
export while lobsters and other reef fish
species and the reef fishery. For example,
are harvested to meet demands of
an analysis of aquarium fish exports
tourism sector. The largest fishing
showed that two species exported in
industry, the tuna fisheries is dependent
large numbers before 1998 bleaching
on reef fishery for livebait. Reef fishery is
event disappeared from exports following
also significant for food security.
the bleaching. Both of these species feed
predominantly on acropora polyps which
The predicted climate change such as
were most affected during the bleaching.
increasing SST would adversely affect the
reef fishery through impacts on coral
Overexploitation, catch of immature fish
reefs and the conditions of the pelagic
and intensive fishing during spawning
environment in which the reef species
periods exacerbates the vulnerability of
thrive. Reef fish are almost entirely
reef fishery. The current regulatory
dependent on coral reefs as breeding
framework addresses aquarium fishery,
grounds. Many reef species are known to
sea-cucumber and lobsters while grouper
have seasonal spawning cycles which
fishery has no regulatory management.
may be disrupted resulting in recruitment
Management activities implemented at
failure. In addition, reef fishes have a
present include limited bans,
pelagic larval phase ranging from days to
prohibitions, setting up quotas, licensing
few weeks. Survival of larvae depends on
and levying fees (royalties for fish
favourable conditions of the pelagic
exports). However, there are no
environment. Reef fish species are also
monitoring procedures in place.
specialists requiring specific types of
habitats within a reef or specific type of
This project is intended to strengthen the
food from a reef.
management of reef fishery to increase
the resilience of reef fishery dependent
As a result of an episodic increase in SST,
communities and ensure sustained
National Adaptation Programme of Action - Maldives
livelihoods. Reef fishery management is
1.5
Collaborate with overseas
also important for ensuring sustainable
centres of excellence in reef fish
tourism development. Integrated reef
research to better understand
fishery management is a key objective of
the effects of climate change on
the 7NDP.
reef fish population.
Description
Short-term outputs
4
Goal
database.
Enhance the knowledge on climate
4
integrate adaptation into reef fishery
4
4
spawning, breeding, foraging
on reef fishery.
patterns and conditions and,
mobility of reef species in the
Activities
context of predicted climate
change and variability.
Improve catch and effort data
4
commercial and subsistence reef
species.
1.2
Develop human resource
capacity at community and
national level to collect and
Targeted research reports on
important reef species and their
of potential impacts of climatic hazards
collection at species level of
Training programme on data
collection and analysis.
management.
Objective 1: Improve the understanding
Data collection and reporting
mechanism established.
change impacts on reef fishery and
1.1
Comprehensive reef fishery
Assessment on the impacts of
climate change on reef fishery.
4
Access to information gathered
by other countries on reef
fisheries.
Outcome
analyse data on reef fishery.
Knowledge essential for increasing
1.3
Study the spawning, breeding,
foraging patterns and conditions
and, mobility of reef species in
the context of predicted climate
change and variability.
1.4
Undertake an assessment of the
impacts of predicted climate
change on the viability of reef
fishery as a source of livelihood
as well as source of export
revenue.
adaptive capacity of reef fishery
acquired.
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Adaptation Projects - Project 13
Objective 2: Test the applicability of
Outcome
existing reef fishery management tools
and methods to address adaptation needs
of reef fishery.
Regulatory framework for improved
management of reef fishery
strengthened.
Activities
Implementation
2.1
Gather knowledge on traditional
reef fisheries management to
Institutional arrangement:
identify lessons to enhance
future adaptive capacity.
2.2
Undertake a Cost-Benefit
Analysis of 'no-take zones' as an
adaptation measure.
2.3
Test the usefulness of
community-based management
approaches as an adaptation
measure for reef fishery
management.
2.4
Marine Research Centre/Ministry of
Fisheries, Agriculture and Marine
Resources
Partner agencies
Ministry of Economic Development and
Trade, Maldives Customs Service, Ministry
of Environment, Energy and Water;
Ministry of Atolls Development; Ministry
Raise awareness among key
of Finance and Treasury; Atolls Offices;
stakeholders on reef fishery best
Island Offices; NGOs
practices.
Short-term outputs
4
Lead agency
Compilation of lessons learned
Project Steering Committee
Policy-level officials, community
representatives, private sector and NGOs
from traditional reef fisheries
management.
4
CBA report on 'no-take zones' as
an adaptation tool for reef
fishery.
4
Policy recommendations and
Project Management: Project
management unit will be established.
Risks and barriers
4
lead agency.
tools on community-based reef
management.
4
Information dissemination
materials on policies and
regulations.
4
Best practices guide targeted
towards stakeholders.
Human resource constraints in
4
Continuing policy priority to
manage the more economically
important tuna fishery.
National Adaptation Programme of Action - Maldives
Evaluation and monitoring
The project will be monitored according
to the national M&E standards set by
President's Office and MPND. Quarterly
progress reports, expenditure reports,
annual monitoring reports will be
submitted to MPND. In addition, any
donor finance agency requirements on
M&E will be fulfilled.
Financial resources
Total project cost: US$1.5 million
98
99
Adaptation Projects - Project 14
Project
14
Strengthening capacity of healthcare delivery
and streamlining planning of healthcare services
to adapt to climate change related health risks
Rationale
coming decades. However the majority of
these effects can be avoided by
Climate change would affect human
implementing suitable adaptation
health in the Maldives through pathways
policies. It is established that factors such
of differing complexity, scale and timing.
as availability of quality health care, the
According to the NAPA direct impacts on
status of the health of the population
human health from climate change
and availability of technical and other
include exposure to weather extremes
resources matters for adaptation.
and increased production of air
pollutants and allergens. Indirect impacts
In 2004, there were 6 regional hospitals,
include transmission of infectious
10 atoll hospitals, 65 atoll health centres
diseases especially water- and vector-
and 52 health posts distributed across
borne diseases. For vector-borne
the Maldives. However, the facilities and
infections the distribution and
services in many of these islands are still
abundance of vector organisms and
inadequate. Efforts need to be pursued to
intermediate hosts are affected by
ensure that all Maldivians, even those
changes in temperature, precipitation,
living in remote or small communities,
humidity, flooding and wind. The biotic
have equal access to quality primary
factors that contribute to vector-borne
health care. At least one health post is
infections include changes in vegetation,
needed in each inhabited island. ,
host species, predators, competitors,
Setting-up of better and faster
parasites and human interventions.
transportation systems to provide
Human stresses such as rapid
outreach and emergency care services is
urbanization, over-crowding, improper
a must. Moreover, emphasis needs to be
solid waste management, poor sewage
placed on the quality of services provided
and wastewater disposal and poor
by ensuring that facilities at various levels
nutrition exacerbate quality of health.
are adequately staffed and equipped for
the type of care required at each level.
According to the recent scientific
evidence climate change has already
Access to medicines is also a major
started to occur, and even in the best
challenge in the atolls, especially with
scenarios the people are going to face
regard to combating epidemic diseases.
direct and indirect health effects over the
In 2004 one in five of the island
National Adaptation Programme of Action - Maldives
population had difficulties in obtaining
control and management of
medicines. There is a need to establish
emerging and reemerging
pharmacies on all islands and station
diseases
qualified medical staff to prescribe the
appropriate drugs.
1.2
Provide regular in-service
training to service providers on
Currently work is underway to formulate
surveillance, detection and
a comprehensive health bill covering
management of emerging and
health services, public health aspects,
re-emerging climate related
and protection of rights of patients and
diseases
service providers. To standardize and
regulate health services, revision of the
1.3
disease surveillance system for
standards of different levels of the health
climate change related diseases
system is required. Guidelines for public
health services and climate change
1.4
related disease management needs to be
diagnose emerging and reemerging climate related
In the absence of this project, the
diseases
resilience of the Maldives health system
1.5
increasing health threats posed by
Prepare national outbreak
preparedness plan for public
climate change is likely to be low.
Description
Strengthen Public Health
Laboratory to detect and
developed.
and its capacity to respond effectively to
Establish a responsive integrated
health emergencies
1.6
Provide technical assistance for
development of FHS capacity to
Goal: Development of the institutional,
initiate courses on epidemiology,
technical and regulatory capacity for
environmental health and health
healthcare services planning and delivery
management
to prevent and manage climate-related
health risks.
Objective 1: Build the capacity for
Short-term outputs
4
human resource development
control, diagnosis and management of
climate-related diseases
Activities
Training needs assessment and
plan.
4
In-service training sessions.
4
New disease surveillance system
established.
1.1
Undertake a training needs
assessment and develop a
human resource development
plan targeted at prevention,
4
Laboratory equipment and
training provided to Public Health
Laboratory.
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Adaptation Projects - Project 14
4
Epidemics outbreak preparedness
Outcome
plan.
4
Curriculum, modules, course
Quality of healthcare delivery and
accessibility improved.
outlines and teaching-aids on
climate related diseases.
Outcome
Implementation
Institutional arrangement
The emerging/re-emerging climate
related diseases control program in the
country developed and continuously
Lead agency
Ministry of Health
strengthened
Partner agencies
Objective 2: Improve accessibility to
healthcare services and improve quality
Department of Public Health,
of healthcare delivery.
Department of Medical Services; World
Health Organization;
Activities
Project Steering Committee
2.1
Undertake a financial feasibility
and diagnostic study to facilitate
A steering committee comprising of
establishment of community
senior health policy officials, hospital
pharmacies
managers, private health care providers
and NGOs will be established
2.2
Provide equipment and establish
testing capacity at regional and
atoll level as per defined scope
and level of service for the
health system
Project Management
Additional full time project staff will be
recruited to the relevant section of the
Ministry of Health.
Short-term outputs
Risks and barriers
Financial feasibility of community
pharmacies and investment plan.
The lack of information and awareness
on climate related diseases is a key
Manuals, operating procedures and
barrier. Thus there may be a need to
equipment provided to regional and atoll
sensitize politicians on the strategies and
hospital laboratories to diagnose climate
methods of work outlined in this project.
change related diseases.
National Adaptation Programme of Action - Maldives
Evaluation and monitoring
The project will be monitored according
to the national M&E standards set by
President's Office and MPND. Quarterly
progress reports, expenditure reports,
annual monitoring reports will be
submitted to MPND. Donor requirements
on M&E will be fulfilled.
Financial resources
Total project cost: US$ 760,000
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103
Adaptation Projects - Project 15
Project
15
Improve rainwater harvesting to secure
availability of safe water and reduce
vulnerability to changes in precipitation caused
by climate change.
Rationale
quality such as diarrhea are currently
causing high morbidity to children and
Rainwater is the main source of drinking
adults. The number of cases of acute
water in the atolls. Approximately 90% of
gastroentritis increased by 50% from
the atoll population harvested rainwater
15,000 cases in 2004 to 21,000 cases
as the source of drinking water in 2004
in 2005.
while 30% reported drinking water
shortages. This shows the extreme
Climate change related risks to water
dependency of the atoll population on
supply are not well-understood and weak
rainwater and their vulnerability to
water management policies and
changes in rainfall.
governance structures hinder the
country's adaptive capacity. Rainwater
The predicted climate change could
harvesting is an indigenous practice
affect rainwater supply in the atolls
which has ensured water availability to
because of high sensitivity to
atolls for centuries and is a solid climate
precipitation patterns, duration and
change adaptation measure that needs to
spatial variability and, changes in storm
be continued. This project is aimed at
tracks. The alternative source of water in
strengthening the capacity for safe
these small tropical islands is
rainwater harvesting by the vulnerable
groundwater which is in fact a thin lens
atoll population.
of rainwater floating on seawater. As
such this lens is not only vulnerable to
Description
changes in precipitation but also to
salinisation caused by storm surge
Goal
flooding and saltwater intrusion
associated with rising sea levels.
Secure availability of safe drinking water
for communities through increasing
While rainwater is harvested extensively
rainwater harvesting at household and
by households the measures taken to
community levels and efficient
ensure quality of collection and storage
management of rainwater.
are inadequate. There is no regular
testing of rainwater quality and water
safety. Diseases related to poor water
National Adaptation Programme of Action - Maldives
Objective 1: Enable household and
4
and storage distributed.
community level rainwater harvesting to
prevent potable water shortages.
Activities
Manual on rainwater collection
4
Awareness materials.
4
Voluntary contracts on rainwater
harvesting.
1.1
Assess the number of rainwater
4
storage tanks in the islands and
their capacities to estimate
rainwater harvesting capacity
incorporated into building code.
4
Provide rainwater tanks free of
charge to needy households and
1.3
1.4
Protocols for use and
management of community
needs.
1.2
Rainwater harvesting
rainwater tanks.
Outcome
assist in roof retrofitting where
Rainwater harvesting increased to a level
necessary.
whereby communities do not face water
Disseminate guidelines and
shortages during extended dry periods.
standards for rainwater
Objective 2: Improve methods and
collection and storage to every
practices used in rainwater harvesting
household.
and storage to ensure the rainwater is
Raise public awareness and seek
community commitment on
safe and of high quality.
Activities
rainwater harvesting.
2.1
1.5
Make it mandatory to harvest
quality of rainwater harvested in
rainwater from all public
the islands and identify the
buildings.
1.6
causes of water contamination
and poor water quality.
Develop protocols for use and
management of community
2.2
rainwater tanks.
Short-term outputs
4
4
Enable water quality testing at
community level.
2.3
Develop and publicize protocols
Baseline assessment of existing
and procedures for regular water
rainwater storage capacity.
testing and quality assurance.
Storage tanks and retrofitting
materials made available.
4
Undertake an audit of the
Guidelines and standards for
rainwater collection and storage.
Short-term outputs
4
Assessment report on rainwater
quality with recommendations to
improve water quality.
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Adaptation Projects - Project 15
4
Basic water quality testing kits
Evaluation and monitoring
provided to 200 islands.
4
National drinking water quality
standards and quality assurance
system developed.
The project will be monitored according
to the national M&E standards set by
President's Office and MPND. Quarterly
progress reports, expenditure reports,
Outcome
annual monitoring reports will be
submitted to MPND. In addition, any
Water related climate risks to human
donor finance agency requirements on
health prevented.
M&E will be fulfilled.
Implementation
Financial resources
Institutional arrangement
Total project cost: US$275,000
Lead agency
Maldives Water and Sanitation Authority
Partner agencies
Ministry of Environment, Energy and
Water; Ministry of Health; Ministry of
Planning and National Development;
Ministry of Atolls Development; Atoll
Offices; Island Offices
Project Steering Committee
Policy-level officials, community
representatives, private sector and NGOs
Project Management
Full time project staff will be recruited.
Risks and barriers
4
Lack of technical know-how and
inadequate human resources.
4
Lack of adequate legal framework
to support project activities.
National Adaptation Programme of Action - Maldives
Project
16
Increase resilience of coral reefs to reduce the
vulnerability of islands, communities and reefdependant economic activities to predicted
climate change.
Rationale
inappropriate designs and methods used
in coastal modifications, improper
Maldives is a nation with coral reefs as its
sewage disposal and over-exploitation of
geologic setting. The low elevation, small
reef fish.
size and unconsolidated nature of coral
islands makes the islands highly reliant
Since Maldives is entirely made-up of
on the biological and geomorphologic
coral reefs, the reefs of the entire country
functioning of the reef environment for
are vulnerable to the effects of future
their stability. Much of the economic
climate change. At present, selected
base such as tourism and fisheries, and
areas such as reef fishery zones,
livelihood of most Maldivians are directly
inhabited island reefs and reefs hosting
linked to the coral reefs.
economic activities are most vulnerable
due to human impacts. As a result the
The stability and survival of coral reefs
most vulnerable populations of outer
has been questioned with the predicted
islands stand inline to be most effected
climate change, particularly the risks
by the onset of climate change impacts.
associated with the Sea Surface
Populations relying on fishing as the
Temperature (SST) rise and Sea level rise
mainstay may find themselves not only
(SLR). Coral reefs are not expected to
economically affected but their food
withstand the predicted high SST and as a
security affected as well. Closure of
result may not keep up its growth with
resorts coupled with decline of fishing
rising sea level, leading to the prediction
industry will cause the economies of
that Maldives may disappear in the next
entire islands collapse.
100-200 years. Not only does the SST
and SLR threaten physical survival of
There are a currently a number of
islands, but also could lead to the loss of
hindrances to protect the reef from what
major industries such as tourism and
now appears to be an obvious onset of
fisheries industry. The risks linked to
climate change. The coral reef and coral
climate change are further exacerbated
island environment of Maldives is poorly
due to non-climate related human
understood and there are considerable
activities such as sand and coral mining,
gaps in scientific research. Research is
snorkeler damage, anchor damage,
required on coral reefs, coral islands and
how they naturally adapt to climate
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Adaptation Projects - Project 16
change so that adaptation measure could
Objective 1: Increase the knowledge
be devised. The regulatory framework
base and understanding of the natural
and management of human induced
adaptation process in coral reefs.
stress on coral reefs and islands are
weak. Capacity to undertake coral reef
protection and minimise human induce
stress is limited. Finally there is an
Activities
1.1
knowledge on Maldivian reef
apparent lack of awareness amongst the
biology and ecology and its
public, community groups and even
interactions with climate
decision makers.
This project aims to overcome much of
these shortcomings to pave way for
parameters.
1.2
fishery, tourism, land
coral reefs. There is an urgent need to
reclamation and other
begin understanding how coral
developmental activities affect
environments can adapt to climate
growth and functioning of coral
change and to develop capacity in coral
reefs to facilitate informed
reef management, for a lengthy battle to
decision-making on coral reef
adapt to climate change. Failure to do so
management.
may reduce the window of opportunity
1.3
Conduct research to understand
how coral reefs and islands
This project is designed to benefit the
adapt to climate change and
entire country and specifically the most
identify ways and measures
vulnerable groups located in outer
required to enhance the natural
islands. Experiences and findings form
adaptation process. Specific
this project can provide far reaching
attention will be given to the
benefits for the Small Island Developing
modified coastal environments
Countries as a whole.
Description
Conduct research on how human
induced stresses such as reef
climate risk adaptation programme for
available for adaptation.
Synthesize and enhance the
of inhabited islands.
1.4
Develop a GIS-based national
coral reef database to enable the
Goal
management and analysis of
ecological and socioeconomic
Minimize human stress on coral reefs of
data on coral reefs.
Maldives to facilitate natural adaptation
of reefs and islands in the face of
predicted climate change.
Short-term outputs
4
Research report on coral reef
biology and ecology of Maldives.
National Adaptation Programme of Action - Maldives
4
Research report on influence of
between resource protection and
human induced stresses on coral
resource usage.
reefs and how they could be
reduced.
4
2.4
Develop standards and
guidelines for high impact
Research report on how coral
coastal development activities,
reefs and islands adapt to climate
especially land reclamation and
change and recommendations on
island access infrastructure
measures to enhance the natural
development.
adaptation process.
4
Maldives Coral Reef Base (MCRB).
Outcome
Short-term outputs
4
framework agreed by key
stakeholders.
Knowledge gap on coral reefs and coral
island adaptation to climate change
Coral reef management
4
Institutional roles and
responsibilities for coral reef
reduced.
management defined and agreed.
Objective 2: Develop policy and legal
framework to protect and manage coral
4
Draft regulations relating to
resource use between competing
reefs.
industries developed.
Activities
4
Standards and guidelines for high
impact coastal development
2.1
Develop the coral reef
activities.
management framework that
enables the relevant institutions
to designate zones, uses and
marine protected areas systems.
2.2
Review the existing institutional
framework to identify gaps and
barriers in coral reef
management and recommend
roles and responsibilities for
Outcome
Legal and institutional framework for
coral reef management enhanced.
Objective 3: Enable the enforcement of
existing coral reef management
regulations.
Activities
custodians, users and managers.
3.1
2.3
Develop regulations and conflict
resolution mechanisms for
resource use among competing
industries such as fishing and
tourism to ensure balance
Sensitize public infrastructure
contracting agencies and
contractors on coral reef
protection regulations relating to
design and construction of
coastal developments.
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Adaptation Projects - Project 16
3.2
Develop the mechanisms for
Outcome
public consultation and inquiry
in the EIA process.
Compliance with coral reef management
measures.
3.3
Strengthen the capacity of island
and atoll offices to enforce
Objective 4: Reduce human induced and
regulations including training on
natural stress on reef environment.
coral reef management and
designation of staff responsible
for enforcement and monitoring.
3.4
Activities
4.1
selection of Marine Protected
Organize an information
Areas (MPAs).
dissemination campaign to
inform public on all regulations
3.5
Identify the criteria for the
4.2
Review the effectiveness of
related to coral reef
designated MPAs and
management.
recommend ways and means to
strengthen MPA management.
Develop mechanisms to
determine compliance with
4.3
regulations.
Short-term outputs
Develop guidelines on different
reef resource uses.
4.4
Develop quotas and control
4
Targeted sensitization programs.
methods to prevent over-
4
Best practices on coastal
exploitation of specific species,
developments disseminated.
ban destructive fishing practices
4
such as use of chemicals and
Provisions for public consultation
explosives and regularly monitor
and inquiry included in the EIA
status of fish stock.
regulations.
4
Training programs conducted for
4.5
reef fishery stock.
atoll island administration staff.
4
Designated staff for enforcement
4.6
and monitoring.
4
Develop monitoring plans for
Investigate the effectiveness of
mooring buoys, navigation aids
Roles and responsibilities and
and signs in preventing boat
reporting requirements clearly
damage on reefs.
defined.
4
Print and audio visual materials
on regulations.
4
Compliance monitoring system.
4.7
Develop and establish best
practice guidelines on
snorkelling, diving and water
sports activities.
National Adaptation Programme of Action - Maldives
Short-term outputs
4
4
4
4
5.3
Develop a comprehensive
Report on effectiveness of MPAs
training package on coral reef
and next steps.
science and management to be
Guidelines on different reef
integrated into the existing
resource uses.
Coastal Zone Management
Species-based reef fishery control
Training Course (CZMTC).
methods.
4
development.
Agreed and endorsed criteria for
selection of MPAs.
4
a strategy for human resource
5.4
Conduct appropriate training
Monitoring plan for reef fishery
programmes for atoll and island
stock.
office staff on coral reef
Cost-benefit-analysis of options
management.
to reduce marine transportrelated impacts on reefs.
4
5.5
NGO's, IDCs and WDCs on
Best practice guidelines on
climate change risks and the
snorkeling, diving and water
importance of coral reef
sports activities.
management on future natural
adaptation of islands and reefs.
Outcome
Better managed coral reef environments
throughout Maldives
Objective 5: Develop the capacity of
Short-term outputs
4
Organizational plan for a NCRMA.
4
Human resource development
plan with training needs
national organizations and communities
to manage coral reef environment.
Carry out awareness among
assessment.
4
Training modules and teaching
aids on coral reef science and
Activities
management.
5.1
Develop the terms of reference,
organisational structure and
staffing needs for a National
Coral Reef Management
Authority (NCRMA) with nodal
agencies in the atolls.
5.2
Undertake training needs
assessment to determine the
training requirements for the
NCRMA and nodal agencies and
4
Training given to staff from each
atoll.
4
Awareness raising workshops and
seminars on reef management.
Outcome
Coral reefs protected and preserved
through well-informed communities and
knowledgeable staff in organizations.
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Adaptation Projects - Project 16
Implementation
4
Overlaps in mandates between
MEEW and MFAMR relating coral
Institutional arrangement
Lead agency
reef management issues.
4
Potential overlaps and
administrative conflicts between
Ministry of Fisheries, Agriculture and
island administration, community
Marine Resources.
groups and government
departments in enforcing
Partner agencies
Ministry of Environment, Energy and
regulations
4
development projects'
Water; Marine Research Centre; Ministry
implementation due public
of Atolls Development; Attorney
disagreements over project
General's Office; Ministry of Planning and
components and objections to
National Development; Ministry of
predicted environmental impacts.
Housing and Urban Development;
Ministry of Construction and Public
Potential delays in coastal
4
Human resource limitations in
outer islands and government
Infrastructure; Atoll and Island Offices.
departments
Project Steering Committee
Policy-level officials and community
4
Trained staff retention at the
specified field and location
representatives
Evaluation and monitoring
Project Management Team
The project will be monitored according
Officials from Ministry of Environment,
to the national M&E standards set by
Energy and Water and Marine Research
President's Office and MPND. Quarterly
Centre.
progress reports, expenditure reports,
annual monitoring reports will be
Risks and barriers
4
submitted to MPND. In addition, any
Difficulties in persuading public
donor finance agency requirements on
in outer islands to predicted
M&E will be fulfilled.
impacts rather than existing
conditions. Often developments
Financial resources
come to communities after
considerable demands and the
public may usually be prepared
to overlook future impacts.
Total project cost: US$2,315,000
National Adaptation Programme of Action - Maldives
Project
17
Demonstrate “on-the-ground” wastewater
technologies that can protect groundwater and
coral reef resources vulnerable to climate change
stresses.
Rationale
infrastructure and options for treatment,
as well as the frequently porous nature of
The ability of Maldives to manage its
soils. The access to safe drinking water,
water resources and ecosystems in a
the provision of sanitation and the
sustainable manner is crucial to sustain
promotion of hygiene are the
livelihoods and social and economic well
foundations of human dignity, public
being. Since the islands are small, low-
health and economic and social
lying and isolated they are extremely
development and are among the
vulnerable to climate change and
priorities for Maldives outlined in the
variability influences such as storms,
7NDP. This project will also help the
drought and sea-level rise. These same
Maldives achieve MDG targets to halve
islands are globally significant with
by 2015 the number of people without
regard to biodiversity, particularly
access to basic sanitation, and to halve
because of the richness in diversity and
by 2015 the proportion of people
being the seventh largest reef system in
without sustainable access to safe
the world. The unique geographic and
drinking water.
physical characteristics, as well as the
fragile nature of water resources in the
Although the project is targeted to
Maldives impact the health and well-
reduce vulnerability to climate change
being of the people, environment and
and particularly extreme events, the
economic development.
project will lead to many cross-cutting
benefits such as protection of water
Presently there area number of human
supplies, address land and marine-based
stresses on water resources caused
sources of pollution, related downstream
largely by over-extraction and
coastal area management, protection of
deficiencies in waste water management
coral reef biodiversity, sustainable
which will exacerbate the risks of saline
management of fisheries, and tourism
intrusion through sea-level rise, flooding
development.
and changes in precipitation caused by
climate variability and climate change.
There is the need to provide support to
The water resources are highly vulnerable
expand foundational capacity building in
to water pollution as a result of lack of
sewage and wastewater treatment that
will address the key adaptation needs of
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Adaptation Projects - Project 17
water resources protection, human
and wastewater management. There is
health and biodiversity conservation. The
also inappropriate policy, legislation,
project will develop capacity and
planning and administration.
strengthen efforts to reduce and manage
sewage and wastewater pollution and
building capacity for maintaining and
managing systems to deliver integrated
water and sanitation services, in both
rural and urban areas. There is a need for
reform and capacity building focusing on
the development of a more cross-cutting
approach to water resource management
that captures the relationship to other
areas such as land degradation,
biodiversity and climate change,
particularly adaptation.
If the project were not to go ahead then
the expected general baseline scenario
can be deterioration in the quality of
freshwater resources; a general failure in
coastal and watershed ecosystem
functions along with the loss of
associated natural habitats and
biodiversity; and increased LBS pollution
into the coastal environment. This is
likely to cause a general deterioration of
human condition manifested in increased
poverty, reduced health, failed
livelihoods and an associated
Climatic threats to water supplies
deterioration in GDP. Climate change and
include. drought, flooding, storm surge,
sea level rise will exacerbate all these
and sea level rise. Inappropriate sewage
problems. This serves to highlight the
and wastewater disposal leads to
urgency to develop integrated
pollution of marine and freshwater
approaches to sewage and wastewater
(including groundwater) from a land-
treatment.
based activity; physical, ecological and
hydrological modification of critical
Description
habitats and issues of environmental
flow relating to habitat and ecosystem
protection.
Goal
Develop the full range of institutional,
Root causes are knowledge deficiency
technical, regulatory, and economic
and management deficiencies. There is
measures needed to operationalise
insufficient knowledge of waste water
wastewater treatment to maintain
treatment methods; insufficient
resilience of water resources and coral
education, training and capacity in
reef biodiversity in the face of climate
wastewater engineering (at various levels
hazards.
including government, private sector and
community) lack of access to, and
awareness of, appropriate technologies
and methodologies for sewage and
wastewater treatment; lack of access to
models and demonstrations of sewage
National Adaptation Programme of Action - Maldives
Objective 1: Strengthen
4
Interagency committee
established with clearly defined
institutional arrangements for
roles and responsibilities.
effective intersectoral coordination
and management of wastewater
Outcome
pollution prevention.
Policies, strategies and institutional
Activities
1.1
Develop manuals and guidelines
for best practice on wastewater
management
1.2
arrangements necessary for effective and
operational wastewater management
established
Objective 2: Identify and demonstrate on
the ground innovative, appropriate and
Develop a Wastewater Policy and
cost-effective wastewater treatment
Wastewater Treatment
technologies.
Implementation Strategy.
Activities
1.3
Assess the specific country
training needs and undertake
2.1
Undertake sewage and
initial training for wastewater
wastewater treatment
treatment and management.
technology assessments focusing
on coral island needs and
1.4
Establish an interagency
priorities including a diagnostic
committee to regularly review
analysis of areas of critical
implementation of Wastewater
concerns related to climate
Policy and Wastewater Treatment
change adaptation.
Implementation Strategy.
2.2
Short-term outputs
4
management.
4
4
sewage treatment strategies.
2.3
Develop criteria for
demonstration projects and
Wastewater Policy and
select islands for demonstration
Wastewater Treatment Strategy.
based on criteria.
Human resource development
plan.
4
barriers to implementation of
Manuals and Best Practice
Guidelines for wastewater
Undertake a study on removal of
2.4
projects.
Training workshops, study tours
and exposure to wastewater
treatment and management
technologies
Implement the demonstration
Short-term outputs
4
In-depth wastewater technology
needs assessment and diagnostic
analysis.
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Adaptation Projects - Project 17
4
Policies and measures for
removal of barriers to wastewater
Short-term outputs
4
treatment.
4
4
Islands selected for
Methodology for performance
review established.
4
Lessons and best practices from
demonstration.
demonstration projects
Minimum five demonstration
documented.
projects implemented.
Outcome
4
Timely dissemination of results to
stakeholders.
4
Demonstrations of sewage and
Post information on SIDSNet and
other relevant systems.
wastewater treatment technologies that
target particular concerns and removal of
barriers relating to the implementation
of such technologies.
Objective 3: Develop mechanisms to
learn the lessons and best practices from
the project and share the knowledge
Outcome
Capture of lessons, best practices and
best available technologies for
wastewater management.
Objective 4: Ensure the financial viability
for sustainable wastewater treatment
gained
Activities
Activities
4.1
3.1
Develop standard indicators and
Raise public awareness to create
a better recognition of the value
data collection and reporting
of wastewater treatment.
formats to review performance
of demonstration projects.
4.2
Review the legislative reforms
required to introduce fees and
3.2
Review and assess regularly
charges
demonstration projects to
capture lessons and best
4.3
recovering the costs.
practices
3.3
Disseminate final results from
Develop and test strategies for
4.4
Position and empower private
demonstration projects for
sector and communities to effect
assessment and replication.
their own management
strategies for water and
3.4
Implement information sharing
wastewater.
with other Small Island
Developing States
Short-term outputs
4
Public awareness materials and
campaigns.
National Adaptation Programme of Action - Maldives
4
4
Draft framework laws and
regulations.
4
Technology access
Effective cost recovery
4
R& D facilities not available in-
mechanisms identified.
4
Risks and barriers
country
Provide access to information on
wastewater treatment and
Evaluation and monitoring
introduce new regulations on
public and private sector
The project will be monitored according
participation.
to the national M&E standards set by
President's Office and MPND. Quarterly
Outcome
Identification of sustainable financing
mechanisms for longterm wastewater
treatment and management.
Implementation
Institutional arrangement
Lead agency
Ministry of Environment, Energy and
Water;
Partner agencies
Maldives Water and Sanitation Authority;
Ministry of Tourism and Civil Aviation;
Ministry of Housing and Urban
Development; Ministry of Planning and
National Development; Ministry of Atolls
Development.
Project Steering Committee
Policy-level officials, community
representatives, private sector and NGOs
Project Management
Full time project staff will be recruited.
progress reports, expenditure reports,
annual monitoring reports will be
submitted to MPND. Donor requirements
on M&E will be fulfilled.
Financial resources
Total project cost: US$ 800,000
116
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Adaptation Projects - Project 18
Project
18
Improve the design and construction of access
infrastructure in Maldives to increase the
resilience of access infrastructure and island
beaches to climate change.
Rationale
change, let alone present severe climatic
events. During the tsunami of 2004,
The importance of sea transport in the
68% of all existing harbours were
socio-economic development of Maldives
damaged, some beyond use. Past low
has meant that appropriate and
cost designs has also meant that proper
functioning access infrastructure is a
considerations for existing coastal
basic necessity in all inhabited islands.
processes were sacrificed. A functioning
Unfortunately, such infrastructure is also
coastal system is crucial for an islands
highly vulnerable to severe weather
natural adaptive response to variation in
events and predicted climate change
wave conditions and future sea level rise.
risks. The unconsolidated nature of coral
Hence, the poor design and construction
islands and low elevation means than
of access infrastructure in Maldives has
the predicted sea level rise and increase
caused risks to both the infrastructure
in intensity and frequency of storm
itself and island's coastal environment to
activity in the Indian Ocean could
increase.
potentially expose access infrastructure
to considerable risks. These climatic root
Currently there are more than 127
causes and their potential magnitude of
harbours and 3 major ports valued over
damage are exacerbated due to improper
US$200 million located within Maldives.
design and construction. High demand
An access improvement project initiated
for access infrastructure combined with
by the government is expected to provide
massive capital costs associated with
harbours to all remaining inhabited
construction, has inadvertently led the
islands by 2008. Almost all current
Government to adopt short-term
harbours are based on a standard design
solutions by constructing low cost
which includes sand-cement bags as
harbours. Maldives being one of the least
material for breakwater construction. A
developed countries could not in the past
few high cost harbours exists based on
afford the high costs of climate resilient
climate resilient designs and their
structures. As a result, majority of the
strength was further revealed during the
access infrastructure were poorly
tsunami where none of these harbours
designed and constructed, and aren't
were damaged.
expected to withstand future climate
Much of the poorly designed
National Adaptation Programme of Action - Maldives
infrastructure is located in the outer
the burden of such a scenario. This
islands with small to medium sized
project proposes to minimize these risks
populations. Damage to their access
by introducing and enhancing the key
infrastructure may lead a number of
components essential to improve the
additional vulnerabilities to the island
access infrastructure development and
communities. They include disruption to
management in Maldives.
economic activities such as fishing,
agriculture and tourism, loss of income
Description
especially amongst the poorest, damage
to fishing vessels, reduced food security
due to poor accessibility and limitations
in disaster management.
Goal
Improve the resilience of access
infrastructure and island beaches to
Maldives is at present badly in need to
severe weather events and predicted
improve the access infrastructure
climate change
development and management in order
to adapt to future climate change risks.
Currently, there is a lack of trained
coastal engineers to design structures
suitable for a coral island environment,
which not only withstands climate risks
Objective 1: Develop climate change
resilient, environment friendly and cost
effective engineering solutions for access
infrastructure
Activities
but also considers the preservations of
coastal environment as much as possible.
1.1
Undertake studies to develop
Maldives also lack the scientific
access infrastructure engineering
knowledge required to develop
solutions based on the current
sustainable coastal infrastructure.
climate change scenarios,
Furthermore, there is also a marked lack
considering the least impact
of awareness amongst island
solutions on the surrounding
communities on the future risks involved
coastal environment.
with improper coastal structures and a
need to strengthen the regulatory
1.2
Undertake cost effectiveness and
framework required to facilitate better
benefit-cost analysis of the
management.
suitable designs
If measures to streamline proper design
1.3
Demonstrate and test the
and construction of access infrastructure
effectiveness of the new design
aren't developed as an urgent priority,
by constructing a model harbour
there is risk of considerable economic
in a development focus island.
damage in the near future and a
possibility that the vulnerable groups
within the outer islands may have to bear
1.4
Establish mechanisms to monitor
the model harbour and
periodically report findings.
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Adaptation Projects - Project 18
1.5
Establish mechanisms to transfer
Objective 2: Improve regulatory
positive findings from the model
framework to incorporate climate change
harbour into a National Access
resilient standards for access
Infrastructure Design and
infrastructure
Construction Standard (NAIDCS)
Activities
Short-term outputs
4
Suitable access infrastructure
2.1
positive findings from the model
options for Maldivian coral island
harbour into a National Access
environment developed
4
Establish mechanisms to transfer
Infrastructure Design and
Cost effectiveness and benefit-
Construction Standard (NAIDCS)
costs reports for most suitable
designs developed and the most
2.2
Develop the National Access
suitable design adopted
Infrastructure Design and
4
A model harbour constructed
Construction Standard and
4
Monitoring mechanisms
incorporate into the regulatory
framework minimum design and
established for the model
construction standards for
harbour
4
implementing access
Mechanisms to incorporate
infrastructure projects.
findings from new harbour into a
new National Access
2.3
Strengthen the enforcement of
Infrastructure Design and
EIA regulation in all access
Construction Standard (NAIDCS)
infrastructure projects.
established
2.4
Outcome
Raise public awareness on the
new standards and the
importance of complying with
Cost effective climate change resilient
them during site selection
and environment friendly access
process.
infrastructure designs developed
and mechanisms to replicate
new designs nationwide
Short-term outputs
4
established.
National Access Infrastructure
Design and Construction
Standard (NAIDCS) established.
4
Provisions for efficient and strict
enforcement of EIA regulations in
public access infrastructure
development projects
established.
National Adaptation Programme of Action - Maldives
4
A number of public awareness
Implementation
programmes conducted on the
NAIDCS
Institutional arrangement
Outcome
Lead agency
Regulatory framework for design and
Ministry of Construction and Public
construction of access infrastructure
Infrastructure.
enhanced.
Partner agencies
Objective 3: Develop the capacity of
national organizations to properly design
and evaluate access infrastructure
projects
of Housing and Urban Development;
Ministry of Environment, Energy and
Water.
Activities
3.1
Ministry of Atolls Development; Ministry
Establish mechanisms to transfer
positive findings from the model
Project Steering Committee
Policy-level officials and community
representatives
harbour into a National Access
Infrastructure Design and
Project Management Team
Construction Standard (NAIDCS)
Officials from Ministry of Construction
3.2
Train selected staff from
and Public Infrastructure.
regulatory authorities and
implementation agencies, in the
field of coastal engineering.
Risks and barriers
4
climate change resilient
Short-term outputs
4
5 Staff trained in the field of
coastal engineering
4
structures today.
4
Although harbours have been
developed in a large number of
Training programmes conducted
inhabited islands so far
for staff of regulatory authorities
improvements to these existing
and implementation agencies on
structures may require complete
NAIDCS
Outcome
Potential high costs of developing
upgrades.
4
Trained staff retention at the
specified field and location.
Local capacity in access infrastructure
design and assessment developed.
4
Long-term studies required to
assess potential effective designs
may be beyond the project
timeframe.
120
121
Adaptation Projects - Project 18
Evaluation and monitoring
The project will be monitored according
to the national M&E standards set by
President's Office and MPND. Quarterly
progress reports, expenditure reports,
annual monitoring reports will be
submitted to MPND. In addition, any
donor finance agency requirements on
M&E will be fulfilled.
Financial resources
US$3,800,000
National Adaptation Programme of Action - Maldives
Project
19
Investigating alternative livebait management,
catch, culture and holding techniques in the
Maldives to reduce vulnerability of the tuna
fishery sector to the predicted climate change
and variability.
Rationale
declined. This particular species is an
obligate corralivore and the rapid demise
The ability of Maldives to manage its
of the live corals had an impact on their
fisheries is crucial to sustain livelihoods
survival. With such direct vulnerability of
and social and economic well being. The
live bait availability to changes in coral
fishery catches almost 150,000t of tuna
reef ecosystem evident, it is imperative
every year with fish exports valued at
that alternative ways and means of
US$88 million. The fishing activity itself
livebait is sought to adapt to climate
provides direct employment for about
change. One obvious means is
16,000 people and thousands more in
mariculture. Captive culturing of livebait
post-harvest activities. The fisheries
species (Caesionids, Apogonids, Clupeids)
contribution to annual GDP is more than
is new and needs to be investigated in
7 percent.
the Maldives.
Live bait is a pre-requisite for the pole
The possibility of catching livebait in the
and line fishery in the Maldives. Without
open outer atoll water will be another
adequate and continuous supply of
useful adaptation option. It will have the
livebait pole-and-line fishery will not
additional benefit of relieving
exist. The bait is traditionally caught
exploitation pressure on coral reef for
during daytime using a square lift net
livebait. This will contribute to richer
deployed alongside the boat. The bait
biological diversity and sustainable eco-
fishery has seen rapid changes in recent
tourism development.
years and fishermen now use lights at
night for catching bait.
Tuna fishing activities in the Maldives are
directly related to livelihoods and play a
Coral reefs are the habitats for livebait
critical role in poverty alleviation in the
and they are highly vulnerable to
islands. The human stresses on the coral
changes in SST and other climate
reefs of the Maldives are acute due to
changes. This has significant implications
rapid developments such as reclamation,
for the availability of bait as shown by
harbour dredging, and sand mining. On
the 1998 coral bleaching event when
the other hand a highly successful
abundance of long nose file fish
tourism industry is promoting
(Oxymonocanthus longirostris) rapidly
sustainable use of the reef resources and
122
123
Adaptation Projects - Project 19
advocating no take of corals, sharks, and
techniques. The fishermen will be
aquarium fish. In the absence of this
motivated to experiment by themselves
project, there is a real possibility that the
for bait catching in oceanic waters.
amount of available bait fish will decline
Fishery research and development is a
with deteriorating coral reef conditions,
key priority policy in the seventh
causing significant time and effort to be
National Development Plan (NDP) and
spent on bait fishing, over exploitation of
research on bait fish is a priority strategy
certain bait species, social conflicts
of the seventh NDP. In addition to the
between tourism and fisheries If
national benefits the proposed project
successful, the activities proposed in this
would generate several global benefits
project have potential to limit or cease
and help fulfill important obligations of
the bait fishing activities on the reef
the Maldives under international
thereby promoting sustainable use of the
conventions and agreements relating to
coral reefs and making them more
sustainable use of living marine
resilient to natural disturbances caused
resources, and maintaining biodiversity.
by climate change.
Description
The fishery dependent communities and
tourism dependent communities stand to
Goal
gain much from this project. The
proposed activities will be carried out
Better bait fishery management and
with full participation of fishermen and
exploration of alternative techniques of
their involvement will have added
livebait catching, culture and storage to
benefit of education, better
reduce the vulnerability of bait fish to
understanding and finally acceptance of
predicted sea surface temperature
sustainable bait fishery methods. Their
changes and consequent habitat changes.
expertise in selection of project
demonstration areas and timing will on
the other hand be crucial to the success
of the project. The new knowledge
gained will be shared with key
stakeholders to develop new policies and
guidelines to manage bait fishing.
The expected benefits in the immediate
Objective 1: Enhance the knowledge on
bait use and utilization, alternative
livebait, catching methods and improved
holding techniques.
Activities
1.1
review of bait biology, bait use
term would be better know how, policies,
and bait utilization in the
and regulation of bait fishery and
Maldives.
demonstration of alternative bait fishing
methods and bait fish breeding options.
Undertake a comprehensive
1.2
Identify, catalogue and map
At times of poor bait fishery fishermen
popular baitfishing grounds in
will have at their disposal new
each atoll
National Adaptation Programme of Action - Maldives
1.3
Undertake scientific and
different methods of attracting
technical evaluations for
live bait
alternatives to bait and
4
alternative species
1.4
Study and evaluate the potential
Evaluation report on use of
mycophids as livebait
4
Economic and financial feasibility
for mariculture of alternative
of alternatives to bait and
species of bait.
different methods of bait
catching established
1.5
Conduct bait fishing trails in
4
various regions of the Maldives
Priority ranking of bait fishery
solutions
in different periods to investigate
efficacy of attracting livebait
Outcome
using different methods
Well informed decision making for
1.6
Conduct bait fishing trails using
sustainable development & management
submersible lights in the open
of bait fishery based on up-to-date
ocean to investigate the
scientific knowledge
potential for use of mycophids as
livebiat
Objective 2: Strengthen the policy,
regulatory and institutional framework
1.7
Evaluate the cost effectiveness of
for bait fishery management
alternatives to bait and
alternative methods of bait
Activities
catching
2.1
1.8
Develop manuals and guidelines
for best practice on bait fishery
Identify and rank the practical
solutions to bait fishery in the
Maldives
2.2
Develop the policies, rules and
standards to regulate bait fishery
in the Maldives
Short-term outputs
4
Targeted research study reports
2.3
on bait biology, bait use and
participation plan for bait fishery
utilization
4
management
Bait resource use maps for each
atoll
4
2.4
Practicality and applicability of
mariculture for bait determined
4
Information made available on
Conduct education and outreach
programmes for fishermen on
Identification of alternatives to
rational utilization of livebiat
bait and alternative species
4
Prepare a stakeholder and public
2.5
Develop a bait fishery research
implementation strategy
124
125
Adaptation Projects - Project 19
2.6
Undertake training on research
strategies leading to improved overall
methods to investigate bait
health of reef ecosystem, biological
catching options
diversity and species richness
strengthening the adaptation capacity of
2.7
Training on mariculture for the
existing research staff; establish
communities dependent on fisheries and
tourism for their livelihoods.
collaborative research
2.8
programme with appropriate
Objective 3: Demonstrate innovative,
overseas institutions
appropriate and cost-effective
Identify methods/techniques for
measuring bait catch and
utilization
Short-term outputs
4
4
4
livebait species
Activities
3.1
Undertake in-depth assessment
Best practice guide for bait
of mariculture technology
fishery
focusing on the specific needs of
New policy and regulatory
the fishermen and the future
framework for bait fishery
vulnerabilities of coral reef
developed
ecosystems to climate change
and human induced stresses.
Definition of stakeholders and a
public participation plan
4
mariculture for breeding alternative
3.2
Develop criteria for the selection
Training workshops for fishermen
of mariculture demonstration
on rational use of bait and
species and sites
training material disseminated
4
An endorsed bait fishery research
3.3
mariculture demonstration based
strategy
4
Select species and sites for
on selection criteria, and
Research methods training
national priorities.
provided to research team
4
Training workshops, study tours,
3.4
demonstration projects in the
exchange programmes and
existing fisheries extension
exposure trips on mariculture
4
service centres
Tools and markers for measuring
bait catch and bait utilization
determined
Outcome
Implement mariculture
Short-term outputs
4
In-depth technology needs
assessment of mariculture for
bait
Effective bait fishery management policy,
regulation and operational research
National Adaptation Programme of Action - Maldives
4
Selection criteria for bait
mariculture demonstration sites
and species
4
Sites and species for mariculture
selected
4
Results of demonstration projects
Risks and barriers
4
R& D investments are low in the
Maldives.
4
Few qualified scientists
Evaluation and monitoring
made available to stakeholders
The project will be monitored according
Outcome
Demonstrations of mariculture
technologies that target particular
concerns of the fishermen and removing
the technical and financial barriers
relating to the implementation of such
technologies.
Implementation
Institutional arrangement
Lead agency
Marine Research Center
Partner agencies
Ministry of Fisheries, Agriculture and
Marine Resources; Ministry of
Environment, Energy and Water; Ministry
of Economic Development and Trade;
Project Steering Committee
Policy-level officials, community
representatives, private sector and NGOs
Project Management
Full time project staff will be recruited.
to the national M&E standards set by
President's Office and MPND. Quarterly
progress reports, expenditure reports,
annual monitoring reports will be
submitted to MPND. Donor requirements
on M&E will be fulfilled.
Financial resources
Total project cost: US$ 1.027 million
126
127
Adaptation Projects - Project 20
Project
20
Improve the health status of the population,
particularly children, by the prevention and
management of vector-borne diseases caused by
changes in temperature and flooding due to
extreme rainfall.
Rationale
outbreak of dengue occurred in 1979,
the second in 1983 and the third 1988
Vector borne diseases such as dengue
which was the worst with 2054 cases of
and scrub typhus are climate related and
dengue fever and nine deaths in children
are major communicable diseases of
under 10 years. After that for 10 years
public health concern in the Maldives.
there were no outbreaks until the next
Disease trends show that dengue is now
occurred in 1998 with a total of 1750
endemic in the country with seasonal
cases and no reported death. The
outbreaks. Epidemiological data shows
incidence of vector-borne disease will
continued high prevalence from mid
also increase with increase frequency of
2005, spreading to the atolls, leading to
flooding. At present 18% of inhabited
epidemic proportions. Scrub typhus
islands experience rainfall and/or ocean-
which was endemic in the country in the
induced flooding at least once a year.
early years of the 20th century
reemerged in 2002 resulting in mortality
Human stresses on environment such as
rates as high as 10%. Although mortality
poor solid waste disposal, increasing
rate has declined to 1% with appropriate
number of construction work sites and
case management, scrub typhus continue
poor sewage and wastewater disposal
to be prevalent causing significant
increases vector breeding sites. In the
morbidity. In December 2006 the
absence of this project, it is likely that
country had its first outbreak of
incidence of vector-borne diseases would
Chikungunya, another climate related
increase leading to reduced quality of life
vector-borne disease.
in the vulnerable population. With
vector-borne diseases at epidemic
There is high likelihood that the
proportions children and the more
predicted climate change, particularly
vulnerable groups face increased risk of
changes in temperature and rainfall
mortality. Control of vector-borne
regimes, will cause higher incidence of
diseases is a priority of the government
vector-borne diseases. Evidence shows
as outlined in the 7NDP.
that dengue outbreaks are becoming
more frequent and there is an
association with ENSO events. The first
National Adaptation Programme of Action - Maldives
Description
4
Inter-agency co-ordination
mechanism.
Goal
4
radio, media and materials for
Protect human health from climate
change-related vector-borne diseases.
Public awareness materials for TV,
distribution.
4
Objective 1: Undertake integrated vector
Costs to society quantified and
policy-makers sensitised.
management (IVM) to prevent climate
4
Training materials on IVM.
change related vector-borne diseases.
4
Trained healthcare services staff
at island, atoll, regional and
Activities
national level.
1.1
Conduct inter-sectoral
consultations and agree on roles
and responsibilities of
government agencies and
island/atoll councils in IVM.
1.2
Educate public on elimination of
vector breeding grounds and
other vector control measures.
Outcome
Climate change-related vectors
proactively controlled through Integrated
Vector Management (IVM).
Objective 2: Develop the capacity for
early diagnosis and establish effective
disease and vector surveillance system
1.3
Assess the economic implications
for planning and response.
of current and emerging climaterelated vector-borne diseases
and cost to society.
1.4
Activities
2.1
Strengthen capacity of island,
providers on case definitions,
atoll, regional and national
detection, reporting and
healthcare services on their
standard operating procedures
respective roles in oversight,
on vector-borne diseases.
management, implementation
2.2
and/or monitoring of the IVM
facilitate timely response to
outbreaks and mitigate their
Short-term outputs
4
impact.
A stakeholder participation plan
for IVM.
IVM included in the mandate of
island/atoll councils
Improve tracking and reporting
of vector-borne diseases cases to
program.
4
Develop and orient service
2.3
Strengthen laboratory capacity
for early diagnosis.
128
129
Adaptation Projects - Project 20
2.4
Train atoll level health care
Implementation
worker/community on vector
2.5
surveillance.
Institutional arrangement:
Strengthen monitoring and
Lead agency
evaluation and, operational
research capacity to assess
effectiveness of innovative
Ministry of Health
Partner agencies
strategies and interventions.
Department of Public Health; Ministry of
Short-term outputs
4
4
Environment, Energy and Water; Ministry
Manual on case definitions,
of Fisheries, Agriculture and Marine
detection and reporting
Resources; Ministry of Housing and
procedures and, standard
Urban Development; Ministry of Atolls
operating procedures.
Development; Male' Municipality; Atoll
Orientiation training programme
Offices; Island Offices
for service providers.
4
An automated database on
Project Steering Committee
vector-borne diseases accessible
Policy-level officials, community
to healthcare planners and
representatives, private sector and NGOs
service providers.
4
Laboratory test kits and diagnosis
procedures.
4
surveillance.
4
Full-time project staff will be recruited.
Training manual and training
programmes on vector
4
Project Management
Risks and barriers
4
Lack of human resources,
Monitoring and evaluation
information and financial
procedures.
resources.
Report on successes and failures
and lessons learned on vector
disease control.
Outcome
Early diagnosis and complete case
management improved and capacity for
timely and appropriate response to
outbreaks established.
National Adaptation Programme of Action - Maldives
Evaluation and monitoring
The project will be monitored according
to the national M&E standards set by
President's Office and MPND. Quarterly
progress reports, expenditure reports,
annual monitoring reports will be
submitted to MPND. In addition, any
donor finance agency requirements on
M&E will be fulfilled.
Financial resources
Total project cost: US$350,000
130
131
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134
National Adaptation Programme of Action - Maldives
Annex
137
Annex 1 - Maldives NAPA processes and key steps
Annex 1
Maldives NAPA Process and
Key Steps
NAPA process was guided by the
and Measures, and Project Proposals. The
principles of transparency, broad
country-driven NAPA of 2006 is the
stakeholder engagement, partnership
successive climate change adaptation
building among focal agencies,
strategy that precedes the Second
community participation and ownership
National Communication. Hence the
by the people of Maldives especially the
NAPA goes beyond the policies and
atoll population, multi-disciplinary
measures in the FNC and the project
analysis and synergy with national
profiles included needs speedy
development policies.
implementation.
The procedures in the UNFCCC
The NAPA project in the Maldives was
Annotated Guidelines for the Preparation
implemented as part of the Integrated
of National Adaptation Programmes of
Climate Change Strategy (ICCS) that
Action was adapted and streamlined to
included the Technology Needs
suit the Maldives. The Maldives has
Assessment for mitigation and
already undertaken several studies on
adaptation and, the National Capacity
the vulnerability of the nation and the
Self-Assessment.
special adaptation needs of the country.
The Maldives submitted its FNC in 2001
that included National GHG Inventory,
Mitigation Plan for GHG Emissions,
Vulnerability to Climate Change,
Adaptation to Climate Change, Policies
The ICCS is also consistent with the policy
directive in the Sixth National
Development Plan to pursue a
programmatic as opposed to projectbased approach when implementing the
Government's policies and to create
National Adaptation Programme of Action - Maldives
meaningful and sustainable partnerships
4
between the public and private sectors
and civil society, in order to achieve the
Communication
4
goals of national development.
Participatory process
Stakeholder engagement
A multi-disciplinary team was established
to formulate the NAPA. The CCTT was
responsible for formulating the NAPA
Ministry of Economic
Development and Trade
4
Ministry of Housing and Urban
Development
4
Ministry of Atolls Development
4
Ministry of Planning and National
Development
4
Energy Section - Ministry of
Environment, Energy and Water
and, in the future, will be responsible for
coordinating the implementation of
Ministry of Transport and
4
Water Section - Ministry of
Environment, Energy and Water
activities under the NAPA framework. The
CCTT was appointed through an open
4
Department of Meteorology
and flexible process that was inclusive
4
Environment Research Centre
and transparent. At the inception
4
Educational Development Centre
had the opportunity to review
4
Ministry of Health
membership of the CCTT and propose
4
Maldives Fishermen's Association
additional members.
4
Land and Marine Environmental
meeting of the project key stakeholders
The CCTT comprises of representatives of
Resources Group Pvt. Ltd.
Ministry of Environment, Energy and
4
Seamarc
Water the lead agency, and other key
4
Banyan Tree Resort Maldives
players including stakeholders such as
members of relevant government
ministries and private sector. The
stakeholders represented in the CCTT are:
4
Partnership building
Experience has shown that it takes
considerable time to enhance national
Ministry of Tourism and Civil
and local capacity to implement
Aviation
adaptation measures. As such capacity
Ministry of Fisheries, Agriculture
enhancement activities were undertaken
and Marine Resources
as part of the NAPA formulation process.
4
Marine Research Centre
The aim of capacity enhancement was to
4
Ministry of Construction and
4
Public Infrastructure
4
Maldives Transport and
Contracting Company
ensure that key partners play an
appropriate, meaningful and productive
role in the development and ultimate
implementation of the NAPA. In capacity
building the focus was on addressing the
138
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Annex 1 - Maldives NAPA processes and key steps
urgent need for (i) personnel who have
4
Male' Municipality
the technical understanding of
4
Ministry of Environment, Energy
vulnerability to climate change and of
possible adaptive responses, who are
competent in applying methodologies for
vulnerability and adaptation (V&A)
assessments, who can translate their
and Water
4
Maldives College of Higher
Education
4
Commerce, Development and
Environment Pvt Ltd
technical knowledge and skills into
recommendations for policy and
4
Haa Dhaalu Atoll Office
decision-makers and who can assist in
4
Gaafu Alifu Atoll Office
providing longterm and continuous
4
Gaafu Dhaalu Atoll Office
4
Seenu Atoll Office
assistance towards implementing project
level adaptation activities; (ii) enhanced
awareness for both political and
Awareness raising
community levels in relation to the
current vulnerability of the Maldives to
In addition to the training activities
climate and sea level variability, to the
undertaken to build technical knowledge
potential increase in climate hazards and
and skills of relevant individuals in the
associated risks as a result of climate
government and private sector climate
change, and to the opportunities to
change targeted public awareness raising
reduce the vulnerabilities and risks
was also undertaken. Awareness raising
through adaptation.
materials were prepared in both Dhivehi
and English language taking into account
The following ministries and agencies
benefitted from the partnership building
activities.
4
Ministry of Fisheries, Agriculture
the capacities, needs and concerns of the
stakeholders. Dedicated radio and TV
programmes were funded by the NAPA
project.
and Marine Resources
4
Ministry of Planning and National
Development
Awareness raising sessions were held for
the students of Muhibbuddin School Hithadhoo (Seenu Atoll), Seenu Atholhu
4
Marine Research Centre
4
Department of Public Health
Atoll), Gnaviyani Atoll Education Centre -
4
Ministry of Transport and
Fuammulah, Majeediya School - Male',
Communications
English Preparatory and Secondary
Maldives Water and Sanitation
School - Male' and Ghiyasuddeen School
Authority
- Male'.
4
State Electric Company
A special public lecture was organised
4
Maldives Transport and
with national NGO, Volunteers for
Contracting Company
Environment, Social Harmony and
4
Madharusa -Hulhumeedhoo (Seenu
National Adaptation Programme of Action - Maldives
Improvement (VESHI) to provide
including the private sector participated
information on the latest science of
in the consultation. A follow-up
climate change. The internationally
consultation session was held on 01st
recognized scientist Prof. John Hay
October 2006.
provided the public lecture.
Multi-disciplinary approach
Community awareness raising sessions
were held for multi-sector
In formulating the NAPA a multi-
representatives from Haa Alifu, Haa
disciplinary approach was adopted. The
Dhaalu, Shaviyani, Gaafu Alifu, Gaafu
NAPA framework was built upon key
Dhaalu, Gnaviyani and Seenu Atoll.
theories of sustainability, risks, capital
Awareness raising sessions were held in
deepening and institutions from ecology,
Kulhudhuffushi (Haa Dhaalu Atoll),
sociology, economics and political
Hithadhoo (Seenu Atoll) and Fuammulah
science literature.
(Gnaviyani Atoll).
Given the multi-disciplinary approach
Stakeholder consultations
adopted for NAPA it was necessary to
bring expertise from a variety of sectors,
Three stakeholder consultations were
organised one at national level and two
at regional level. The consultations were
organised to seek the views of key
opinion leaders and representatives from
key sectors on critical vulnerabilities to
climate change and priority adaptation
measures. The first regional consultation
was held in the North region at
Kulhudhuffushi (Haa Dhaalu Atoll) from
11th to 12th September 2006.
Altogether 28 participants from Haa Alif,
Haa Dhaal and Shaviyani Atoll attended
the consultation. The second regional
consultation was held in South region at
Hithadhoo (Seenu Atoll) from 16th to
17th September 2006. Altogether 37
participants from Gaafu Alifu, Gaafu
Dhaalu, Gnaviyani and Seenu atoll
attended. The national consultation was
held in Male' (Bandos Island Resort) from
13th to 14th September 2006. A total of
30 participants from 20 agencies
civil society and government. A working
group was established to ensure that the
NAPA was comprehensive and covers the
social, economic and environmental
aspects of sustainable development. The
NAPA Working Group also facilitated high
standard for the project profiles and
allowed CCTT to work closely with policymakers in relevant sectors and with
officials from the Ministry of Planning
and National Development and Ministry
of Finance and Treasury. The NAPA
Working Group consultative process
helped increase the knowledge base of
the CCTT and assisted them to carry out
NAPA formulation. The NAPA Working
Group consisted of senior executives
from key partner agencies and private
sector. The following are the members of
the NAPA Working Group:
140
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Annex 1 - Maldives NAPA processes and key steps
4
4
4
Dr. Mohamed Shiham Adam
Environment Analyst, Ministry of
Research Centre
Environment, Energy and Water
Dr. Abdulla Naseer - Executive
4
4
4
4
4
Agriculture and Marine Resources
Climate Change Strategy Projects,
Dr. Sheena Moosa Director,
Ministry of Environment, Energy
Health Science, Ministry of
and Water
Dr. Simad Saeed - Project
4
Ms. Hafeeza Abdulla - NAPA
National Consultant
A hazard-vulnerability-impact matrix was
developed from a multi-disciplinary
Mr. Amjad Abdhulla Director,
perspective to gauge the critical
Ministry of Environment, Energy
vulnerabilities and impacts on the
and Water
Maldives. Based on the results of the
Mr. Ahmed Jameel Director,
interactive cause and effect matrix
Ministry of Environment, Energy
detailed V&A assessments were
and Water
conducted for fisheries, coral reef
Ms. Mariyam Saleem - Senior
biodiversity, human health, land, beach
Research Officer, Marine
and human settlements, and critical
Research Centre
infrastructure.
Mr. Ibrahim Shaheen Director,
A series of climate policy research papers
Maldives Transport and
were prepared for discussion and
Contracting Company
advocacy. These papers were
Ms. Fathmath Shafeega -
disseminated widely for feedback,
Assistant Director, Ministry of
presented at a national consultation and
Planning and National
made available for public review on the
Development
website of the Ministry of Environment,
Dr. Ahmed Jamsheed Mohamed -
Energy and Water. These papers will be
Senior Medical Officer,
published in the future as official policy
Department of Public Health
research reports.
Mr. Ahmed Shaig PhD Candidate,
James Cook University, Australia
4
Ms. Lubna Moosa - National
Project Manager, Integrated
Conservation project, Baa Atoll
4
4
Director, Ministry of Fisheries,
Manager, Atoll Ecosystem-based
4
Mr. Hussain Naeem Senior
Executive Director, Marine
Health
4
4
Method
Mohamed Aslam - Director,
In the NAPA six steps were followed in
Surveying, Land and Marine
sequence each feeding its output as input
Environmental Resources Group
to the next step.
Pvt. Ltd
1. Development of criteria for
prioritization
National Adaptation Programme of Action - Maldives
2. Identification of priority vulnerable
sectors
3. Detailed V&A for priority sectors
4. Identification of adaptation
activities
5. Prioritization of adaptation
activities
(beach, vegetation, water, coral
reefs and related ecosystems) is
reduced.
2. Degree to which adverse effects of
climate change to produced
capital (public infrastructure,
utilities such as power, water
supply and telecommunications)
6. Development of project proposals
is reduced.
3. Degree to which adverse effects of
1. Development of criteria for
climate change to human capital
prioritization
(loss of life, human health) is
reduced.
The criteria for prioritization were
developed by the NAPA Working Group.
Objective 2: Reduce poverty and promote
The criteria and the process for
equality to enhance adaptive capacity.
prioritization were pilot-tested in
Gn.Fuammulah in June 2006. Based on
the pilot-testing the method was refined
and improved.
Two broad objectives were used to
prioritize the development sectors that
4. Degree to which disparity between
Male' and the atolls is reduced.
5. Degree to which empowerment of
women is achieved.
6. Degree to which food security is
increased.
are vulnerable to climate change. These
objectives are:
1. Relevance to national
development
2. Degree of climate impact
Objective 3: Achieve synergy with
national development goals and MEAs.
7. Degree to which the economy can
be strengthened and diversified.
8. Degree to which employment
Four broad objectives were selected as
opportunities can be increased
the basis for prioritization of adaptation
particularly for youth and
activities and criteria were developed to
women.
assess adaptation activities against each
objective. The objectives and the
respective criteria are:
Objective 1: Reduce the degree of adverse
effects of climate change.
1. Degree to which adverse effects of
climate change to natural capital
9. Degree to which the natural
environment will be protected.
10. Degree to which people and
property can be made safer from
damage caused by natural
disasters.
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Annex 1 - Maldives NAPA processes and key steps
Objective 4: Cost-effectiveness.
11. Degree to which adaptation
impact matrix are:
1. Land, beach and human
settlement
measure is socially accepted.
12. Degree to which the adaptation
measure is financial feasible.
13. Degree to which the measure is
technically feasible.
2. Critical infrastructure;
3. Tourism;
4. Fisheries;
5. Human health;
2. Identification of priority vulnerable
6. Water resources;
sectors
7. Agriculture and food security and,
8. Coral reef biodiversity.
In order to list the sectors that are
vulnerable to predicted climate change a
Detailed V&A assessments were carried
review of (1) the latest global climate
out by national consultants for coral reef
scenarios predicted by the IPCC, (2) local
biodiversity, fisheries, human health,
climate trends estimated in the Climate
land, beach and human settlement and
Risk Profile for the Maldives, (3) FNC, (4)
critical infrastructure. It was not possible
IPCC Third Assessment Report; and (5)
to undertake detailed V&A assessments
other relevant international studies on
for tourism, water resources and,
the impact of climate change on small
agriculture and food security due to lack
island states was undertaken.
of local capacity and time constraints.
Based on the literature review a
4. Identification of adaptation activities
summary matrix of the global and local
trends in climate change, key
In order to identify adaptation activities
vulnerabilities of the Maldives to the
three stakeholder consultations were
predicted climate change hazards and
held. The stakeholders were informed
the impacts on the different
about climate hazards, specific
development sectors was drawn up. The
vulnerabilities of the islands' ecosystem,
matrix was used as a guide to produce
economy and people to the identified
the list of vulnerable sectors that needed
hazards and about the impacts of climate
further assessment.
change. These stakeholders were also
informed about the adaptation measures
A national workshop was held to
recommended in the V&A assessments.
prioritise sectors.
Following the provision of background
information the stakeholders were asked
3. Detailed V&A assessment for priority
sectors
to identify
4
what are the key
The priority sectors based on the
vulnerabilities/impacts to climate
objectives and the hazard-vulnerability-
change?
National Adaptation Programme of Action - Maldives
4
4
what are the existing measures
circulated for feedback and input from
that reduce the vulnerability of
respective government agencies who will
systems and groups to climate
have primary responsibility for their
change?
implementation. The profiles were also
what are the existing
circulated widely for comments and
development policies and
presented to the CCTT and a national
measures that increase the
workshop for endorsement.
vulnerability of systems and
groups to climate change?
4
what are the new adaptation
Country-drivenness
The NAPA of the Maldives was developed
policies and measures required to
through a country-driven process. As an
address critical vulnerabilities and
important element of the NAPA the
impacts?
Maldives Adaptation Policy Framework
The answers to these questions were
used to identify adaptation activities.
Group discussions were held to agree on
the key adaptation activities.
was developed. This Framework captures
from a national perspective the
important interactions that would lead to
adaptation to climate change in the
Maldives.
5. Prioritization of adaptation activities
The key sectors assessed in the NAPA
Once the adaptation activities were
reflect specific geographic and economic
identified by the regional and national
characteristics of the country. Maldives is
level consultative process, analytical
a coral reef based small island
hierarchy process was used to prioritize
developing state made up of 1190 small
adaptation activities. The multi-criteria
tropical islands. As such fisheries,
decision tool pair-wise ranking was used
tourism, coral reef and beaches play a
by the stakeholders to first give weights
critical role in the economic agenda of
to the criteria for prioritization. Next the
the country.
stakeholders were asked to provide a
score from 0-10 for each activity against
each criterion. The scores were then
summed based on the weight for the
criteria.
6. Development of project proposals
The Maldives is divided into 20
administrative regions called atolls. Since
there are no significant variations in
environmental features across the atolls
the impact of climate change on all the
atolls is likely to be similar. Specific
islands may be more vulnerable to
The project profiles for priority
different hazards than others but a
adaptation activities were initially
regional analysis was not warranted.
developed by the members of the NAPA
Working Group. The profiles were
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Annex 1 - Maldives NAPA processes and key steps
the public consultations held a very high
policies and measures are integrated into
level of enthusiasm was shown by
the 7NDP. Most of the NAPA policies and
community leaders which augers well for
measures are cross-cutting in nature and
the implementation of the NAPA. In the
contribute to several important
aftermath of the tsunami there is a very
development sectors. The NAPA policies
high level of realisation of the
also contribute to the protection of
vulnerability of the country and the need
important environmental resources such
for risk reduction.
as water, soils, land and biological
diversity.
The criteria for prioritization of
adaptation activities were determined
The adaptation measures in the NAPA are
based on national development
directly relevant to the guiding principles,
priorities. A tailor-made analytical
goals and strategies of the 7NDP. The
framework based on how the adaptation
7NDP identifies the vulnerable low lying
measures affect the level and quality of
islands and fragile reef environment as a
capital assets natural, human and
key challenge to sustainable
produced capital was used to evaluate
development in the Maldives and
adaptation activities.
endorses the NAPA as a means to address
the challenge posed by global warming
Contribution to overall sustainable
and sea level rise. The policies and
development goals
measures in the NAPA are integrated into
the national development policies on
The Maldives NAPA will contribute to
macroeconomic and financial
national sustainable development goals.
management, tourism, fisheries,
The national Vision 2020 envisions that
agriculture, construction, transport, land
protective measures will be taken to
development, environmental
combat global environmental threats and
management, natural disaster
environment friendly lifestyles will be
preparedness and mitigation, water
adopted in the Maldives. NAPA is
resources management, healthcare and
dedicated to adapt to the threats posed
housing. In order to integrate the policies
by global climate change.
into the 7NDP the NAPA Team worked
closely with the officials of Ministry of
The seventh millennium development
goal is to ensure environmental
sustainability. Target nine of MDGs is to
integrate the principles of sustainable
development into country policies and
programmes and reverse the loss of
environmental resources. NAPA identifies
policies and measures required to adapt
to global climate change and these
Planning and National Development,
Ministry of Finance and Treasury,
Ministry of Health, Ministry of FIsheries ,
Agriculture and Marine Resources and
Ministry of Environment, Energy and
Water.
National Adaptation Programme of Action - Maldives
Government endorsement and
commitment
sector representatives on the priority
vulnerabilities and adaptation measures.
The NAPA Working Group contributed to
NAPA is endorsed at the highest level of
the operational management of the
government and in his foreword to the
NAPA process and provided continuing
NAPA the President called for all
feedback to improve the NAPA.
government agencies to extend their full
cooperation to implement the NAPA.
The draft methods, reports and working
papers were circulated for comments and
In addition to the inclusion of NAPA in
feedback. The draft text of the NAPA was
the 7NDP the Third National
distributed to all the members of the
Environment Action Plan contains a
CCTT and key agencies of the
dedicated chapter for addressing global
government for comments and feedback.
climate change based on
The NAPA was endorsed by the
recommendations of the NAPA. The
government at a national workshop held
Ministry of Environment, Energy and
on [date].
Water has developed an implementation
strategy to ensure the successful
implementation of NAPA. The National
Commission for the Protection of
Environment (NCPE) will oversee the
implementation of NAPA and a special
interagency task force is envisaged to
ensure the respective agencies of the
government mobilise international
financial assistance and allocate public
financing to the priority project profiles
in the NAPA.
Transparency
The NAPA was formulated through a
transparent and open process. New ideas
and differing opinions were encouraged
from the beginning and consultative
process was adhered to. The CCTT were
informed about all the decisions taken
and methods adopted. National and
regional level consultations were held to
seek the views of community and key
146
147
Annex 2 - List of participants in the national and regional workshops
Annex 2
List of participants in the
national and regional
workshops
NAPA Nation Workshop on Identifying and Prioritisation of
Adaptation Measures
1
Hawwa Nizma
(Department of Public Health)
2
Dr.Sheena Moosa
(Ministry of Health)
3
Shazly Shafeeq
(Ministry of Economic Development & Trade)
4
Thomas le Berre
(Seamarc Pvt.Ltd)
5
Marie Saleem
(Marine Research Centre)
6
Ahmed Adham
(Ministry of Transport & Communication)
7
Man B. Thapa
(UNDP)
8
Gulfishan Safeeq
(Education Development Centre)
9
Aishath Niyaz
(Water Solutions Pvt. Ltd)
10
Mohamed Ali Janah
(Maldives Association for Construction Industry)
11
Mohamed Latheef
(Ministry of Transport & Communication)
12
Mohamed Azim
(Ministry of Housing & Urban Development)
13
Azim Musthag
(Maldivers Diving Center)
14
Aminath Haifa Naeem
(Ministry of Planning and National Development)
15
Abdul Azeez Abdul
Hakeem
(Banyan Tree Maldives)
National Adaptation Programme of Action - Maldives
16
Ahmed Zuhoor Mohamed
Hussein
(State Trading Organization)
17
Zahid
(Department of Meteorology)
18
Aishath Shahida
(Maldives Food and drug Authority)
19
Dr. Ahmed Jamsheed
Mohamed
(Department of Public Health)
20
Mohamed Fayaz
(Ministry of Construction and Public Infrastructure)
21
Ismail Raheed
(Ministry of Construction and Public Infrastructure)
22
Ahmed Musid
(Waste Management Section)
23
Azzam Ibrahim
(State Electric Company)
24
Mohamed Fizan Ahmed
(Waste Management Section)
25
Dr. Mohamed Shareef
(Ministry of Planning and National Development)
27
Abdul Azeez Jamal
Aboobakuru
(Ministry of atolls Development)
26
Aiminath Haifa
(Ministry of Environment, Energy and Water)
28
Ahmed Jameel
(Ministry of Environment, Energy and Water)
29
Aishath Aileen Niyaz
(Ministry of Environment, Energy and Water)
30
Dr.Simad Saeed
(Ministry of Environment, Energy and Water)
NAPA North Regional Workshop on Identifying and Prioritisation of
Adaptation Measures
1
Ahmed Naseem
Kelaa-Haa Alifu
2
Najma Najeeb
Kelaa-Haa Alifu
3
Mohamed Hassan
Maarandhoo-Haa Alifu
4
Adam Naseer
Dhidhdhoo-Haa Alifu
5
Ibrahim Khaleel
Ihavandhoo-Haa Alifu
6
Abdulla Saeed
Hoarafushi-Haa Alifu
7
Fathimath Zahira
Hoarafushi-Haa Alifu
8
Mohamed Zahir
Baarah-Haa Alifu
9
Sifla Shakir
Utheemu-Haa Alifu
10 Afra Ibrahim
Muraidhoo-Haa Alifu
11 Mohamed Zahir
Baarah-Haa Alifu
12 Abdul Razzaq
Hanimaadhoo-Haa Dhaalu
13 Idhrees Abdulla
Hanimaadhoo-Haa Dhaalu
14 Abdul Rahman Ismail
Kulhudhuffushi-Haa Dhaalu
15 Khadeeja Ali
Kulhudhuffushi-Haa Dhaalu
16 Ibrahim Hassan
Kulhudhuffushi-Haa Dhaalu
17 Musthafa Hussein
Nolhivaran-Haa Dhaalu
18 Ali Mahir
Nolhivaran-Haa Dhaalu
148
149
Annex 2 - List of participants in the national and regional workshops
19 Shareefa Ahmed
Kulhudhuffushi-Haa Dhaalu
20 Mohamed Zahir
Vaikaradhioo-Haa Dhaalu
21 Adam Mohamed
Vaikaradhioo-Haa Dhaalu
22 Hassan Shiham
Neykurendhoo-Haa Dhaalu
23 Mohamed Arif
Kanditheemu-Shaviyani
24 Ahmed Shareef
Goidhoo-Shaviyani
25 Hathim Moosa
Feydhoo-Shaviyani
26 Mohamed Abdul Rahman
Maroshi-Shaviyani
27 Ismail Ibrahim
Komandoo-Shaviyani
NAPA South Regional Workshop on Identifying and Prioritisation of
Adaptation Measures
1
Mohamed Zaeem
Villingili-Gaafu Alifu
2
Musthafa Mohamed
Villingili-Gaafu Alifu
3
Ali Zubeir
Villingili-Gaafu Alifu
4
Masood Ahmed
Villingili-Gaafu Alifu
5
Ahmed Zareer
Gemanafushi-Gaafu Alifu
6
Nasrulla
Gemanafushi-Gaafu Alifu
7
Mohamed Didi
Kandu Hulhudhoo-Gaafu Alifu
9
Thagiyyu Ibrahim
Kolamaafushi-Gaafu Alifu
10 Amjad Musthafa
Maamendhoo-Gaafu Alifu
11 Athir Ibrahim
Thinadhoo-Gaafu Dhaalu
13 Mohamed Nasih Rasheed
Thinadhoo-Gaafu Dhaalu
15 Mohamed Manik
Hoadedhdhoo-Gaafu Dhaalu
16 Layagath Ali
Fares-Gaafu Dhaalu
17 Ibrahim Riyaz
Gadhdhoo-Gaafu Dhaalu
18 Mohamed Shaheedh
Gadhdhoo-Gaafu Dhaalu
19 Mohamed Igbal
Fiyoree-Gaafu Dhaalu
20 Ashraf Rasheed
Maathodaa-Gaafu Dhaalu
21 Ahmed Waheed Mohamed Fuvahmulah-Gnaviyani
23 Ali Nafiz
Fuvahmulah-Gnaviyani
25 Ibrahim Abdulla
Fuvahmulah-Gnaviyani
26 Thoriq Ahmed
Fuvahmulah-Gnaviyani
27 Mohamed Ahmed Didi
Fuvahmulah-Gnaviyani
28 Mohamed Musthafa AhmedFuvahmulah-Gnaviyani
29 Eenaas Ali
Fuvahmulah-Gnaviyani
30 Khadeeja Ahmed
Fuvahmulah-Gnaviyani
31 Shabana Waheed
32 Ibrahim Shiyam
National Adaptation Programme of Action - Maldives
33 Ahmed Haneef
34 Mohamed Zahid
35 Ibrahim Rasheed
Hithadhoo-Seenu
36 Mohamed Rasheed Moosa
37 Aishath Zuhaira
Hithadhoo-Seenu
38 Fathmath Shifaza
Hulhudhoo-Seenu
39 Mohamed Shimaz
40 Saudulla Hameed
Hithadhoo-Seenu
41 Aminath Mohamed
Hithadhoo-Seenu
150
Ministry of Environment Energy and Water