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Unit XIV: Social Psychology Ms. Justice AP Psychology 2014-2015 Unit XIV - Overview 74 – Attribution, Attitudes, and Actions 75 – Conformity & Obedience 76 – Group Behavior 77 – Prejudice & Discrimination 78 – Aggression 79 – Attraction 80 – Altruism, Conflict, and Peacemaking (a.k.a. the last module!) Unit XIV: Social Psychology Module 74 Attribution, Attitudes, and Actions Social Psychology & Explaining Behavior 74-1 Social Psychology 74-1 Social psychology scientifically studies how we think about, influence, and relate to one another. “We cannot live for ourselves alone. Our lives are connected by a thousand invisible threads.” -Herman Melville Attribution Theory 74-1 Fritz Heider (1958) suggested that we have a tendency to give causal explanations for someone’s behavior, often by crediting either the situation or the person’s disposition. For example: A teacher may wonder whether a child’s hostility reflects an aggressive personality (dispositional attribution) or is a reaction to stress or abuse (a situational attribution). Fundamental Attribution Error 74-1 The tendency to overestimate the impact of personal disposition and underestimate the impact of the situations in analyzing the behaviors of others. We see Juliette as quiet, shy, and introverted most of the time, but with friends she is very talkative, loud, and extroverted. Attitudes and Actions 74-2 Attitudes & Actions 74-2 Attitude is a belief and feeling that predisposes a person to respond in a particular way to objects, other people, and events. If we believe a person is mean, we may feel dislike for the person and act in an unfriendly manner. Actions Can Affect Attitudes 74-2 Not only do people stand for what they believe in (attitude), they start believing in what they stand for (attitudes can follow behavior). Cooperative actions can lead to mutual liking (beliefs). Foot-in-the-Door Phenomenon 74-2 The tendency for people who have first agreed to a small request to comply later with a larger request. In the Korean War, Chinese communists solicited cooperation from US army prisoners by asking them to carry out small errands. By complying to small errands they were likely to later comply to larger ones. Role Playing Affects Attitudes 74-2 Philip Zimbardo assigned the roles of guards and prisoners to random students and found that guards and prisoners developed roleappropriate attitudes. Stanford University 1971 Abu Ghraib Prison, Iraq 2004 74-2 Actions Can Affect Attitudes 74-2 • Why do actions affect attitudes? • One explanation is that when our attitudes and actions are opposed, we experience tension. This is called cognitive dissonance. • To relieve ourselves of this tension we bring our attitudes closer to our actions.