Download Chapter 22-‐ Descendant with Modification

Chapter 22-­‐ Descendant with Modification: A Darwinian View of Life Define the terms below: -­‐ Evolution -­‐ Descent with Modification -­‐ Taxonomy -­‐ Binomial Format for naming species (give example) -­‐ Strata -­‐ Fossils -­‐ Paleontology -­‐ Adaptation -­‐ Natural selection -­‐ Unity of Life -­‐ Diversity of Life -­‐ Artificial Selection -­‐ Homology -­‐ Homologous Structures -­‐ Evolutionary trees -­‐ Convergent Evolution -­‐ Analogous -­‐ Biogeography -­‐ Pangaea -­‐ Evolution can be viewed as both a pattern and a process. Define this sentence (please read some explanation I put below to clarify this term): Evolutionary processes give rise to diversity at every level of biological organisation, including species, individual organisms and molecules such as DNA and proteins. Adaptation is the evolutionary process whereby an organism becomes better able to live in its habitat. For example, the adaptation of horses' teeth to the grinding of grass. By using the term adaptation for the evolutionary process and adaptive trait for the product (the bodily part or function), the two senses of the word may be distinguished. Which of course we all know adaptations (in the other word evolutionary process) are produced by natural selection. The purpose of this evolutionary process (adaptation) is to give rise to the “final product”, which is an organism with adaptive trait (fit to its environment). Evolutionary pattern (developmental pattern) of the organism enables or enhances the probability of that organism surviving and reproducing. Evolutionary patterns of biodiversity have been shaped both by speciation and by extinction. Evolutionary patterns can be observed across species in populations, through fossil transitions in palaeontology, and even complex cellular mechanisms in developmental biology. -­‐ Aristole-­‐-­‐-­‐Believed and proposed Species are fixed since god made them in the best form they can be -­‐
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Linnaeus-­‐-­‐-­‐was the founder of Taxonomy Cuvier, the French scientist, proposed catastrophism idea. Speculating that each boundary between strata represents a catastrophe Hutton and Lyells idea was so much closer to Darwins ideas. These two scientists believed that changes on Earth’s surface can be result from slow continuous actions, which still operating today. So they did not believe in the Fixed Species hypothesis, which was the dominant belief those days. Lamark, Believed in evolution HOWEVER he thought species evolve through use and disuse of body parts and the inheritance of acquired characteristics. (HE NEVER COULD SUPPORT HIS IDEAS THROUGH REAL EVIDENCE) What was Darwins First books name? The Origin of Species. What did Darwin do during the 5 years voyage on the Beagle? . Collected specimens of South American plants and animals . He observed that fossils resembled living species from the same region . He also observed the living species resembled other species from nearby regions . He observed the uplift of rocks when he experienced an earthquake in Chile How did Darwin came to the idea that earth should be older than 6000 years? Darwin Hypothesized that “species from South America had colonized the Galápagos and speciated on the islands”. What were the evidence that Darwin came up with this famous hypothesis? What are the MOST IMPORTANT THREE OBSERVATIONS that Darwin brought in his book (The Origin Of Species)? 1) Unity 2) Diversity 3) Match between organisms and their environment Which phrase Darwin used instead of using “Evolution”? Descent With Modification Explain what this phrase (Descent With Modification) refer to? Why Darwin used this Phrase to describe evolution? Human is so wonderful and great!!!! However can we interfere with the process of evolution?? Is that good or bad? Darwin drew two IMPORTANT inferences from two IMPORTANT observations. Please know what the observations were? Also know what the inferences were from those observation. Look below: Observation 1: Individuals in a population vary in their heritable characteristics. Observation 2: Organisms produce more offspring than the environment can support. Inference1: Individuals that are well suited to their environment tend to leave more offspring than other individuals. Inference2: Over time, favorable traits accumulate in the population. -­‐
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Does the environment changes over time result in adaptation to new conditions? Explain how by using the inferences explained in the previous question. Give Example Also explain whether the environmental change can give rise to new species? How and why? Give example individuals do not evolve; populations evolve over time. Adaptations vary with different environments. Why? Give examples. Natural selection can only increase or decrease heritable traits that vary in a population. Is it a true statement? Please explain and give example. To give you a hint for this question I want you to think about that “Is it possible that through Natural selection the organism come up with a total brand new trait that NEVER existed before”? Read and understand the example of Soapberry bugs use their “beak” to feed on “Different” seeds within fruits. Read and understand the example of the evolution of Drug-­‐resistant Bacteria. Homologies at the molecular level are _____________ shared among organisms inherited from a common ancestor (answer is GENE) Comparative embryology reveals anatomical homologies not visible in adult organisms. How can you explain it? (Hint: Unity) Evolutionary trees can be made based on different data. Give example that what kind of data can be used to make evolutionary trees? Define Convergent Evolution and give an example. Why Convergent evolution does not provide information about ancestry? Explain Fossil records provide what kind of evidence for us? 1-­‐ Extinction of species 2-­‐ The origin of new groups 3-­‐ Changes within groups over time So last but not lease I want to answer the question: What is the Theory of Darwin’s View of Life? (hint: You answered it in different questions you have been asked in this review!!) PLEASE LEARN THE MATERIALS IN DEPTH SO CHANGES IN WORDING OF QUESTIONS DO NOT CONFUSE YOU. J