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Transcript
Ecology Notes 102 Jacobs/Ebener Ecology The study of interactions between organisms and their environment Select one thing in the picture and remove it. What would change? Compare biotic and abiotic factors Biotic factors: all organisms inhabiting the environment, adapted to its particular part of the world Abiotic factors: nonliving parts of the environment, can determine which species survive Biotic Abiotic Carefully observe the picture below and list the abiotic factors and biotic factors you see Compare: niche & habitat Niche: the unique role an organism plays in a community, its “job” , unique to individual Habitat: place where an organism lives Three species of Warblers and their niches Cape May Warbler Feeds at the tips of branches near the top of the tree Bay-Breasted Warbler Feeds in the middle part of the tree Yellow-Rumped Warbler Feeds in the lower part of the tree and at the bases of the middle branches Compare the types of feeding relationships oAutotrophs (producers): self-feeders; produce own food; example: plants oHeterotrophs (consumers): depend on others for food herbivore oHerbivore: eat only plants oCarnivore: eat only meat oOmnivore: eat both plants and meat What are you? omnivore carnivore oDecomposers: break down and absorbs nutrients from dead organisms (Ex: fungi and bacteria) oDetritivores: feed on dead material called detritus (AKA scavengers) Ecology Notes Compare Food chains, food webs and energy pyramids o Food Chains: model showing movement of energy through ecosystem using arrows to show “what eats what” oTrophic levels: oPrimary consumer: eat plants oSecondary: eats primary oTertiary (3rd): eats secondary Label the parts of the food chain on your notes! oFood web: more complicated than chains, shows more than one food source for each organism o Energy pyramids: show decreasing amounts of energy, biomass, and number of individuals as you move up the pyramid Describe limiting factors and natural selection oLimiting factor: factor that restricts life, reproduction, or distribution of organisms; Ex: food, temperature, water, etc. oNatural selection : survival of the fittest; those species that are better able to survive in their environment will pass on their genes to offspring which in turn will be better able to survive oAfter long periods of time, may lead to changes in organism SUCCESSION AND HUMAN IMPACT Identify the types of resources • Natural resources: part of natural environment, Ex: soil, water, crops, oil, gas, wildlife • Renewable resources: replaced or recycled by natural processes (biodegradable) Ex: plants and animals • Nonrenewable resources: available in limited amounts, Ex: fossil fuels Environmental Changes • Pollution: air, water, noise • Global Warming: Earth’s atmosphere heating up due to trapped gases (fossil fuels) – Ex: Arctic, where rising temperatures and melting ice are dramatically changing the region’s unique landscapes and wildlife • Acid Rain: transformation of sulphur dioxide (SO2) secondary pollutants such as sulphuric acid • Ozone Hole: Ozone shields us from damaging UV sunlight. Ozone is affected by Chlorofluorocarbons (CFC) • Greenhouse Effect: Earth's atmosphere contains trace gases, some of which absorb heat. • water vapor, carbon dioxide, methane, ozone, and nitrous oxide = "greenhouse gases." • Extinction: a species no longer exists Describe factors that affect population size Predation: predators limit number of prey; pick out old, sick, young Competition: compete for resources; water, food, living space, mates Parasitism/disease Environmental changes: pollution, thermal warming, unfit water all affect population size May cause species to become threatened(rapid decline) or endangered (extinction possible) Describe population growth Exponential growth: occurs when number of individuals increases rapidly; produces Jshaped curve on graph Logistical (linear) growth: S-shaped curve; shows steady growth; slows after populations reach carrying capacity Describe carrying capacity Carrying capacity: the number of individuals that an environment can support # of yeast cells Limits the population size Affected by temperature, food supply, reproduction, hunting, etc. Time in hours Describe succession Succession: changes that take place in a community. Primary: occurs where no soil existed; creates new colonies; pioneer species move in; continues to grow until limiting factors become too great Secondary: disturbance of some kind changes existing community; “old” species die and new species move in; associated with natural disasters SYMBIOSIS Symbiosis: a relationship between two organisms oCommensalism: one species benefits and the other is not affected (ramoras that live on sharks) oMutualism: both species benefit (tickbirds eat parasites off rhinos) oParasitism: one benefits and the other is harmed (heartworms infecting a dog’s heart) Select 2 of these examples and explain what type of symbiosis they exhibit. 2 1 4 3 5 6 7 CYCLES IN 182-183 Biogeochemical Cycles Energy flows in ONE direction Matter is RECYCLED within an ecosystem and between ecosystems Law of Conservation - Matter cannot be created or destroyed, it only changes forms Biogeochemical cycle - matter is passed from one organism to another and from one part of the biosphere to another Nutrient Cycles • Unlike the one way flow of energy through a biosphere, matter is recycled within and between ecosystems. • All of the chemical substances required to live • Nutrients are recycled through the biogeochemical cycles which include - Water cycle – pg 46 in textbook – Carbon cycle – pg 47 in textbook – Nitrogen cycle – pg 48 in textbook – Phosphorus cycle – pg 49 in textbook WATER CYCLE Ground water, transpiration (from plants), evaporation (from bodies of water), precipitation (from clouds) CARBON CYCLE • Biological Processes: Photosynthesis, Respiration, Decomposition of plants and animals produce and use CO2 • Geochemical: release of CO2 gas by volcanoes • Mixed BioGeoChem • Fossil fuels: Burial of carbon rich remains and their conversion to coal and petroleum • Human activity (mining, burning, fossil fuels, cutting/ burning forests) • • NITROGEN CYCLE All organisms need nitrogen for amino acids; nitrogen (N2) makes up 78% of the atmosphere N2 is not usable by plants - it must be “fixed” by bacteria. Nitrogen fixation - converting nitrogen gas into usable form of nitrogen (ammonium nitrates) When organisms die, nitrogen returns to the soil as ammonia. Other bacteria convert nitrogen back to nitrogen gas (denitrification) that is released into the atmosphere. Phosphorus Cycle • Phosphorus is an important part of DNA and RNA but uncommon in biosphere (remains mostly in rock, soil, ocean sediments) • Plants absorb Phosphorus from soil and H2O and bind phosphate into organic compounds (nucleic acids) which move through the food web •