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The Learning Approach History and Context •Behaviourism arose from the dissatisfaction with the psychodynamic approach to psychology. •The psychodynamic approach had emphasis on the invisible and untestable unconscious, and lacked the scientific rigor of physics and chemistry at the start of the 20th Century. •John B. Watson said the methods used by Freud and Wundt were unscientific •In 1913 Watson published ‘Psychology as the Behaviourist Views It’ •Watson said we should observe and measure behaviour instead of mental states – too much emphasis on instincts, but he didn’t deny that these existed Classical Conditioning Classical Conditioning: association between a neutral stimulus and an unconditioned stimulus to produce a response Key Study: Ivan Pavlov (1927) When Pavlov presented the dogs with food they began to salivate – an unconditioned response. Pavlov presented a neutral stimulus to dogs (a bell or buzzer) and it produced no response. Pavlov presented the two together several times, and eventually the sound of the bell alone made the dogs salivate – a conditioned response. Pavlov was awarded a Nobel Prize for his work in 1904. Watson and his colleague Rayner also carried out an experiment investigating classical conditioning using an infant ‘Little Albert’. Albert was 10 months old and showed little fear, the only thing that frightened him and made him cry was loud noises. Watson conditioned Albert to be afraid of his pet rat by pairing it with a loud noise. After a while, Albert would cry whenever he saw the rat. Operant Conditioning Operant Conditioning: learning through consequences such as reward and punishment Key Study: Skinner (1953) Skinner created a box (Skinner box) in which a hungry animal could be put inside and which contained a button that could be pressed to release food. A rat was placed inside the box and allowed to roam freely (so its actions were operant – not reflexive) Eventually it would press the lever and receive food. The rat learned that pressing the button gave it the reward (positive reinforcement) of food and thus the lever was pressed more often. Skinner also changed the lever to make it stop an unpleasant stimulus, (negative reinforcement) which also led to a increase in leverpressing, and made the lever deliver a punishment, which led to a decrease. Social Learning Theory Albert Bandura et al. conducted a study which identified a third kind of learning – social learning. This is learning through imitation and modelling. Key Study: Bandura, Ross and Ross (1961/63) Bandura et al. studied 72 children, half boys, half girls aged 4 and split them into three conditions. Condition 1: Children were taken into a room with crayons and paper to play with. An experimenter came in and kicked, punched and hit an inflatable “Bobo doll” with a mallet for 10 minutes. Condition 2: The experimenter just played with other toys and did not show aggression towards the doll. Condition 3: A control group, no experimenter came in. The children were then taken to a room with attractive toys and were told they couldn’t play with them. They were then taken to a third room with ordinary toys and a Bobo doll. They were filmed for 20 minutes. When analysing the film, Bandura et al. found that the children in condition 1, who had seen the adult model be violent towards the doll, showed higher levels of aggressive behaviour than any other children. Contribution of the learning approach •Classical conditioning can help explain phobias, and can also help treat them using systematic desensitisation •Systematic desensitisation is a method used to treat phobias based on counter-conditioning – the phobia is paired with something relaxing •Siegel (1984) found that drug addicts are much more likely to die of an overdose in an unfamiliar environment. This is because your body does not associate that environment with drugs, and therefore does not prepare. •Social learning theory is used to explain many things such as food preferences, eating disorders, addictions, and gender roles.