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Transcript
Social Psychology The study of how people are influenced by the presence of others. Social Psychology A textbook definition: The scientific study of how we think about, influence, and relate to one another. Introduction Three areas of study in social psychology 1. Social Cognition: the ways people think about others 2. Social Influence: how the presence of others influences the thoughts, behavior and feelings of a person. 3. Social Interaction: the relationships and interactions between people Introduction Module 74 is about Social Cognition 1. Social Cognition: the ways people think about others • Attribution • How attitudes affect actions • How actions affect attitudes • Cognitive Dissonance Attribution Theory: the theory that we can explain someone’s behavior by crediting either the situation or the person’s disposition. Attribution: The process of explaining the reason behind a person’s behavior: your own or someone else’s. Dispositional Situational (internal) (external) “He’s such a careless driver. He never watches out for other cars.” “He probably got caught in some bad traffic, and then he was late for a meeting.” Fundamental Attribution Error Fundamental Attribution Error: the tendency to overestimate the influence of a person’s disposition when determining their behavior while overestimating situational factors in your own behavior. Teacher says: This student is lazy (Disposition) Student says: I had to work late yesterday. (Situation) Fundamental Attribution Error Fundamental Attribution Error: the tendency to overestimate the influence of a person’s disposition for positive behavior while overestimating situational factors in negative behavior. Attitude and Actions Attitudes: feelings, often influenced by our beliefs, that predispose us to respond in a particular way to people, events, or objects Attitude and Actions Components of Attitudes Cognitive (beliefs) Affective (feelings) Behavior (actions) I think jazz music is better than any other kind of music. I like jazz music; it's fun and uplifting. I buy jazz music CDs & MP3s every chance I get. Attitude and Actions Since attitudes affect actions, people put effort into trying to persuade other’s attitudes. Persuasion: Attempt to change another’s attitude via argument, explanation, etc. Attitude and Actions Since attitudes affect actions, people put effort into trying to persuade other’s attitudes. This can happen on a personal level, or it may take the form of public policy. Persuasion can happen in one of two forms: • Peripheral Route Persuasion • Central Route Persuasion Attitude and Actions Since attitudes affect actions, people put effort into trying to persuade other’s attitudes. This can happen on a personal level, or it may take the form of public policy. Persuasion can happen in one of two forms: • Peripheral Route Persuasion: This technique does not involve systematic thinking. People are influenced by incidental cues such as endorsements by famous or attractive people, the way the speaker is dressed, etc. Attitude and Actions • Central Route Persuasion: Offers evidence and arguments aimed to trigger thoughts favorable to the issue. 2011 Attitude and Actions • Central Route Persuasion: Offers evidence and arguments aimed to trigger thoughts favorable to the issue. 2013 Attitude and Actions • Central Route Persuasion: Offers evidence and arguments aimed to trigger thoughts favorable to the issue. 2011 Attitude and Actions • Central Route Persuasion: Offers evidence and arguments aimed to trigger thoughts favorable to the issue. 2013 Attitude and Actions • Central Route Persuasion: Offers evidence and arguments aimed to trigger thoughts favorable to the issue. 2011 Attitude and Actions • Central Route Persuasion: Offers evidence and arguments aimed to trigger thoughts favorable to the issue. 2013 Attitude and Actions Can you think of examples where attitudes have affected action? • In your personal life? • In your family? • At school? • In society? Attitude and Actions Not only do attitudes affect actions, but actions affect attitudes. Cooperative actions, such as those performed by people on sports teams, feed mutual liking. Such attitudes, in turn, promote positive behavior. Attitude and Actions Techniques for action-changing: • Foot-in-the-door technique: The tendency for people who have first agreed to a small request to comply later with a larger one • Door-in-the-face technique: Make a large request that is rejected, followed by a smaller one that is accepted • Norm of reciprocity: If someone does something for you, you feel obligated to do something for them. • Lowball technique: make a commitment, then experience additional other costs • That’s-not-all technique Attitude and Actions Have you ever found yourself in a situation where your attitudes and actions don’t match? What happens? When they don’t match, we experience cognitive dissonance. Attitude and Actions Cognitive dissonance: Discomfort arising when one’s thoughts and behaviors do not correspond Lessening cognitive dissonance: •Change the conflicting behavior •Change the conflicting attitude •Form a new attitude to justify the behavior “I am a good, loyal friend.” “I repeated gossip about my friend Chris.” Attitude and Actions Role playing affects attitudes. • A role is a set of expectations (norms) about a social position, defining how those in the position ought to behave. • What roles do you currently fill? • How do you act in those roles? What expectations are there of your behavior? • Famous role-playing simulation in 1972: Stanford Prison simulation Video 13:40 Attitude and Actions The attitudes-follow-behavior principle has an encouraging implication: We may not be able to directly control our feelings, but we can influence them by altering our behavior. Changing your behavior can change how you think about others and how you feel about yourself.