Download Learning Habituation Mere Exposure Effect Behavioral Learning

Learning
Classic Conditioning
Habituation
Neutral Stimulus
Mere Exposure Effect
Unconditioned Stimulus (UCS)
Behavioral Learning
Unconditioned Response (UCR)
Conditioned Stimulus (CS)
Acquisition
A form of behavioral learning in which a
previously neutral stimulus acquires the power to
elicit the same innate reflex produced by another
stimulus.
A lasting change in behavior or mental processes
that result from experience.
Any stimulus that produced no conditioned
response prior to learning. When it is brought into
a conditioning experiment, the researcher will call
it a conditioned stimulus (CS).
Learning not to respond to the repeated
presentation of a stimulus.
In classical conditioning, the stimulus that elicits
an unconditioned response.
A learned preference for stimuli to which we have
been previously exposed.
In classical conditioning, the response elicited by
an unconditioned stimulus without prior learning.
Forms of learning such as classical conditioning
and operant conditioning, that can be described in
terms of stimuli and responses.
The initial learning stage in classical conditioning,
during which the conditioned response comes to be
elicited by the conditioned stimulus.
In classical conditioning a previously neutral
stimulus that comes to elicit the conditioned
response.
Conditioned Response (CR)
Experimental Neurosis
Extinction (in classical conditioning)
Taste-aversion Learning
Spontaneous Recovery
Operant
Stimulus Generalization
Operant Conditioning
Reinforcer
Law of Effect
A pattern of erratic behavior resulting from a
demanding discrimination learning task, typically
one that involves aversive stimuli.
In classical conditioning a response elicited by a
previously neutral stimulus that has become
associated with the unconditioned stimulus.
A biological tendency in which an organism learns
after a single experience to avoid a food with a
certain taste, if eating it is followed by illness.
The weakening of a conditioned response in the
absence of an unconditioned stimulus.
An observable, voluntary behavior that an
organism emits to “operate” on, or have an effect
on, the environment.
The reappearance of an extinguished conditioned
response after a time delay.
A form of behavioral learning in which the
probability of a response is changed by its
consequences- that is, by the stimuli that follow the
response.
The extension of a learned response to a stimuli
that are similar to the conditioned stimulus.
The idea that responses that produced desirable
results would be learned, or “stamped” into the
organism.
A condition (involving either the presentation or
removal of a stimulus) that occurs after a response
and strengthens that response.
Positive Reinforcement
Shaping
Negative Reinforcement
Intermittent Reinforcement
Operant Chamber
Extinction (in operant conditioning)
Reinforcement Contingencies
Schedules of Reinforcement
Interval Schedule
Ration Schedule
An operant learning technique in which a new
behavior is produced by reinforcing responses that
are similar to the desired response.
A stimulus presented after a response and
increasing the probability of that response
happening again.
A type of reinforcement schedule by which some,
but not all, correct responses are reinforced; also
called partial reinforcement.
The removal of an unpleasant or aversion
stimulus, contingent on a particular behavior.
Compare with punishment.
A process by which a response that has been
learned is weakened by the absence or removal of
reinforcement. (Compare with extinction in
classical conditioning).
A boxlike apparatus that can be programmed to
deliver reinforcers and punishers contingent on an
animal’s behavior. The operant chamber is often
called a “skinner box.”
Programs specifying the frequency and timing of
reinforcements.
Relationships between a response in stimulation
that follow the response.
A program by which reinforcement depends on the A program by which reinforcement depends on the
number of correct responses.
time interval elapsed since the last reinforcement.
Fixed Ratio (FR) Schedules
Primary Reinforcers
Variable Ratio (VR) Schedules
Conditioned Reinforcers or Secondary Reinforcers
Fixed Intervals (FI) Schedules
Token Economy
Variable Interval (VI) Schedules
Premack Principle
Positive Punishment
Punishment
Reinforcers, such as food and sex, that have an
by which reinforcement is contingent on
innate basis because of their biological value to an Programs
a
certain,
unvarying number of responses.
organism.
Stimuli such as money or tokens, that acquire the Reinforcement programs by which the number of
reinforcing power by a learned association with responses required for a reinforcement varies from
primary reinforcers.
trial to trial.
A therapeutic method based on operant
conditioning, by which individuals are rewarded
with tokens which act as secondary reinforcers.
The tokens can be redeemed for a variety of
rewards and privileges.
Programs by which reinforcement is contingent on
a certain, fixed time period.
The concept developed by David Premack, that a
more preferred activity can be used to reinforce a
less-preferred activity.
Programs by which the time period between
reinforcements varies from trial to trial.
An aversive stimulus which, occurring after a
response, diminishes the strength of that response.
(Compare with negative reinforcement.)
The application of an aversive stimulus after a
response.
Omission Training (negative punishment)
Insight Learning
Cognitive Map
Observational Learning
Long-term Potentiation
A biological process, involving physical changes
that strengthen the synapses in groups of nerve
cells, which is believed to be the neural basis of
learning.
The removal of an appetitive stimulus after a
response, leading to a decrease in behavior.
A form of cognitive learning, originally described
by the Gesalt psychologists, in which problem
solving occurs by means of a sudden
reorganization of perceptions.
A mental representation of physical space.
A form of cognitive learning in which new
responses are acquired after watching others’
behavior and the consequence of their behavior.