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Unit 11 Evolution 114 Population Evolution Notes Draw 115 EQ: Genetic Mutation Summary NBpg. 114 Slide 1 of 3 Genetic Mutations EQ: How does genetic mutation affect evolution? Create Q1 The two main sources of genetic variation are mutations and gene shuffling. A mutation is any change in a sequence of DNA. (CGA to GGA, then the codon changes) Gene shuffling occurs during the production of gametes in sexual reproduction. (Chromosomes crossing-over during meiosis) NBpg. 114 Slide 2 of 3 Genetic Mutations Genetic mutation continually produces variations among individuals with a species. Create Q2 Without a constant supply of mutations evolution would stop Read Genetic Mutations A mutation could cause parents with genes for bright green coloration to have offspring with a gene for brown coloration. That would make the genes for brown beetles more frequent in the population. NBpg. 114 Slide 3 of 3 Genetic Mutations To understand evolution, genetic variation is studied in populations. Create Q3 • A population is defined as a group of individuals of the same species that interbreed. • Members of a population share a common group of genes, called a gene pool. Create Q4 • A gene pool consists of all the genes, including all the different alleles, that are present in the population. • The relative frequency of an allele is the # of times that allele occurs in a gene pool, compared with the # of times other genes occur. Summary Write first line Natural selection acts on individuals. Evolution acts on populations. Natural selection acting on individuals, leads to the evolution of populations. NBpg. 115 Slide 1 of 4 Population Evolution Migration also contributes to genetic variation Individuals immigrating into a population bring new alleles with them. This causes a change in allele frequencies in a population. Read: Some individuals from a population of brown beetles might have joined a population of green beetles. That would make the genes for brown beetles more frequent in the green beetle population. NBpg. 115 Slide 2 of 4 Population Evolution Genetic Drift: random change in allele frequency. In small populations, alleles can become more or less common simply by chance. Read: Imagine that in one generation, two brown beetles happened to have four offspring survive to reproduce. Several green beetles were killed when someone stepped on them. The next generation would have a few more brown beetles than the previous generation — but just by chance. NBpg. 115 Slide 3 of 4 Population Evolution \ The Bottleneck Effectnonselective population reductions due to disasters. NBpg. 115 Slide 4 of 4 Population Evolution The Founder Effect -The colonization of a new habitat by a small group (founders) of individuals -due to migration. The genes (alleles) of the founder community are disproportional to the rest of the population. An real example of the founder effect: The Amish community has a high concentration of individuals with Polydactyly because they have isolated themselves. They are the “founders”.