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Chapter 16 Psycho! Psychological Disorders Psychological Disorder a “harmful dysfunction” in which behavior is judged to be: maladaptive--harmful unjustifiable--sometimes there’s a good reason disturbing--varies with time and culture atypical--not enough in itself Historical Perspective Perceived Causes movements of sun or moon lunacy--full moon evil spirits Ancient Treatments exorcism, caged like animals, beaten, burned, castrated, mutilated, blood replaced with animal’s blood Psychological Disorders Medical Model concept that diseases have physical causes can be diagnosed, treated, and in most cases, cured assumes that these “mental” illnesses can be diagnosed on the basis of their symptoms and cured through therapy, which may include treatment in a psychiatric hospital Psychological Disorders Bio-Psycho-Social Perspective assumes that biological, sociocultural, and psychological factors combine and interact to produce psychological disorders Psychological Disorders--Etiology DSM-IV American Psychiatric Association’s Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (Fourth Edition) a widely used system for classifying psychological disorders presently distributed as DSM-IV-TR (text revision) Psychological Disorders- Etiology Neurotic Disorder (term seldom used now) usually distressing but that allows one to think rationally and function socially Psychotic Disorder person loses contact with reality experiences irrational ideas and distorted perceptions Anxiety Disorders Anxiety Disorders distressing, persistent anxiety or maladaptive behaviors that reduce anxiety Generalized Anxiety Disorder person is tense, apprehensive, and in a state of autonomic nervous system arousal Anxiety Disorders Panic Disorder marked by a minutes-long episode of intense dread in which a person experiences terror and accompanying chest pain, choking, or other frightening sensation Anxiety Disorders Phobia persistent, irrational fear of a specific object or situation Agoraphobia: Fear of situations the person views as difficult to escape from. Fear of leaving one’s home or room in the house Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder unwanted repetitive thoughts (obsessions) and/or actions (compulsions) Anxiety Disorders Mood Disorders Mood Disorders characterized by emotional extremes Major Depressive Disorder a mood disorder in which a person, for no apparent reason, experiences two or more weeks of depressed moods, feelings of worthlessness, and diminished interest or pleasure in most activities Mood Disorders Manic Episode/Disorder a mood disorder marked by a hyperactive, wildly optimistic state Bipolar Disorder a mood disorder in which the person alternates between the hopelessness and lethargy of depression and the overexcited state of mania formerly called manic-depressive disorder Mood Disorders Dysthymic Disorder Dysthymia is a chronic type of depression in which a person's moods are regularly low. However, symptoms are not as severe as with major depression. Mood DisordersDepression The vicious cycle of depression can be broken at any point Dissociative Disorders Dissociative Disorders conscious awareness becomes separated (dissociated) from previous memories, thoughts, and feelings Dissociative Identity Disorder rare dissociative disorder in which a person exhibits two or more distinct and alternating personalities formerly called multiple personality disorder Dissociative Disorders Dissociative Amnesia selective memory loss often brought on by extreme stress Dissociative Fugue flight from one’s home and identity accompanies amnesia Schizophrenia Schizophrenia literal translation “split mind” a group of severe disorders characterized by: disorganized and delusional thinking disturbed perceptions inappropriate emotions and actions Schizophrenia Delusions false beliefs, often of persecution or grandeur, that may accompany psychotic disorders Hallucinations sensory experiences without sensory stimulation Schizophrenia Personality Disorders Personality Disorders disorders characterized by inflexible and enduring behavior patterns that impair social functioning usually without anxiety, depression, or delusions Narcissistic personality disorder Narcissistic personality disorder is a condition in which people have an excessive sense of self-importance, an extreme preoccupation with themselves, and lack of empathy for others. Personality Disorders Dependent Personality Disorder Behave in clingy, submissive ways and displays a strong need to have others take care of them Paranoid Personality Disorder Shows deep distrust of other people, which gets in the way of personal relationships Different than paranoid schizophrenia Avoidant Personality Disorder So sensitive about being rejected that personal relationships become difficult Personality Disorders Borderline Personality Disorder Exhibit instability of emotions, self-image, behavior, and relationships Antisocial Personality Disorder disorder in which the person (usually men) exhibits a lack of conscience for wrongdoing, even toward friends and family members may be aggressive and ruthless or a clever con artist Schizoid Personality Disorder Is detached from social relationships Are true hermits, preferring life alone and avoiding intimate interactions at all costs Somatoform Disorders Symptoms suggest a physical disorder Symptoms cannot adequately be explained physiologically Symptoms are often (but not always) described in dramatic ways Other disorders, such as anxiety disorders, mood disorders, and personality disorders, often co-exist Somatoform Disorders Somatoform Disorders Include: Conversion Pain and Hypochondriasis Body Dysmorphic Disorder Conversion Disorder Physical symptoms suggesting neurological problems Sensory impairment: Any modality Paresthesias and paralysis (demonstrate) Sudden onset, sudden termination, sudden reappearance Mostly women; men in combat Often misdiagnosed: Overpathologized Pain Disorder Main symptom is pain May be exacerbated by psychosocial factors May be maintained by gain Primary gain Secondary gain Hypochondriasis No physical symptoms are necessary Preoccupied with the possibility that normal sensations are symptoms of serious disease Frequent visits to physicians Persists despite medical reassurance Over-report bodily sensations Body Dysmorphic Disorder Excessive concern with real or imagined defects in appearance, especially facial marks or features. Frequent visits to plastic surgeons Culturally-influenced, but not culturebound May be a symptom of more pervasive disorders: Obsessive-compulsive or delusional disorder, for example. Body Dysmorphic Disorder Childhood Disorders These disorders are developed in the childhood Childhood disorders can be caused by a combination of many factors. Being aware and seeking treatment for these conditions is critical because if treated effectively, they can live a good, healthy adulthood. Childhood Disorders Oppositional Defiant Disorder Oppositional defiant disorder is a pattern of disobedient, hostile, and defiant behavior toward authority figures ADD/ADHD ADD- Attention Deficit Disorder ADHD- Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder Technically, ADD is more common, it is possible to have just ADD, but it isn’t possible to just have ADHD ADD/ ADHD Symptoms ADHD is common in children and teens, but adults also can have ADHD The two main symptoms of ADHD include inattention and/or hyperactivity. Inattention difficulty paying attention to details and tendency to make careless mistakes; easily distracted difficulty finishing tasks, good deal of procrastination Hyperactivity fidgeting, squirming when seated getting up frequently to walk or run around; has difficult staying quite and still Effects of ADD/ADHD Physical (due to emotional stress, leads to): headaches stomach/back aches pains in the hands/ legs Psychological: aggressive or violent behavior withdrawal, anxiety and depression low self-esteem Autism Autism is a complex neurobiological disorder that typically lasts throughout a person's lifetime 1 in 150 individuals is diagnosed with autism, making it more common than pediatric cancer, diabetes, and AIDS combined It occurs in all racial, ethnic, and social groups and is four times more likely to strike boys than girls Symptoms of Autism Three Common Symptoms are: Social interactions and relationships Significant problems developing nonverbal communication skills, such as eye-to-eye gazing, facial expressions, and body posture. Verbal and nonverbal communication Delay in, or lack of, learning to talk. As many as 40% of people with autism never speak Limited interests in activities or play An unusual focus on pieces or parts on something Effects of Autism Physical: appear physically normal and have good muscle control odd repetitive motions cause a stressful surrounding environment Psychological: inherent emotional differences in autistic people, way think of things. love of patterns and predictability, decreased need for interaction differences due to lack of social communication of emotions