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KEY Name: ______________________ Science 10 Block: _________ Unit Review – Ecology 1. Fill in the blank spaces in the following concept map. Use the terms that are listed at the bottom of the page. land sustainable practices in ________________ resource and ________________ use in species result from a process natural selection called ________________ extinction ________________ can occur if species fail to adapt changes to ________________ in their environment restoration protection and ________________ adaptations primary succession ________________ (from bare rock to forest) sustainability continual changes over time is threatened by habitat ________________ loss caused by deforestation ________________ biodiversity natural changes can result in Ecosystem secondary succession ________________ interactions is necessary for healthy ________________ ecosystems nutrients energy flow stored are ________________ and exchanged cycles nutrient ________________ move nitrogen carbon, ________________, and phosphorous ________________ through ecosystems food webs food chains and ________________ producers ________________ and consumers (following a forest fire or flood) human-caused changes can result in deforestation ________________ abiotic ________________ interactions (physical and chemical) habitat loss ________________ invasive species ________________ biotic ________________ interactions (species, populations, community) bioaccumulation ________________ trophic ecological ________________ levels and ________________ pyramids Choose from these terms. One term will be used twice. abiotic bioaccumulation biotic changes cycles deforestation ecological extinction food webs habitat habitat loss healthy invasive species land natural selection nitrogen phosphorus primary succession producers resource restoration secondary succession stored trophic 2. True/False Plus: State whether each of the following is true or false. If it is false, change the underlined word or phrase to make it true. T a) A biome is the largest division of the biosphere. T b) A population refers to all the members of a particular species within an ecosystem. predation or parasitism F c) In commensalism, one species is harmed and the other species benefits. least F d) The top carnivores in a food chain have the most energy because the amount of energy decreases available to organisms increases from trophic level to trophic level. T e) The amount of available energy decreases at each higher trophic level. Nutrients only F f) Nutrients and energy can be recycled in an ecosystem. T g) Plants make their own food mainly from a gas. the land and the biotic components of ecosystems. F h) Phosphorus cycles between the atmosphere, the land, and the biotic components of ecosystems. nutrients F i) Decomposers release some energy that is cycled back to plants. T j) In an ecosystem, a mature community naturally changes over time. 3. Identify the biome described in each statement below. a) This biome has permafrost, a short growing season, and no trees. tundra b) This biome has a dry climate, and its daily and seasonal temperatures fluctuate greatly. desert c) This biome is generally found in the interiors of continents. grassland d) The dominant vegetation in this biome includes lichens, mosses, and small shrubs. tundra 4. e) This biome has the least seasonal variation in climate. tropical rainforest f) The main vegetation in this biome is coniferous trees. boreal forest Match each description with the appropriate term from the list on the left: D A division of the biosphere in which abiotic components interact with ____ biotic components. E Groups of individuals that belong to the same species and live in the ____ same area. ____ C A single living thing. A Different populations that interact within an ecosystem ____ B A group of organisms so similar to one another that they can mate ____ and produce offspring that can reproduce. A. community B. species C. organism D. ecosystem E. population 5. Identify each of the following biotic interactions: a) An ant species feeds on the sweet-tasting chemicals produced by a caterpillar species. The ants vigorously protect the caterpillars and carry them to their nests at night for safety. mutualism b) An agouti (a type of rodent) feeds on the seed pods of the Brazil nut tree by prying the grapefruit-sized pods open with its extremely strong teeth. The agouti also buries some seeds far away from the parent tree, which then germinate and form the next mutualism generation of trees. c) A whip worm lives in the large intestine of a dog and causes the dog to lose mass. parasitism d) A salamander uses its sticky tongue to capture an insect. predation e) A fungus provides moisture from the soil to a tree’s root system, which prevents the roots from drying out. The tree provides sugars and starches to the fungus, which the mutualism fungus uses for food. 6. Use an example to explain how energy flows through an ecosystem. The answer should reflect the flow of energy from the Sun to producers to primary consumer to secondary consumers and then top consumers. 7. Describe how a carbon atom moves through the carbon cycle. In your answer, use the following terms: atmosphere, producers, calcium carbonate, cellular respiration, decomposers, dissolved organic matter, consumers, bacteria, green plants, marine sediments, sedimentary rock. Sample answer: Starting out in the atmosphere as carbon dioxide, the carbon atom enters the leaf and through photosynthesis becomes part of a carbohydrate molecule in a green plant. The plant is eaten by an animal and becomes part of the muscle protein. When the organism dies, decomposers such as bacteria break down the animal tissue and through cellular respiration the carbon dioxide is returned to the atmosphere. Through photosynthesis of marine algae, the carbon becomes carbohydrates for marine organisms. With decay, the carbon becomes dissolved in the water, is incorporated into shells, becomes marine sediment when the organism dies, and eventually is locked into sedimentary rock. 8. Using the example of an aquatic food chain, explain how PCBs bioaccumulate and biomagnify. PCBs bioaccumulate and biomagnify when microscopic plant and algae (phytoplankton and zooplankton) take in PCBs and these organisms are eaten by small invertebrates. The PCBs are stored in fat tissue. When these organisms are eaten by small fish, the concentration of PCBs becomes even greater as the PCBs can remain in the body for decades. When salmon eat the small fish, the PCBs become further concentrated in the salmon tissue, and when orcas eat the salmon the PCBs accumulate in the blubber. When the orca burns the fat for energy, the PCBs are released into the orca’s system, causing harm. 9. Explain how primary succession differs from secondary succession. Primary succession differs from secondary succession since in primary succession there is only rock and no previous life, available nutrients, or soil, but in secondary succession nutrients and soil are already available, there was life there previously, and there still may be some life still in the soil. 10. The retreat of a glacier leaves barren rock and little soil. Describe the changes that might occur over a long period of time following the retreat of the glacier. Include the following in your description: physical and chemical changes, changes in plant life, and changes in animal life. Lichen and moss spores become embedded in cracks in the rock, and they are able to release chemicals that break down the rock and release nutrients. Along with these chemical changes are physical changes as the rock is exposed and wears away and more nutrients are released. Changes in biotic and abiotic conditions create changes in plant life and then changes in animal life as plants attract animals. The decay of these plants adds organic matter to the developing soil. Gradually, new populations of microorganisms, plants, and animals create new biotic and abiotic conditions. 11. Explain how herds of large mammals can survive in grassland biomes. Use the term “available energy” in your answer. Herds of large mammals can survive in grassland biomes if they are herbivores. Grassland has a large amount of biomass, and since herbivores are at a low trophic level as primary consumers, there is less energy loss. 12. Large carnivores have a greater chance of becoming extinct than smaller organisms. What factors make this statement true? Use examples in your answer. Large carnivores have a greater chance of becoming extinct since the bioaccumulation of heavy metals and persistent organic pollutants biomagnifies in large carnivores. Also, large carnivores need larger areas to feed, to defend themselves, and to find a mate. Destruction of habitats affects all of these. 13. Answer the multiple choice questions #46-58 on p.158-161 of your textbook: D 47 _____ B 51 _____ C 52 _____ B 56 _____ C 57 _____ C 48 _____ B 53 _____ D 58 _____ C 49 _____ D 54 _____ C 55 _____ B 46 _____ A 50 _____