Download Ecology Review - KEY

KEY
Name: ______________________
Science 10
Block: _________
Unit Review – Ecology
1.
Fill in the blank spaces in the following concept map. Use the terms that are listed at the
bottom of the page.
land
sustainable practices in ________________
resource
and ________________ use
in species result from a process
natural selection
called ________________
extinction
________________
can
occur if species fail to adapt
changes
to ________________
in
their environment
restoration
protection and ________________
adaptations
primary succession
________________
(from bare rock to forest)
sustainability
continual
changes over
time
is threatened by
habitat
________________
loss
caused by
deforestation
________________
biodiversity
natural
changes can
result in
Ecosystem
secondary
succession
________________
interactions
is necessary for
healthy
________________
ecosystems
nutrients
energy flow
stored
are ________________
and exchanged
cycles
nutrient ________________
move
nitrogen
carbon, ________________, and
phosphorous
________________
through
ecosystems
food webs
food chains and ________________
producers
________________
and consumers
(following a forest
fire or flood)
human-caused
changes can
result in
deforestation
________________
abiotic
________________
interactions
(physical and chemical)
habitat loss
________________
invasive species
________________
biotic
________________
interactions
(species, populations, community)
bioaccumulation
________________
trophic
ecological
________________
levels and ________________
pyramids
Choose from these terms. One term will be used twice.
abiotic
bioaccumulation
biotic
changes
cycles
deforestation
ecological
extinction
food webs
habitat
habitat loss
healthy
invasive species
land
natural selection
nitrogen
phosphorus
primary succession
producers
resource
restoration
secondary succession
stored
trophic
2.
True/False Plus: State whether each of the following is true or false. If it is false, change
the underlined word or phrase to make it true.
T a) A biome is the largest division of the biosphere.
T b) A population refers to all the members of a particular species within an ecosystem.
predation or parasitism
F c) In commensalism, one species is harmed and the other species benefits.
least
F d) The top carnivores in a food chain have the most energy because the amount of energy
decreases
available to organisms increases from trophic level to trophic level.
T e) The amount of available energy decreases at each higher trophic level.
Nutrients only
F f) Nutrients and energy can be recycled in an ecosystem.
T g) Plants make their own food mainly from a gas.
the land and the biotic components of ecosystems.
F h) Phosphorus cycles between the atmosphere, the land, and the biotic components of
ecosystems.
nutrients
F i) Decomposers release some energy that is cycled back to plants.
T j) In an ecosystem, a mature community naturally changes over time.
3.
Identify the biome described in each statement below.
a) This biome has permafrost, a short growing season, and no trees. tundra
b) This biome has a dry climate, and its daily and seasonal temperatures fluctuate greatly. desert
c) This biome is generally found in the interiors of continents. grassland
d) The dominant vegetation in this biome includes lichens, mosses, and small shrubs. tundra
4.
e) This biome has the least seasonal variation in climate.
tropical rainforest
f) The main vegetation in this biome is coniferous trees.
boreal forest
Match each description with the appropriate term from the list on the left:
D A division of the biosphere in which abiotic components interact with
____
biotic components.
E Groups of individuals that belong to the same species and live in the
____
same area.
____
C A single living thing.
A Different populations that interact within an ecosystem
____
B A group of organisms so similar to one another that they can mate
____
and produce offspring that can reproduce.
A. community
B. species
C. organism
D. ecosystem
E. population
5.
Identify each of the following biotic interactions:
a) An ant species feeds on the sweet-tasting chemicals produced by a caterpillar species.
The ants vigorously protect the caterpillars and carry them to their nests at night for
safety.
mutualism
b) An agouti (a type of rodent) feeds on the seed pods of the Brazil nut tree by prying the
grapefruit-sized pods open with its extremely strong teeth. The agouti also buries some
seeds far away from the parent tree, which then germinate and form the next
mutualism
generation of trees.
c) A whip worm lives in the large intestine of a dog and causes the dog to lose mass.
parasitism
d) A salamander uses its sticky tongue to capture an insect. predation
e) A fungus provides moisture from the soil to a tree’s root system, which prevents the
roots from drying out. The tree provides sugars and starches to the fungus, which the
mutualism
fungus uses for food.
6.
Use an example to explain how energy flows through an ecosystem.
The answer should reflect the flow of energy from the Sun to producers to
primary consumer to secondary consumers and then top consumers.
7.
Describe how a carbon atom moves through the carbon cycle. In your answer, use the
following terms: atmosphere, producers, calcium carbonate, cellular respiration,
decomposers, dissolved organic matter, consumers, bacteria, green plants, marine sediments,
sedimentary rock.
Sample answer: Starting out in the atmosphere as carbon dioxide, the carbon atom enters the leaf
and through photosynthesis becomes part of a carbohydrate molecule in a green plant. The plant is
eaten by an animal and becomes part of the muscle protein. When the organism dies, decomposers
such as bacteria break down the animal tissue and through cellular respiration the carbon dioxide
is returned to the atmosphere. Through photosynthesis of marine algae, the carbon becomes
carbohydrates for marine organisms. With decay, the carbon becomes dissolved in the water, is
incorporated into shells, becomes marine sediment when the organism dies, and eventually is locked
into sedimentary rock.
8. Using the example of an aquatic food chain, explain how PCBs bioaccumulate and biomagnify.
PCBs bioaccumulate and biomagnify when microscopic plant and algae (phytoplankton and zooplankton) take in
PCBs and these organisms are eaten by small invertebrates. The PCBs are stored in fat tissue. When these
organisms are eaten by small fish, the concentration of PCBs becomes even greater as the PCBs can remain
in the body for decades. When salmon eat the small fish, the PCBs become further concentrated in the
salmon tissue, and when orcas eat the salmon the PCBs accumulate in the blubber. When the orca burns the
fat for energy, the PCBs are released into the orca’s system, causing harm.
9.
Explain how primary succession differs from secondary succession.
Primary succession differs from secondary succession since in primary succession there is
only rock and no previous life, available nutrients, or soil, but in secondary succession
nutrients and soil are already available, there was life there previously, and there still may
be some life still in the soil.
10. The retreat of a glacier leaves barren rock and little soil. Describe the changes that might
occur over a long period of time following the retreat of the glacier. Include the following in
your description: physical and chemical changes, changes in plant life, and changes in animal
life.
Lichen and moss spores become embedded in cracks in the rock, and they are able to
release chemicals that break down the rock and release nutrients. Along with these
chemical changes are physical changes as the rock is exposed and wears away and more
nutrients are released. Changes in biotic and abiotic conditions create changes in plant life
and then changes in animal life as plants attract animals. The decay of these plants adds
organic matter to the developing soil. Gradually, new populations of microorganisms, plants,
and animals create new biotic and abiotic conditions.
11. Explain how herds of large mammals can survive in grassland biomes. Use the term “available
energy” in your answer.
Herds of large mammals can survive in grassland biomes if they are herbivores. Grassland
has a large amount of biomass, and since herbivores are at a low trophic level as primary
consumers, there is less energy loss.
12. Large carnivores have a greater chance of becoming extinct than smaller organisms. What
factors make this statement true? Use examples in your answer.
Large carnivores have a greater chance of becoming extinct since the bioaccumulation of
heavy metals and persistent organic pollutants biomagnifies in large carnivores. Also, large
carnivores need larger areas to feed, to defend themselves, and to find a mate.
Destruction of habitats affects all of these.
13.
Answer the multiple choice questions #46-58 on p.158-161 of your textbook:
D
47 _____
B
51 _____
C
52 _____
B
56 _____
C
57 _____
C
48 _____
B
53 _____
D
58 _____
C
49 _____
D
54 _____
C
55 _____
B
46 _____
A
50 _____