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AP Psychology
Unit: Learning
Learning
• How do classical and operant
conditioning each explain learning?
• What impact does the cognitive
process have on learning?
Classical
Conditioning
EQ: How is behavior affected by classical
and operant conditioning?
Vocabulary
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Learning
Unconditioned
Conditioned
Stimulus
Response
Generalization
Extinction
Spontaneous Recovery
Higher-Order Conditioning
Taste Aversion
Learning
The modification through experience of
preexisting behavior and understanding
Habituation
The process of adapting to stimuli that do
not change.
Dishabituation
The reappearance of your original
response when a stimulus changes
Sensitization
Increase in responsiveness to a stimuli
Define the Terms
Unconditioned Stimuli
Unconditioned Response
Neutral Stimuli
Conditioned Stimuli
Conditioned Response
Pavlov’s Experiment
(Identify the Parts)
Unconditioned Stimuli
Unconditioned Response
Neutral Stimuli
Conditioned Stimuli
Conditioned Response
Pavlov’s Dog
Watson’s Experiment
(Identify the Parts)
Unconditioned Stimuli
Unconditioned Response
Neutral Stimuli
Conditioned Stimuli
Conditioned Response
Generalization and
Discrimination
• Stimulus Generalization: A phenomenon in which a conditioned
response is elicited by stimuli that are similar but not identical to
the conditioned stimulus
• Stimulus Discrimination: A process through which individuals learn
to differentiate among similar stimuli and respond appropriately to
each one
In pairs, complete CTA-Steps in Classical Cond.
Unconditioned Stimuli
Unconditioned Response
Neutral Stimuli
Conditioned Stimuli
Conditioned Response
Extinction and Spontaneous
Recovery
Figure 6.5 Idealized curve of acquisition, extinction, and spontaneous recovery The rising curve
shows that the CR rapidly grows stronger as the CS and US are repeatedly paired (acquisition), then
weakens as the CS is presented alone (extinction). After a pause, the CR reappears (spontaneous
recovery).
© 2011 by Worth Publishers
Garcia and Koelling (1966) Study
• Biological preparedness: tendency of animals to learn
certain associations, such as taste and nausea with
only a few pairings due to the survival value of the
learning.
• Disproved Pavlov’s ideas concerning one trial learning,
close temporal proximity, & equipotentiality.
NS
UCS
Learned (CR)
Food, Light, & Clicker
Shock
Avoid Light (CS) and
Clicker (CS)
Food, Light, & Clicker
Radiation (nausea)
Avoid Food (CS)
Learned Taste Aversions
Are there any foods that you cannot eat or could
not eat at one time due to food poisoning or
some other sickness that you had at the time?
• A.k.a The Garcia Effect
• When it comes to food being
paired with sickness, the
conditioning is incredible strong.
• Even when food and sickness are
hours apart.
• Food must be salient (noticeable.)
Aversion Therapy
• A form of behavior therapy in which an aversive
(causing a strong feeling of dislike or disgust)
stimulus is paired with an undesirable behavior
in order to reduce or eliminate that behavior.
• Unpleasant sensations are associated with
behavior, and behavior decreases or stops.
• Differs from principles of operant conditioning.
• In operant therapy, the aversive stimulus, usually
called punishment, is presented after the behavior
rather than together with it.
Operant
Conditioning
EQ: How is behavior affected by
classical and operant conditioning?
Review and Preview
Vocabulary
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Positive Reinforcement
Negative Reinforcement
Punishment
Discrimination
Shaping
Chaining
Fixed Ratio
Variable Ratio
Fixed Interval
Variable Interval
Edward Thorndike’s Puzzle Box
Instrumental Conditioning: Responses are strengthened when
they are instrumental in producing a reward
Law of Effect: If an action is followed by a pleasurable
consequence , it will be repeated, and if followed by an
unpleasant consequence, it will not be repeated.
B.F. Skinner
Operant Conditioning: The focus is on the effect of
consequences on voluntary (operant) behavior.
Reinforcement
Primary Reinforcer
Secondary Reinforcer
(Token Economy)
Operant
Conditioning
Reinforcement and Punishment
Big Bang Theory: Operant Conditioning
Find the Mistake
Mistake Explained
Partial Reinforcement Schedule
FIXED
RATIO
(# of Occurrences)
INTERVAL
(Passage of Time)
VARIABLE
Partial Reinforcement Schedule
Figure 6.13 Intermittent reinforcement schedules Skinner’s laboratory pigeons produced these
response patterns to each of four reinforcement schedules. (Reinforcers are indicated by diagonal
marks.) For people, as for pigeons, reinforcement linked to number of responses (a ratio schedule)
produces a higher response rate than reinforcement linked to amount of time elapsed (an interval
schedule). But the predictability of the reward also matters. An unpredictable (variable) schedule
produces more consistent responding than does a predictable (fixed) schedule.
© 2011 by Worth Publishers
Operant Conditioning at Work
Activator
• Other that through classical and
operant conditioning, how else does
one learn?
Cognitive Factors in
Learning
EQ: How is behavior affected by cognitive
learning?
Vocabulary
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Latent learning
Cognitive Map (Mental Map)
Insight
Learned Helplessness
Observational Learning
Albert Bandura
Edward Tolman
Wolfgang Kohler
Martin Seligman
Cognitive Maps and Latent Learning
• Edward Tolman’s Maze Study
• Latent Learning: learning that remains hidden until its
application becomes useful
• Challenged Skinner’s Theory (How?)
• Cognitive/Mental Maps: Mental representations people
rely on to understand complex patters.
• Examples???
Kohler’s Insight Learning
• How were the
chimpanzees able to
demonstrate insight?
• Insight: a sudden
“coming together” of all
elements of a problem
in a kin of “aha”
moment
• Example of insight
learning
Seligman’s Learned Helplessness
Definition: Failure to continue
exerting effort for an outcome
because all previous attempts
have failed
• Martin Seligman’s (founder of positive psychology)
• Dog Study: Original intent was to study escape or
avoidance learning
• Related it to Depression
Albert Bandura and
Observational Learning
Observational Learning: learning new behavior by
watching a model perform that behavior
Modeled: imitated the behavior that was observed
Cognitive Differences: Humans and
Chimpanzees
According to the video, how does the learning behavior
differ between human children and chimpanzees?