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Endocrine System Objectives State the structures that make up the endocrine system Describe the functions of the endocrine system Introduction The body needs to coordinate and integrate all of ifs functions into one harmonious whole. This is called homeostasis. The maintenance of homeostasis involves the growth, maturation, reproduction, and metabolism. The body system responsible for this coordination is the endocrine system. Structures Composed of numerous glands throughout the body that secrete hormones into the bloodstream and excrete chemicals to rid the bod of wastes These chemicals are passed in the body through blood and tissues Chemicals and hormones provide changes in the body that regulate growth, regulate sexual production and development, metabolize nutrients in cells, and maintain a homeostasis in the body allowing for a balance in the body system. Endocrine Glands Secrete hormones directly into the bloodstream Then transported to all areas of the body Glands include: Pituitary Thyroid Parathyroid Adrenal Thymus Pancreas Pineal Gonads Pituitary Gland Main gland Works with the hypothalamus to control the endocrine system and create a link with the nervous system Lies at the base of the brain and has an anterior and posterior lobe Posterior lobe connects to the hypothalamus Develops from brain tissue while an animal is in the embryo stage Serves as a reservoir for hormones and allows for the release and regulation of hormones Pituitary Gland Continued The posterior or black lobe releases two peptide hormones: oxytocin and antidiuretic hormone (ADH) Oxytocin plays vital role in parturition or labor Hormone releases and causes muscles of the uterine wall to contract and milk production to begin in the mammary gland ADH promotes urine formation, water absorption, controls blood pressure and changes control in water content Pituitary Gland Continued The anterior lobe is controlled by the hypothalamus Main function is to release hormones into bloodstream and produce and regulate growth hormones within the body Major growth hormone somatotropin increases protein synthesis within the body, thus increasing the size of the animal Produces the hormone prolactin, which controls milk production Pituitary Gland is often called the master gland as it controls the thyroid gland which regulates and secretes hormones within the body Thyroid Gland Can become overactive or underactive in animals, causing many conditions that can affect them Produces thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) and tells the thyroid when to produce thyroxine controls the actions of the thyroid gland and cell metabolism Two hormones found in the bloodstream that help identify normal or abnormal thyroid gland production are T3 and T4 T3 hormone is more potent and a more active hormone T4 hormone is converted into tissues and breaks down fats and helps control cholesterol Located in the neck and contains two lobes Parathyroid Glands Located on the surface of the thyroid gland Secrete parathormone Helps regulate blood calcium and phosphorous levels Adrenal Glands Lie cranial to the kidneys Produce and release adrenaline and other hormones Adrenaline is a chemical that is released by the nervous system in times of stress to create a response in an animals fight or flight instinct reaction Also regulate function of ACTH or adrenocorticotropic hormone Controls blood pressure, releases cholesterol, and also controls the body’s production of steroids Pancreas Serves a dual role in endocrine and exocrine production and functions Produces and regulates insulin production Insulin is regulated by the blood glucose level (AKA blood sugar) Thymus A gland in young animals Has immunologic functions through maturation of t- lymphocytes Pineal Gland Located in a central portion of the brain Plays a role in the regulation of body rhythms Hormones Made up of four major chemical groups that regulate parts of the body Fatty acids control hormones involved in estrus in the female animal’s heat cycle Steroids occur naturally in the body and regulate chemicals, such as cholesterol, in the body that control essential life functions Amino acids are the simplest hormones and control the thyroid gland functions Peptides are the largest hormones and control the proteins in the body