Download Cognitive Learning

PSYCHOLOGY:
LEARNING
Learning- the process of
acquiring new and relatively
enduring information or
behaviors.
Terms
 Association: grouping and associating two events that
occur together
 Stimulus: any event or situation that causes a response
 Associative learning: Classical and Operant
conditioning
 Cognitive Learning: observational learning and learning
through language
How Do We Learn?
Classical Conditioning
Classical Conditioning
• Classical conditioning
–Ivan Pavlov
–John B. Watson
–Behaviorismthe view that psychology (1) should be
an objective science that (2) studies
behavior without reference to mental
process.
Classical Conditioning
Ivan Pavlov’s method of conditioning in which
associations are made between a natural stimulus
and a learned, neutral stimulus.
Classical Conditioning
Pavlov’s Experiments
• Parts of Classical Conditioning
– Neutral Stimulus (NS)
– Unconditioned stimulus (US)
– Unconditioned response (UR)
– Conditioned stimulus (CS)
– Conditioned response (CR)
Classical Conditioning Vocab
 Neutral Stimulus (NS)- In classical conditioning, a stimulus
that elicits no response before conditioning.
 Unconditioned response (UR)- In classical conditioning, an
unlearned, naturally occurring response (such as salivation) to
an unconditional stimulus (such as food in the mouth).
 Unconditioned stimulus (US)- in classical conditioning, a
stimulus that unconditionally- naturally and automaticallytriggers a response.
 Conditioned response (CR)- in classical conditioning, a
learned response to previously neutral (but now conditioned)
stimulus.
 Conditioned Stimulus (CS)- an originally irrelevant stimulus
that after association with an unconditioned stimulus, comes to
trigger a conditioned response.
CLASSICAL CONDITIONING AND
ADVERTISING
Ways in which classical conditioning helps sell…
• Pairing popular music together with products in ads to
generate positive feelings
• Consistently advertising a product on an exciting game
show may result in the product itself generating excitement
• Christmas music played in a store may trigger happy
memories in a consumer’s mind persuading them to enter
the store.
Before we have heard of a product, it is Neutral. If we associate the
product (N) with pleasant images (UCS), which produce pleasant feelings
(UCR), the product (CS) will later create pleasant feelings (CR).
Little Albert experiment conducted by John Watson
proved that conditioning of emotions to neutral
objects is possible
OPERANT
CONDITIONING
Learning in which a certain
action is reinforced or
punished, resulting in
behavioral change
Examples of Operant
Conditioning
 http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=guroaQRFsX4&edufil
ter=ckTlQZWD_2GdFVAp8ujbUA&safe=active
Operant Conditioning Vocab
 Reinforcement- any event that strengthens the behavior it
follows. (positive/negative)
Reinforcement is something that follows a response
and strengthens the tendency to repeat that response
PRIMARY & SECONDARY REINFORCERS
Primary reinforcement is something that is
necessary for survival. Ex: food or water
Secondary reinforcement is a stimulus that we
have learned to value (linked to a primary reinforcer)
Operant Conditioning Vocab
 Reinforcement schedule- a pattern that defines how often a
desired response will be reinforced.
Reinforcement Schedules
Operant Conditioning Vocab
 Punishment- an event that tends to decrease the
behavior that it follows.
B.F. Skinner is best known for his work with the
operant conditioning theory.
Believed that how we turn out is a direct result of
what we learn from all of the operations (operant)
that we make over the years
Skinner
Box
Module 28
Operant v. Classical Conditioning
Module 29
Biology, Cognition, and Learning
Biological Constraints on
Conditioning
Influences on Conditioning
Module 30
Learning by Observation
Social Learning
The process of altering behavior by observing and
imitating others. Includes cognitive learning &
Modeling
Cognitive Learning – involves mental process and may
involve observation and imitation
• Cognitive Map – mental picture of a place
Modeling – learning by imitating/copying
Bobo-Doll Experiment
Bandura demonstrated that
children learn aggressive
behaviors by watching an
adult’s aggressive
behaviors.
Bandura’s Four Processes
Of Cognitive Learning
• Attention: Observer must pay attention to model
• Memory: Observer stores information about what the model
did
• Imitation: Observer uses remembered info to guide own
actions
• Motivation: Observer must have incentive to imitate model’s
behavior
Learning through Observation
Does Viewing Media Violence Trigger Violent Behavior?
Reading pg. 309 of the textbook
Discussion Questions: