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PSYCHOLOGY: LEARNING Learning- the process of acquiring new and relatively enduring information or behaviors. Terms Association: grouping and associating two events that occur together Stimulus: any event or situation that causes a response Associative learning: Classical and Operant conditioning Cognitive Learning: observational learning and learning through language How Do We Learn? Classical Conditioning Classical Conditioning • Classical conditioning –Ivan Pavlov –John B. Watson –Behaviorismthe view that psychology (1) should be an objective science that (2) studies behavior without reference to mental process. Classical Conditioning Ivan Pavlov’s method of conditioning in which associations are made between a natural stimulus and a learned, neutral stimulus. Classical Conditioning Pavlov’s Experiments • Parts of Classical Conditioning – Neutral Stimulus (NS) – Unconditioned stimulus (US) – Unconditioned response (UR) – Conditioned stimulus (CS) – Conditioned response (CR) Classical Conditioning Vocab Neutral Stimulus (NS)- In classical conditioning, a stimulus that elicits no response before conditioning. Unconditioned response (UR)- In classical conditioning, an unlearned, naturally occurring response (such as salivation) to an unconditional stimulus (such as food in the mouth). Unconditioned stimulus (US)- in classical conditioning, a stimulus that unconditionally- naturally and automaticallytriggers a response. Conditioned response (CR)- in classical conditioning, a learned response to previously neutral (but now conditioned) stimulus. Conditioned Stimulus (CS)- an originally irrelevant stimulus that after association with an unconditioned stimulus, comes to trigger a conditioned response. CLASSICAL CONDITIONING AND ADVERTISING Ways in which classical conditioning helps sell… • Pairing popular music together with products in ads to generate positive feelings • Consistently advertising a product on an exciting game show may result in the product itself generating excitement • Christmas music played in a store may trigger happy memories in a consumer’s mind persuading them to enter the store. Before we have heard of a product, it is Neutral. If we associate the product (N) with pleasant images (UCS), which produce pleasant feelings (UCR), the product (CS) will later create pleasant feelings (CR). Little Albert experiment conducted by John Watson proved that conditioning of emotions to neutral objects is possible OPERANT CONDITIONING Learning in which a certain action is reinforced or punished, resulting in behavioral change Examples of Operant Conditioning http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=guroaQRFsX4&edufil ter=ckTlQZWD_2GdFVAp8ujbUA&safe=active Operant Conditioning Vocab Reinforcement- any event that strengthens the behavior it follows. (positive/negative) Reinforcement is something that follows a response and strengthens the tendency to repeat that response PRIMARY & SECONDARY REINFORCERS Primary reinforcement is something that is necessary for survival. Ex: food or water Secondary reinforcement is a stimulus that we have learned to value (linked to a primary reinforcer) Operant Conditioning Vocab Reinforcement schedule- a pattern that defines how often a desired response will be reinforced. Reinforcement Schedules Operant Conditioning Vocab Punishment- an event that tends to decrease the behavior that it follows. B.F. Skinner is best known for his work with the operant conditioning theory. Believed that how we turn out is a direct result of what we learn from all of the operations (operant) that we make over the years Skinner Box Module 28 Operant v. Classical Conditioning Module 29 Biology, Cognition, and Learning Biological Constraints on Conditioning Influences on Conditioning Module 30 Learning by Observation Social Learning The process of altering behavior by observing and imitating others. Includes cognitive learning & Modeling Cognitive Learning – involves mental process and may involve observation and imitation • Cognitive Map – mental picture of a place Modeling – learning by imitating/copying Bobo-Doll Experiment Bandura demonstrated that children learn aggressive behaviors by watching an adult’s aggressive behaviors. Bandura’s Four Processes Of Cognitive Learning • Attention: Observer must pay attention to model • Memory: Observer stores information about what the model did • Imitation: Observer uses remembered info to guide own actions • Motivation: Observer must have incentive to imitate model’s behavior Learning through Observation Does Viewing Media Violence Trigger Violent Behavior? Reading pg. 309 of the textbook Discussion Questions: