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Transcript
ffiesletfcs I 'I JaU of the science words for this lesson are about genetics, or the branch of biolo$r that tells how characteristics are passed from parents to their young. Read the lesson wo_1ds, Then read the passage. Underline context clues that help you decide what the lesson words mean. n4444# inheri& cellular chroxm.Gsffimm€ *rait adaptation mutati*m Xeeredity gene d"omaimam* *excleqrs gex?etics tre*#ssive g j.il ,1i ',il ,ii 'qki{!diiri.i,i?*rixrnf, #+r iri*nt,.*. ***rjr,dt!ll;i+d*'tdd Ce n e tii,'c,s'''at' Wo rk Has anyone ever told you that you look just like your father or mother? People are born with characteristics that they i and other ancestor cteristics from parents to their young. For example, a person's body size can be affected by diet and exercise, but it is also affected by heredity. The human body is made up of cells. The nuclens, or central pafr, of each cell is filled with chromosomes. A chromosome is the part of the cell that contains the genes that determine what characteristics a person will have. A gene is the part of a cell that controls a living thing's qualities and growth. Each cell contains 23 pairs of chromosomes. One chromosome in each pair comes from the mother and one comes from the father. Genetics is the study of how characteristics are passed from one generation to the next generation. Each characteristic, or trait, can be dominant or recessive. The 7,4 brown eye trait is dominant, or stronger, than the blue eye tratt, which is recessive, or weaker. So how do two brown-eyed parents produce a blue-eyed child? If the mother's chromosomes for eye color are brown-blue and the father's are brown-blue, the child could receive the recessive gene from each parent, giving him blue eyes. Does adaptation or adjusting to one's environment affect physical traits? Over time, physical traits in people or animals can adjust to their surroundings. Scientists have found that people who have lived for many thousands of years in sunny places have darker eyes. Darker eyes provide more protection from the sun's rays. They have also found that people who have lived for thousands of years in cloudier and cooler places have lighter colored eyes. A number of illnesses and medical conditions are caused by a mutation in a gene or set of genes. A mutation is when an animal or plant develops different characteristics because of a change in its genes or because a gene is missing. Certain mutations cause illness. However, others do not cause human problems because the body undergoes cellular repairs and is able to correct the problem. These repairs, relating to the small basic units of living things, are of great interest to scientists. If they come to understand the ways that the body heals itself, scientists can help to improve people's health. Next time someone tells you that you look like your mother or father, think about it in a different way! Using (ontext Ques Use the context clues you underlined in the correct lesson word for each meaning. the passage to write 1. the study of how characteristics are passed from one generation to another 2. the part of a cell that carries the matter that determines characteristics 3, the process of developing different characteristics because of a change in the part of a cell that determines these characteristics 4. the changrng over time of a characteristic so that has a better chance of living in its surroundings p stronger, when speaking of cells that determine characteristics 6. the central part of a cell 7. a distinguishing characteristic or quality that a person has 8. to get certain traits from your parents and ancestors 9. the passing of ch aracteristics from parents to their young O. it 10. relating to asmall basic unit in living things 11. weaker, when speaking of cells that determine characteristics 12. the part of a cell that determines the characteristics a living thing will have 75 True or Fafse? Write True if the sentence is true. Write False if it is not. 1. A mutation is the process of a change in characteristics. 2. People inherit certain qualities from parents or ancestors. 3. Something 4. that is recessive is powerful. Heredity is the passing of qualities from parents to young. p O. A gene is a central part of a cell. 6. A 7" trait is a quality that a person has. A chromosorne contains the genes that determine someone's qualities. 8. Genetics is the study of disease. 9. Something that is dominant is weaker. 10. Cellular refers to a small basic unit in a living thing. 11, It is impossible for a trait to undergo an adaptation. L2. A nucleus is the outer part of a cell. Adaptation make can also mean "to change something to it suitable for a new condition." h{y adaptation to a new school was quicker than my friends expected it would be. .r ?6 tlfho Am l? The lesson words in the box are speaking for themselves. Write the word that best fits the clue. ffiffiffi##ffi 1. I bring about different characteristics. ffiffi heredity nucleus adaptation 2. I pass parents' characteristics along to their childrelt. gene chromosome 3. I am an adjustment to my surroundings. mutation dominant 4. I am the functional unit that carries characteristics. O. 7 I am weak and am found in blue-eyed people. 6. I am the middle 7. I am strong and am found in brown-eyed 8. I am the part of a cell that houses the functional unit that recessive of a cell. people. determines characteristics. UsingVocabulary Rewrite each sentence, using a lesson word from the box instead of the word or words in blue type. ffi#ffiffiffi inherit 9. Right-handedness is a more common quality than trait left-handedness. cellular genetics 10. We wonder if my little brother will receive double-jointedness from our father. 11. Melissa wants to study the branch of biology that deals with passing down characteristics to the next generation. 12. His donation helped fund research about small units of living matter. 77 Word Map Complete the word map by writing examples of physical traits that you might acquire from your parents or ancestors. eye colo r The word dominanf can be used in other contexts. It can mean "having the most power" ot "the most noticeable."'Which meaning is used in the following sentences? In spring, the dominant greens overshadow most other colors. Ir *y backyard, fire ants rule as the dominant insects. : Think of a mutation or adaptation that might help humankind. On separate pape[ write a short story about it. Describe the mutation and tell what happens as a result. Use at least five lesson words in your story. Then read your story aloud to your classmates. You may add -s, -ed, or -ing to the lesson words if you need to. 78 ftecking UtJhat You Know Circle the letter for the answer choice that best completes the sentence or answers the q uestion. 1. Someone who studies genetics will learn about- A planets. C B characteristics. D nutrition. rocks. 2. A mutation in an animal may cause the animal to become- A desolate. B agitated. 3. C frightened. D sick. If a quality is recessive, it is- A not as commor]. C often changrng. B very common. f) very old. 4. Cellular research deals with- A electronics. B maps. C cells. D phones. 7 O. 9. A trait is most like A coincidence. B symptom. a- C quality. D legacy. 10. A gene can determineA thought. B wealth. C dialect. D hair color. 11. Which of the following describes a chromosome? A part of a car B part of a cell C part of a charter D part of an amendment Which part of a cell is the nucleus? A the outer part B the central part C the most important part D the easiest part to see talk to someone about heredity, you'd discuss- 6. To Think about the meanings of the dominant words. Then add two more words to the web. A money and commerce. judges B and juries. C prejudice and injustice. D parents and their young. inherit a quality is most likeA developing it through practice. B being born with it. Aominatio n 7. To dominant C being able to recogrtLze it. D changing it through exercise. 8. A physical might be A food. B mate. adaptation in an animal its- C fur color. D habitat. 79