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Lymphatic System and Immunity Fluid Leaves Capillary Cells Blood Blood Capillary Capillaries Functions of Lymphatic System • • • • • Drain fluid from around cells Absorb fat from intestines Circulate lymph Filter lymph Immunity Right Lymphatic Duct Thoracic Duct Lymph • Fluid of the lymphatic system • Similar to blood plasma and interstitial fluid Lymphatic Vessels • Transport lymph • Lymph is returned to the circulatory system at either the right or left subclavian veins Lymph Nodes • Filter lymph – Microorganisms – Cancer cells • Lymphocytes • Monocytes Thymus • Programs some lymphocytes to develop into T-cells Spleen • Filters blood – Worn out RBC – Bacteria • Lymphocytes • Monocytes Fluid Movement Edema • Accumulation of interstitial fluid Causes of Edema • Blockage of lymphatic system • Increased pressure in veins • Lack of albumin – Decreases fluid returning to blood capillaries by osmosis • Inflammation Nonspecific Body Defenses • Skin • Acid – Stomach – Vagina • Mucus • Saliva • Tears More Nonspecific Defenses • • • • Phagocytosis Complement Fever Inflammation Complement Inflammation • Bodies response to tissue injury • Classic signs – – – – Heat Redness Swelling Pain Skin Blood Tissue Damaged Histamine Released Capillary More Permeable Plasma Leaks Out Capillary More Permeable Antibodies Leaks Out Capillary More Permeable WBCs Leave by Diapedesis Wall of Fibrin Forms Pus Forms Steroid Hormones • Hydrocortisone, cortisone and others • Depress inflammation • Used to treat inflammatory diseases – Rheumatoid arthritis Antigens • Molecules often found in the membrane of cells • Antigens of foreign cells stimulate an immune response Self Antigens • Antigens of our own cells • Do not cause an immune response in our body – Usually cause an immune response in another person • MHC proteins – Major Histocompatibility Complex Cells of the Immune System • APCs – Antigen-presenting cells • B cells – B lymphocytes • T cells – T lymphocytes Antigen-Presenting Cells • Macrophages • Engulf foreign cells and attach the cells antigens on their MHC proteins Lymphocytes T Cells B Cells B Cell Foreign Cell Receptor Cytotoxic T Cell = Killer T Cell Body Cell Receptor Helper T Cell Receptor Antigen-Presenting Cell APC • Macrophages and other cells • Engulfs and digests foreign cells • Present antigens on MHC proteins to T cells B Cells • Lymphocytes that react directly with antigens • Require stimulation from Helper T Cells • Offspring become – Plasma cells – Memory B cells • Humoral Immunity Plasma Cells • Produce huge numbers of antibodies – 2000/second Helper T Cell • Reacts with antigen from APC • Stimulates Cytotoxic T Cells and B Cells – Secretes Interleukin II Cytotoxic T Cells • Activated by antigens on any body cell • Require stimulation from Helper T Cells • Destroys body cells infected with viruses • Destroys cancer cells • Cellular Immunity Memory Cells • T Cells and B Cells • Remember antigen • React to a second invasion of an antigen more rapidly Suppressor T Cells • Stops T cells and B cells after an infection has been conquered Cytokines • Chemicals used in cellular immunity • Interleukin I – Produced by macrophages – Stimulates helper T cells • Interleukin II – Produced by helper T cells • Perforin – Causes lysis of target cell Virus Protein Coat DNA or RNA Virus Attaches to Body Cell Viral DNA Enters Host Protein Coats Synthesized Viral DNA Synthesized Viruses Exit Cell Host Cell Killed by Virus Interferon Produced by Dying Cell Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome • HIV Virus • Attacks and destroys Helper T Cells – Depresses humoral and cellular immunity The End