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Transcript
Endocrine System What is it? • Consists of a group of ductless (without tubes) glands that secrete substances directly into the bloodstream • These substances are called HORMONES • Hormones are chemical substances produced and secreted by endocrine glands, frequently called “chemical messengers” • Hormones are transported throughout the body by the bloodstream and perform many functions--stimulate exocrine glands to produce secretions, stimulate other endocrine glands, G&D, regulate metabolism, maintain fluid and chemical balance, control sex processes Endocrine system consists of: • 1. Pituitary gland – Called the master gland of the body because it produces many hormones that affect other glands – Located at the base of the brain in a small, bony depression of the sphenoid bone called the sella turcica – Divided into two sections- anterior lobe and posterior lobe; Each lobe secretes certain hormones (Look at handout) Diseases affecting the pituitary gland • 1. Acromegaly – Oversecretion of somatotropin (GH) in an adult – Cause: usually caused by a benign tumor of pituitary gland called an adenoma – Sx: Bones of the hands, feet, and face enlarge; skin and tongue thicken R/I slurred speech – Tx: surgical removal and/or radiation of the tumor – *Tumor frequently returns ; Eventually causes cardiovascular and respiratory dz which shortens life • 2. Giantism – Oversecretion of somatotropin (GH) before puberty – Excessive growth of long bones, extreme tallness, decreased sexual development, retarded mental development at times – Tx: if tumor of pituitary is the cause- removal or radiation • 3. Diabetes insipidus – Decreased secretion of vasopressin or ADH hormone (antidiuretic hormone) – Low level of ADH R/I water not being reabsorbed in the kidneys – Sx: polyuria, polydipsia, dehydration, weakness, constipation, dry skin – Tx: ADH (replace missing hormone) • 4. Dwarfism – Undersecretion of somatotropin (GH), can be caused by a tumor, infection, genetic factors, or injury – Small body size, short extremeties, lack of sexual development, mental development is usually normal – If diagnosed early, can be treated with injections of somatotropin (GH) hormone for 5 years or more until long bone growth is complete Endocrine system consists of : • 2. Thyroid gland – Synthesizes hormones that regulate the body’s metabolism and control the level of calcium in the blood – Located in front of upper part of trachea in the neck – Has two lobes, one on either side of the larynx – To produce its hormones, Iodine is required, which is obtained from certain foods and iodized salt Diseases affecting the thyroid gland • 1. Goiter – Enlargement of the thyroid gland – Cause may be a hyperactive thyroid, iodine deficiency, oversecretion of TSH on the part of the pituitary gland, or a tumor – Sx: thyroid enlargement, dysphagia, cough, choking sensation – Tx: eliminate the cause, Ex: surgery if needed to remove the goiter, give iodine • 2.Hyperthyroidism – Overactivity of the thyroid gland, which causes an increased production of thyroid hormones – Sx: extreme nervousness, tremors, irritability, rapid pulse, diarrhea, diaphoresis, polydipsia, *excessive appetite with extreme weight loss* – Tx: radiation to destroy part of the thyroid, thyroidectomy – If thyroid is removed, thyroid hormones are given for the individual’s lifetime • 3.Grave’s disease – A severe form of hyperthyroidism- more common in women than men – Sx: strained and tenses facial expression, Exophthalmia, goiter, nervous, irritable, emotional instability, tachycardia, diarrhea, huge appetite with weight loss – Tx: medications, radioactive iodine to destroy thyroid tissue, and/or thyroidectomy • 4. Hypothyroidism – Underactivity of thyroid gland and deficiency of thyroid hormones – 2 main forms: • Cretinism- develops in infancy or early childhood – Results in a lack of mental and physical growth leading to mental retardation and abnormal dwarf stature – If diagnosed early- oral thyroid hormone can be given to minimize mental and physical damage Myxedema occurs later in childhood or adulthood Sx: coarse, dry skin, slow mental function, fatigue, weakness, intolerance for cold weight gain, slow pulse Tx: oral thyroid hormone Endocrine system consists of: • 3. Parathyroid glands – Four small glands located behind and attached to the thyroid gland – It’s hormone, parathormone, regulates the amount of calcium in the blood • A. stimulates bone cells to break down bone tissue and release calcium and phosphates into the blood • B. Causes the kidneys to conserve and reabsorb calcium • C. Activates intestinal cells to absorb calcium from digested foods • D. Most of the body’ s calcium is in bone • E. Calcium circulating in the blood is very important for blod clotting, the tone of hart muscle, and muscle contraction • F. Constant exchange of calcium and phosphate between bone and blood • G. Parathyroid hormone plays and important function in maintaining proper level of circulating calcium Diseases affecting the parathyroid gland • 1.Hyperparathyroidism – Overactivity of the parathyroid gland R/I and overproduction of parathormone – R/I hypercalcium (increased calcium in the blood), which leads to renal calculi, lethargy, GI disturbances, and calcium deposits – Because calcium is drawn from bones, bones become weak, deformed, and easy to fracture – Cause: often by an adenoma (glandular tumor) – Removal of the tumor usually R/I normal parathyroid function – Other tx: surgical removal of the parathyroids; will then need parathormone, diuretics to increase the excretion of H2O and calcium, low calcium diet • 2. Hypoparathyroidism – Underactivity of the parathyroid gland R/I low level of calcium in the blood – Causes- if you had surgical removal or injury of parathyroid and/or thyroid glands – Sx: tetany (sustained muscular contraction), irritability of nervous system, convulsive twitching, death if larynx and respiratory muscles are involved – Tx: calcium, Vit. D (helps to increase calcium absorption), parathormone Endocrine system consists of: • 4. Adrenal glands – Located above each kidney (suprarenal) – Each gland has 2 parts • *Outer portion (cortex)- secretes many steroid hormones • Steroid hormones are classified into 3 groupsmineralocorticoids, glucocorticoids, and gonadocorticoids • *Inner portion (medulla)- secretes two main hormones epinephrine and norepinephrine (these hormones mimic fight or flight response) Diseases affecting adrenal glands • 1. Addison’s disease – Cause- decreased secretion of aldosterone from the adrenal cortex (outer) which interferes with the absorption of sodium & H20 causes an increased level of potassium in the blood. – Sx: dehydration, diarrhea, fatigue, hypotension, mental lethargy, weight loss, muscle weakness, excessive pigmentation which leads to a “bronzing” of the skin, hypoglycemia, edema – Tx: give corticosteroid hormones, control sodium intake, fluid regulation for dehydration • 2. Cushing’s syndrome – Oversecretion of glucocortoids on the part of the adrenal cortex – Cause: tumor of the adrenal cortex, excess production of ACTH on the part of the pituitary gland – Sx: hyperglycemia, hypertension, muscle weakness, fatigue, hirsutism, poor wound healing, bruises easily, “moon face”, obesity – Tx: remove tumor, give hormones to replace missing ones – ** Cushing’s syndrome can occur in patients who receive long term steroid therapy** Endocrine system consists of • 5. Pancreas – Located behind the stomach – Pancreas is a exocrine and endocrine gland – Exocrine– secretes pancreatic juices, which are carried to the small intestine by pancreatic duct to aid in digestion of food -Beta cells located throughout the pancreas in patches of tissue called Islets of Langerhans that produce the hormone insulin---- Insulin regulates???? - Alpha cells produce hormone glucagon (increases glucose level in blood) Disease affecting pancreas • 1. Diabetes mellitus – Chronic disease caused by decreased secretion of insulin – 2 types of diabetes mellitus • 1. Insulin dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM) or Type 1 – Usually occurs early in life – Requires insulin 2. Non-insulin dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM) or Type 2 -mature onset form of diabetes -usually controlled with diet and/or oral meds • Sx of DM- hyperglycemia, polyuria, polydipsia, glycosuria, polyphagia fatigue, slow healing of skin infections, vision changes • If not treated- diabetic coma and death may occur • Tx: regulate diet to control blood sugar, regular exercise, oral meds, insulin injections, insulin pumps • Diabetes can cause atherosclerosis, MI, CVA, peripheral vascular disease that leads to poor wound healing and gangrene in the legs and feet, diabetic retinopathy causes blindness, kidney disease/failure • *** Prevention is key** control weight and exercise Endocrine system consists of • 6. Ovaries – Sex glands of the female – Located in the pelvic cavity, one on each side of the uterus – Hormones– secrete to regulate menstruation • Estrogen- for G&D of sex organs in females • Progesterone- maintains lining of uterus Endocrine system consists of • 7. Testes – Gonads of the male – Located in the scrotal sac and are outside of the body – Hormone • Testosterone- G&D of sex organs in males, stimulates maturation of sperm Endocrine system consists of • 8. Thymus – Mass of tissue located in upper part of chest and under sternum – Functioned early in life with immune system but atrophies during puberty – Becomes a small mass of connective tissue and fat – Hormone • Thymosin– production of antibodies early in life Endocrine system consists of • 9. Pineal body – Small structure located in the brain (attached to roof of 3rd ventricle) – Hormones • Melatonin- may help regulate sleep/wake cycles, may delay puberty by inhibiting sex hormones • Adrenoglomerulotropin- may stimulate adrenal cortex to secrete aldosterone • Serotonin- may prevent vasoconstriction of blood vessels in the brain Endocrine system consists of • 10. Placenta – Temporary endocrine gland produced during pregnancy – Link between mother and baby – Provides nutrition for the developing baby – Promotes lactation (production of breast milk) – After birth of baby, it is expelled– called afterbirth – Hormones– see handout