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Learning outcome • Student should be able to : – Define endocrine system. – Define hormone. – Determine endocrine organs & secreted hormone. • Pituitary (anterior/posterior) – Explain the function of hormones. Definition • The endocrine system is the system of glands, each of which secretes different types of hormones directly into the bloodstream to regulate the body. • The word endocrine derives from the Greek words "endo" meaning inside, within, and "crinis" for secrete. • The endocrine system is an information signal system like the nervous system, yet its effects and mechanism are classifiably different. Hormone • Hormones : are substances (chemical mediators) released from endocrine tissue into the bloodstream where they travel to target tissue and generate a response. Figure 6-2b, c: Long distance cell-to-cell communication Figure 11-3: Autonomic control centers in the brain Endocrine gland Hormone released Target tissues/ organs Thyroid gland Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) Anterior pituitary gland Follicle-stimulating hormone Gonads (FSH) Principal functions Stimulates the thyroid gland to release thyroxine Stimulates the development of the follicles in the ovaries in females Stimulates spermatogenesis in males Stimulates ovulation, development of corpus luteum & secretion of oestrogen & progesterone in females Stimulates the secretion of testosterone in males Luteinising hormone (LH) Gonads Adrenocorticortrophic hormone (ACTH) Adrenal glands Stimulates the adrenal cortex to release hormones Growth hormone (GH) Soft tissues, bones Stimulates growth, protein synthesis & fat metabolism Prolactin (PRL) Mammary glands Stimulates milk synthesis &secretion from the Antidiuretic Posterior hormone (ADH) pituitary gland Oxytocin Kidneys Stimulates water reabsorption by the renal tubules in the kidneys Uterus & Stimulates the mammary glands contractions of the uterine muscles during childbirth; & the release of milk from the mammary glands in female Causes sperm ejection in males Endocrine Hormone Target Function gland organ Thyroid gland Effect of hormonal imbalance. Thyroxine All Increases the Deficiency causes: tissues cretinism, metabolic myxedema rates of most body cells Excessive causes: high metabolic rate, Increases increased heartbeat, body temperature hyperactivity, insomnia, goitre. Regulates growth & development Endocrin Hormone Target Function Effect of hormonal e glands organs imbalance Adrenal Aldoster Kidneys •Increases the •Deficiency –more cortex one reabsorption of water been excreted mineral salts in •Excessive-body retain the kidneys more water Cortisol Liver, •Raises blood •Deficiency-addisons adipose glucose level by disease tissue stimulating the •Excessive- cushing’s conversion of lipid syndrome and protein to glucose •Response to stress Androgen Gonad- •Regulate the •Deficiencysex organ maturity of sex underdeveloped sex organs and the organs in adult dev. Of secondary •Excessive-early Endocrin Hormone Target e glands organ Function Effect of hormonal imbalnace Adrenal Adrenali Cardiac Increases the Excessive- raises medulla ne & blood glucose, raises & other level of sugar the blood pressure noradren muscles & fatty acids aline in the blood Increase heart activity, rate & depth of breathing Increases the metabolic rate & constrict some blood vessels Endocr Hormone Target ine organs glands InsulinPancre B cells Liver, as muscles & the adipose tissues Glucagon - a cell Function Effect of hormonal imbalance Decreases blood Deficiencyglucose levels elevated blood glucose level, Promotes the diabetes mellitus, conversion of body thin and weak glucose to glycogen Excessive- low blood glucose, weakness, light headedness Increases blood Deficiency- weak glucose levels and lack energy Excessive- over Promotes the active conversion of glycogen to glucose Endoc Hormon Target Functions rine e organs glands Oestrog Gonads Stimulates the Ovari en , skin, development of the es muscle female secondary s& sexual bones characteristics & maturation of the ova Promotes the repair of the uterine lining Progest Gonads Stimulates the erone development of the uterine lining & the formation of the placenta Inhibits ovulation Effect of hormonal imbalance Deficiency- hinders normal development of secondary sexual characteristic. Excessive- visual disturbance, headaces, memory difficulty(PMS) Deficiencymiscarriage Excessive- hinders contraction of the uterus during birth Endocr Hormone Target ine organs gland Testes Androgen Gonads, (testostero skin, ne) muscles & bones Finish- thank……. functions Effect of hormonal imbalance DeficiencyStimulates the development of male during pubertyhinders the secondary sexual development of characteristics & spermatogenesis sexual organAfter pubertycauses impotence Summary Summary Summary Assignment