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Essentials of Human Anatomy and Physiology, 11e (Marieb) Chapter 12 The Lymphatic System and Body Defenses 12.1 Multiple Choice Part I Questions Using Figure 12.1, identify the following: 1) A lymph capillary is indicated by ________. A) Label A B) Label B C) Label C D) Label D E) Label E Answer: D Page Ref: 399 Bloom's: 1) Knowledge 1 Copyright © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. 2) A lymph node is indicated by ________. A) Label A B) Label B C) Label C D) Label D E) Label E Answer: B Page Ref: 399 Bloom's: 1) Knowledge 3) The lymph duct is indicated by ________. A) Label A B) Label B C) Label C D) Label D E) Label E Answer: A Page Ref: 399 Bloom's: 1) Knowledge 4) Blood capillaries are indicated by ________. A) Label A B) Label B C) Label C D) Label D E) Label E Answer: E Page Ref: 399 Bloom's: 1) Knowledge 5) Lymphatic collecting vessels are indicated by ________. A) Label A B) Label B C) Label C D) Label D E) Label E Answer: C Page Ref: 399 Bloom's: 1) Knowledge 2 Copyright © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. Using Figure 12.2, identify the following: 6) The spleen is indicated by ________. A) Label A B) Label B C) Label C D) Label D Answer: C Page Ref: 403 Bloom's: 1) Knowledge 3 Copyright © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. 7) The tonsils are indicated by ________. A) Label A B) Label B C) Label C D) Label D Answer: A Page Ref: 403 Bloom's: 1) Knowledge 8) The thymus is indicated by ________. A) Label A B) Label B C) Label C D) Label D Answer: B Page Ref: 403 Bloom's: 1) Knowledge 9) The Peyer's patches are indicated by ________. A) Label A B) Label B C) Label C D) Label D Answer: D Page Ref: 403 Bloom's: 1) Knowledge 10) The lymphoid organ that destroys worn-out blood cells is indicated by ________. A) Label A B) Label B C) Label C D) Label D Answer: C Page Ref: 403 Bloom's: 2) Comprehension 11) The lymphoid tissues that trap and remove bacteria that enter the throat are indicated by ________. A) Label A B) Label B C) Label C D) Label D Answer: A Page Ref: 403 Bloom's: 2) Comprehension 4 Copyright © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. 12) Lymph fluid and some plasma proteins originate (escape) from the ________. A) intracellular fluid B) blood vascular system C) endocrine system D) respiratory system Answer: B Page Ref: 399 Bloom's: 1) Knowledge 13) Excess accumulation of fluid, which impairs the exchange of materials within the tissues, is called ________. A) stroke B) shock C) edema D) MALT (mucosa-associated lymphatic tissue) Answer: C Page Ref: 399 Bloom's: 1) Knowledge 14) The ________ duct drains lymph from the right arm and the right side of the head and thorax. A) brachiocephalic B) subclavian C) thoracic D) right lymphatic Answer: D Page Ref: 400 Bloom's: 1) Knowledge 15) Bacteria and tumor cells are removed from lymph by ________. A) lymph nodes B) tonsils C) the spleen D) thymus Answer: A Page Ref: 400 Bloom's: 1) Knowledge 16) The role of the ________ is to trap and remove bacteria or other foreign pathogens entering the throat. A) thymus B) spleen C) tonsils D) lymph node Answer: C Page Ref: 403 Bloom's: 1) Knowledge 5 Copyright © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. 17) Peyer's patches and the tonsils are part of the collection of small lymphoid tissues that protect the upper respiratory and digestive tracts from infection and are referred to as ________. A) lymph nodes B) MALT or mucosa-associated lymphatic tissue C) germinal centers D) lymphatics Answer: B Page Ref: 403 Bloom's: 1) Knowledge 18) Harmful or disease-causing microorganisms from which nonspecific defenses protect the body are called ________. A) macrophages B) antibodies C) pathogens D) allergens Answer: C Page Ref: 405 Bloom's: 1) Knowledge 19) Redness, heat, swelling, and pain are the four most common indicators of ________. A) fever B) dehydration C) edema D) acute inflammation Answer: D Page Ref: 406 Bloom's: 1) Knowledge 20) The third line of defense involves the adaptive response mediated by ________. A) lymphocytes B) antigens C) mucous membranes D) pathogens Answer: A Page Ref: 404, 408, 410 Bloom's: 1) Knowledge 6 Copyright © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. 21) The binding of complement proteins to certain sugar or proteins on a foreign cell's surface is called ________. A) cellular immunity (cellular-mediated immunity) B) complement fixation C) positive chemotaxis D) diapedesis Answer: B Page Ref: 410 Bloom's: 1) Knowledge 22) Small proteins known as ________ are secreted by virus-infected cells to help defend cells that have not yet been infected. A) haptens B) pyrogens C) interferons D) antigens Answer: C Page Ref: 410 Bloom's: 1) Knowledge 23) A(n) ________ is any substance capable of mobilizing our immune system and provoking an immune response. A) interferon B) antibody C) antigen D) pyrogen Answer: C Page Ref: 410, 411 Bloom's: 1) Knowledge 24) Troublesome small molecules or incomplete antigens that may mount an attack that is harmful rather than protective are called ________. A) haptens B) antibodies C) pyrogens D) interferons Answer: A Page Ref: 412 Bloom's: 1) Knowledge 7 Copyright © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. 25) T cells or B cells that are capable of responding to a specific antigen by binding to it with antigen-specific receptors that appear on the lymphocyte's surface are considered ________. A) clones B) complement C) self-tolerant D) immunocompetent Answer: D Page Ref: 412 Bloom's: 1) Knowledge 26) The major role of ________ cells is to engulf antigens and present pieces of them to the cells that will deal with those fragments. A) helper T B) antigen-presenting C) cytotoxic T D) killer Answer: B Page Ref: 414 Bloom's: 1) Knowledge 27) Active immunity to tetanus, whooping cough, and polio can be artificially acquired when we receive ________. A) vaccines B) serum C) antivenom D) antitoxin Answer: A Page Ref: 416 Bloom's: 1) Knowledge 28) Antibodies provided by serum from an immune donor or an animal donor do not challenge the B cells and thus provide ________. A) cellular or cell-mediated immunity B) active immunity C) natural immunity D) passive immunity Answer: D Page Ref: 416 Bloom's: 1) Knowledge 8 Copyright © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. 29) The region of the antibody that varies from antibody to antibody is called the ________ region. A) regional or R B) variable or V C) constant or C D) stable or S Answer: B Page Ref: 417 Bloom's: 1) Knowledge 30) Large antigen-antibody complexes can become insoluble and settle out of solution, a reaction called ________. A) neutralization B) complement fixation C) precipitation D) agglutination Answer: C Page Ref: 420 Bloom's: 1) Knowledge 31) Killer T cells, which kill virus-invaded body cells, are also called ________. A) cytotoxic T cells B) regulatory T cells C) antigen-presenting cells D) helper T cells Answer: A Page Ref: 421 Bloom's: 1) Knowledge 32) Tissue grafts harvested from a different animal species are known as ________. A) xenografts B) autografts C) allografts D) isografts Answer: A Page Ref: 425 Bloom's: 1) Knowledge 33) Systemic (body-wide) acute allergic response caused by allergens that directly enter the blood, as with certain bee stings or spider bites, is called ________. A) myasthenia gravis B) rheumatic fever C) anaphylactic shock D) delayed hypersensitivity Answer: C Page Ref: 426 Bloom's: 1) Knowledge 9 Copyright © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. 34) AIDS cripples the immune system by interfering with the activity of cells called ________. A) antigen-presenting cells B) plasma cells C) memory cells D) helper T cells Answer: D Page Ref: 428-429 Bloom's: 1) Knowledge 35) A tropical disease that results when parasitic worms clog the lymphatic vessels is called ________. A) glomerulonephritis B) elephantiasis C) appendicitis D) allergic contact dermatitis Answer: B Page Ref: 431 Bloom's: 1) Knowledge 12.2 Multiple Choice Part II Questions 1) Lymph is largely composed of water that has escaped from ________. A) cytosol B) cerebrospinal fluid C) saliva D) tears E) blood Answer: E Page Ref: 399 Bloom's: 1) Knowledge 2) The right lymphatic duct collects lymph from the ________. A) right arm B) right leg C) left leg D) left side of the head E) right and left legs Answer: A Page Ref: 400 Bloom's: 1) Knowledge 10 Copyright © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. 3) Lymph from the left arm returns to the heart through the ________. A) inferior vena cava B) left subclavian vein C) left external jugular vein D) left subclavian artery E) aorta Answer: B Page Ref: 400 Bloom's: 3) Application 4) Which one of the following is NOT a mechanism that aids lymph return to the heart? A) milking action of skeletal muscles B) pressure changes within the thorax C) the pumping action of the heart D) smooth muscle contractions within the lymphatic vessels E) presence of valves within the larger lymph vessels Answer: C Page Ref: 399-400 Bloom's: 1) Knowledge 5) What structure carries lymph into a lymph node? A) trabeculae B) afferent lymphatic vessel C) follicles D) efferent lymphatic vessel E) germinal center Answer: B Page Ref: 402 Bloom's: 1) Knowledge 6) Which lymphatic organ's major job is to destroy worn-out red blood cells and return some of the products to the liver? A) tonsils B) spleen C) thymus gland D) appendix E) Peyer's patches Answer: B Page Ref: 403 Bloom's: 1) Knowledge 11 Copyright © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. 7) Which lymphoid tissues trap and remove bacteria entering the throat? A) axillary lymph nodes B) cervical lymph nodes C) tonsils D) Peyer's patches E) thymus gland Answer: C Page Ref: 403 Bloom's: 1) Knowledge 8) The thymus is most active during ________. A) infancy B) adolescence C) middle age D) old age E) the entire lifetime Answer: B Page Ref: 403 Bloom's: 1) Knowledge 9) What lymphoid organ stores platelets and acts as a blood reservoir? A) thymus B) spleen C) appendix D) tonsils E) Peyer's patches Answer: B Page Ref: 403 Bloom's: 1) Knowledge 10) The lymph tissues found within the walls of the small intestine are called ________. A) tonsils B) appendix C) Peyer's patches D) thymus tissues E) intestinal nodes Answer: C Page Ref: 403 Bloom's: 1) Knowledge 12 Copyright © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. 11) Where is the thymus located? A) pharynx B) beneath sternum overlying heart C) armpits, groin, and neck D) small intestine E) left side of abdominopelvic cavity Answer: B Page Ref: 403 Bloom's: 1) Knowledge 12) Mucosa-associated lymphatic tissue (MALT) includes the ________. A) spleen B) thymus C) tonsils only D) tonsils, the appendix, and Peyer's patches E) tonsils and spleen Answer: D Page Ref: 403 Bloom's: 1) Knowledge 13) The body's first line of defense against the invasion of disease-causing microorganisms is ________. A) phagocytes B) natural killer cells C) skin and mucous membranes D) inflammatory response E) fever Answer: C Page Ref: 404, 405, 406 Bloom's: 1) Knowledge 14) The adaptive (specific) defense system ________. A) is an innate defense B) issues an attack specific to particular foreign substances C) includes the skin and mucous membranes D) is the body's first line of defense against invading pathogens E) provides mechanical barriers to the body Answer: B Page Ref: 404 Bloom's: 1) Knowledge 13 Copyright © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. 15) Which one of the following is NOT one of the nonspecific body defenses? A) intact skin B) antibody production C) the inflammatory response D) fever E) natural killer cells Answer: B Page Ref: 404 Bloom's: 1) Knowledge 16) The process by which neutrophils are squeezed through the capillary walls during the inflammatory process is called ________. A) agglutination B) chemotaxis C) diapedesis D) coagulation E) antibody production Answer: C Page Ref: 408 Bloom's: 1) Knowledge 17) Which of the following is NOT one of the four most common indicators of the inflammatory response? A) redness B) heat C) swelling D) chills E) pain Answer: D Page Ref: 406, 407 Bloom's: 1) Knowledge 18) Chemotaxis is best described as ________. A) the movement of neutrophils through capillary walls B) the movement of cells along a chemical gradient C) the dilation of blood vessels D) the release of a lytic chemical by perforins E) the accumulation of excess fluids in tissue space Answer: B Page Ref: 406 Bloom's: 1) Knowledge 14 Copyright © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. 19) The inflammatory process begins with release of chemicals, which do all of the following EXCEPT ________. A) dilate blood vessels B) attract phagocytes to the area C) stimulate release of lysozyme D) cause capillaries to become leaky E) activate pain receptors Answer: C Page Ref: 406-407 Bloom's: 1) Knowledge 20) Membrane attack complexes (MAC) form holes in attacked cells causing them to burst; this is a result of ________. A) interferon B) complement fixation C) natural killer cells D) keratin E) phagocytes Answer: B Page Ref: 410 Bloom's: 1) Knowledge 21) What does fever accomplish? A) Fever inhibits bacteria reproduction and speeds the repair process. B) Fever promotes cell lysis by direct cell attack. C) Fever enables macrophages to attack microorganisms. D) Fever prevents the spread of pathogens to adjacent tissues. E) Fever prevents the formation of complement fixation. Answer: A Page Ref: 410 Bloom's: 2) Comprehension 22) What inhibits viruses from entering and attacking healthy cells? A) membrane-attack complexes (MAC) B) keratin C) interferons D) pyrogens E) complement Answer: C Page Ref: 410 Bloom's: 1) Knowledge 15 Copyright © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. 23) The study of immunity is called ________. A) histology B) anatomy C) pathology D) immunology E) microbiology Answer: D Page Ref: 411 Bloom's: 1) Knowledge 24) Which of the following substances is NOT likely to trigger the immune response? A) pollen grains B) bacteria C) self-antigens D) fungi E) virus particles Answer: C Page Ref: 412 Bloom's: 1) Knowledge 25) Humoral immunity is provided by ________. A) pyrogens B) skin and mucous membranes C) interferon D) antibodies E) complement fixation Answer: D Page Ref: 412 Bloom's: 1) Knowledge 26) Regardless of whether it matures into a B cell or a T cell, a lymphocyte that is capable of responding to a specific antigen by binding to it is said to be ________. A) clonal B) incompetent C) immune D) immunocompetent E) complemented Answer: D Page Ref: 412 Bloom's: 1) Knowledge 16 Copyright © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. 27) The specific foreign substances that an individual's immune system has the ability to recognize and resist are determined by ________. A) individual exposure to the specific foreign substance B) individual genetic makeup C) the total number of lymphocytes present at a given time D) the total number of macrophages at a given time E) the total number of self-antigens at a given time Answer: B Page Ref: 414 Bloom's: 1) Knowledge 28) Lymphocytes are trained to be self-tolerant of ________. A) fungi B) foreign blood cells C) the body's own cells D) viruses E) bacteria Answer: C Page Ref: 413 Bloom's: 1) Knowledge 29) B cells develop immunocompetence in the ________. A) thymus gland B) bone marrow C) spleen D) thyroid gland E) lymph nodes Answer: B Page Ref: 413 Bloom's: 1) Knowledge 30) Antigen-presenting cells behave as ________. A) interferons B) pyrogens C) macrophages D) natural killer cells E) complement Answer: C Page Ref: 414 Bloom's: 1) Knowledge 17 Copyright © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. 31) How do plasma cells assist with humoral immunity? A) Plasma cells reproduce rapidly to crowd pathogens out of the blood. B) Plasma cells bind to viruses and bacteria to immobilize them. C) Plasma cells produce interferons. D) Plasma cells secrete highly-specific antibodies. E) Plasma cells secrete pyrogens. Answer: D Page Ref: 415-416 Bloom's: 2) Comprehension 32) Vaccines are NOT for ________. A) pneumonia B) tetanus C) measles D) snake bites E) polio Answer: D Page Ref: 417 Bloom's: 1) Knowledge 33) Due to a recent respiratory illness from a viral infection , Jennifer has now developed ________. A) naturally acquired active immunity B) artificially acquired active immunity C) naturally acquired passive immunity D) artificially acquired passive immunity E) passively acquired natural immunity Answer: A Page Ref: 416-417 Bloom's: 2) Comprehension 34) Which portion of the antibody's structure determines the antibody's class? A) variable region B) heavy chain C) constant region D) disulfide bonds E) light chain Answer: C Page Ref: 417 Bloom's: 1) Knowledge 18 Copyright © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. 35) Which one of the following is NOT true of the constant (C) regions of antibodies? A) The constant regions are the same or nearly the same on all antibodies. B) The constant regions form the "stem" of an antibody. C) The constant regions determine the specific type of antibody class formed. D) The constant regions form an antigen-binding site. E) The constant regions determine how an antibody class will carry out its immune role. Answer: D Page Ref: 417 Bloom's: 2) Comprehension 36) Which one of the following is NOT one of the antibody classes? A) IgA B) IgB C) IgD D) IgG E) IgE Answer: B Page Ref: 418-419 Bloom's: 1) Knowledge 37) IgE ________. A) is mainly found in mucus and secretions such as tears and saliva B) is passed from mother to fetus during pregnancy C) is the most abundant antibody in blood plasma D) can fix complement E) is involved in allergies Answer: E Page Ref: 418-419 Bloom's: 1) Knowledge 38) What is the chief way the body responds to antigens? A) agglutination B) chemotaxis C) complement fixation D) neutralization E) precipitation Answer: C Page Ref: 410, 419 Bloom's: 1) Knowledge 19 Copyright © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. 39) Which antibody-antigen interaction results when a foreign blood type is transfused and clumped? A) opsonization B) agglutination C) neutralization D) precipitation E) phagocytosis Answer: B Page Ref: 419 Bloom's: 1) Knowledge 40) The process by which antibodies bind to specific sites on bacterial exotoxins (toxic chemicals secreted by bacteria) to block their harmful effects is called ________. A) agglutination B) chemotaxis C) complement fixation D) neutralization E) precipitation Answer: D Page Ref: 419 Bloom's: 1) Knowledge 41) Antigen presentation is essential for the activation and clonal selection of ________. A) T cells B) B cells C) plasma cells D) antigen-presenting cells E) antibodies Answer: A Page Ref: 420-421 Bloom's: 1) Knowledge 42) What type of T cell releases cytokines to indirectly rid the body of antigens? A) helper T cells B) cytotoxic T cells C) regulatory T cells D) killer T cells E) suppressor T cells Answer: A Page Ref: 421 Bloom's: 1) Knowledge 20 Copyright © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. 43) What is the best graft to have so as to avoid rejection of a transplanted tissue? A) an autograft B) a graft from a recently deceased individuals C) a graft from another primate D) a xenograft E) an allograft Answer: A Page Ref: 425 Bloom's: 4) Analysis 44) Which of the following is often used to treat allergies? A) corticosteroids B) antihistamines C) blood transfusions D) bone marrow transplants E) immunosuppressor drugs Answer: B Page Ref: 426 Bloom's: 1) Knowledge 45) Allergic contact dermatitis following skin contact with poison ivy would normally lead to ________. A) immediate hypersensitivity B) acute hypersensitivity C) delayed hypersensitivity D) anaphylactic shock E) immunodeficiency Answer: C Page Ref: 427 Bloom's: 1) Knowledge 46) Hannah has an auto-immune disease in which the beta cells of the pancreas are destroyed. As a result, she does not make enough insulin. What disease does she have? A) multiple sclerosis B) Graves' disease C) myasthenia gravis D) type I diabetes mellitus E) systemic lupus erythematosis Answer: D Page Ref: 426 Bloom's: 3) Application 21 Copyright © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. 47) Which one of the following is NOT an autoimmune disease? A) AIDS B) multiple sclerosis C) Graves' disease D) type I diabetes mellitus E) rheumatoid arthritis Answer: A Page Ref: 426 Bloom's: 1) Knowledge 12.3 True/False Questions 1) The two main structures of the lymphatic system are the lymphatic vessels and the blood vessels. Answer: FALSE Page Ref: 398 Bloom's: 1) Knowledge 2) All lymph rejoins the bloodstream via the subclavian veins. Answer: TRUE Page Ref: 399 Bloom's: 1) Knowledge 3) The lymph nodes filter bacteria, viruses, and tumor cells from blood on its way back to the heart. Answer: FALSE Page Ref: 400 Bloom's: 1) Knowledge 4) The role of the spleen in the lymphatic system is to provide a site for lymphocyte proliferation and immune surveillance. Answer: TRUE Page Ref: 402 Bloom's: 1) Knowledge 5) The most important function of the thymus gland is to destroy worn-out red blood cells and return some of the products to the liver. Answer: FALSE Page Ref: 403 Bloom's: 1) Knowledge 6) The innate (nonspecific) defense system and adaptive (specific) defense system make up the immune system. Answer: TRUE Page Ref: 404 Bloom's: 1) Knowledge 22 Copyright © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. 7) Injured cells release chemicals such as histamine and kinins that dilate vessels, attract phagocytes and activate pain receptors. Answer: TRUE Page Ref: 406 Bloom's: 1) Knowledge 8) The final disposal of cell debris as inflammation subsides is performed by neutrophils. Answer: FALSE Page Ref: 407-408 Bloom's: 1) Knowledge 9) The nonspecific defense by which complement proteins attach to sugars or proteins on the surface of foreign cells is called complement fixation. Answer: TRUE Page Ref: 410 Bloom's: 1) Knowledge 10) Chemicals secreted by white blood cells and macrophages exposed to foreign substances that can increase body temperature are called pyrogens. Answer: TRUE Page Ref: 410 Bloom's: 1) Knowledge 11) The study of immunity and the immune system is called endocrinology. Answer: FALSE Page Ref: 411 Bloom's: 1) Knowledge 12) Like all blood cells, lymphocytes originate from hemocytoblasts contained within red bone marrow. Answer: TRUE Page Ref: 412 Bloom's: 1) Knowledge 13) B cells become immunocompetent in the thymus. Answer: FALSE Page Ref: 413 Bloom's: 1) Knowledge 14) Antigen-presenting cells (APCs) engulf antigens and present them to cells that will deal with them. Answer: TRUE Page Ref: 414 Bloom's: 1) Knowledge 23 Copyright © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. 15) Artificially acquired passive immunity is conferred when one receives immune serum for poisonous snake bites. Answer: TRUE Page Ref: 417 Bloom's: 3) Application 16) Antibodies are also referred to as immunoglobulins. Answer: TRUE Page Ref: 417 Bloom's: 1) Knowledge 17) The constant region of the antibody joins heavy and light chains to form an antigen-binding site specifically made to fit an antigen. Answer: FALSE Page Ref: 417 Bloom's: 1) Knowledge 18) The antibody a mother passes to her fetus is IgM. Answer: FALSE Page Ref: 418, 419 Bloom's: 1) Knowledge 19) The process that occurs when antibodies clump foreign cells is called agglutination. Answer: TRUE Page Ref: 419 Bloom's: 1) Knowledge 20) Cytotoxic T cells release perforins to creates pores in the target cell's membrane to kill the cell. Answer: TRUE Page Ref: 421 Bloom's: 1) Knowledge 21) Antigen presentation is essential for the activation of clonal selection of T cells. Answer: TRUE Page Ref: 421 Bloom's: 1) Knowledge 22) Xenografts are ideal donor organs or tissues since they rarely cause rejection. Answer: FALSE Page Ref: 425 Bloom's: 1) Knowledge 24 Copyright © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. 23) Autoimmune disease arises when the immune system is no longer tolerant of self-antigens and antibodies are produced to attack the body's own tissues. Answer: TRUE Page Ref: 425-426 Bloom's: 1) Knowledge 24) Allergies, or hypersensitivities, are normal immune responses. Answer: FALSE Page Ref: 426 Bloom's: 1) Knowledge 25) Anaphylactic shock, an acute systemic allergic response, causes vasodilation and difficulty breathing. Answer: TRUE Page Ref: 426 Bloom's: 1) Knowledge 26) As people age, they become more resistant to the development of autoimmune and immunodeficiency diseases. Answer: FALSE Page Ref: 431 Bloom's: 1) Knowledge 25 Copyright © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. 12.4 Matching Questions Match the following descriptions with the appropriate lymphoid organ or tissue: A) thymus gland B) Peyer's patches C) tonsils D) spleen 1) Located on the left side of the abdominal cavity Page Ref: 402 Bloom's: 1) Knowledge 2) Trap and remove bacteria and pathogens entering the throat Page Ref: 403 Bloom's: 1) Knowledge 3) Located overlying the heart Page Ref: 403 Bloom's: 1) Knowledge 4) Filters and cleanses the blood of bacteria, viruses, and other debris Page Ref: 402-403 Bloom's: 1) Knowledge 5) Located in the wall of the small intestines Page Ref: 403 Bloom's: 1) Knowledge 6) Located in the pharynx (throat) Page Ref: 403 Bloom's: 1) Knowledge Answers: 1) D 2) C 3) A 4) D 5) B 6) C 26 Copyright © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. Match the following terms with the correct description: A) pyrogen B) antigen C) cytokines D) mucus E) antibody F) interferon G) perforins 7) Any substance capable of provoking an immune response Page Ref: 412 Bloom's: 1) Knowledge 8) Small protein that binds with receptors on healthy cells to promote protein synthesis and prevent viruses from binding Page Ref: 410 Bloom's: 1) Knowledge 9) Chemical secreted by white blood cells and macrophages to raise the body's temperature Page Ref: 410 Bloom's: 1) Knowledge 10) Chemical released by natural killer cells to cause cell lysis Page Ref: 421 Bloom's: 1) Knowledge 11) Chemical released by macrophages and dendritic cells to activate many other immune cells Page Ref: 421 Bloom's: 1) Knowledge 12) Protein secreted by activated B cells in response to an antigen Page Ref: 402, 412 Bloom's: 1) Knowledge 13) Sticky substance in the respiratory and digestive passageways that trap microorganisms Page Ref: 405, 406 Bloom's: 1) Knowledge Answers: 7) B 8) F 9) A 10) G 11) C 12) E 13) D 27 Copyright © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. Match the following biological function with its antibody class: A) Antigen-presenting cell (APC) B) Memory cell C) B cell D) Regulatory T cell E) Cytotoxic T cell F) Helper T cell G) Plasma cell 14) May exist in the body for years and enable a quick response to subsequent meetings with the same antigen Page Ref: 424 Bloom's: 1) Knowledge 15) Slows or stops B and T cell activity once infection has been conquered Page Ref: 424 Bloom's: 1) Knowledge 16) Cell that produces huge numbers of the same antibody (immunoglobulin) Page Ref: 424 Bloom's: 1) Knowledge 17) Kills virus-infected cells, cancerous cells, and is involved in graft rejection Page Ref: 424 Bloom's: 1) Knowledge 18) Engulfs and presents parts of antigens on the membrane for recognition by T cells bearing receptors for the same antigen Page Ref: 424 Bloom's: 1) Knowledge 19) Progeny (clone members) of this cell form plasma cells and memory cells Page Ref: 424 Bloom's: 1) Knowledge 20) Binds with a specific antigen presented by an antigen-presenting cell (APC) Page Ref: 424 Bloom's: 1) Knowledge Answers: 14) B 15) D 16) G 17) E 18) A 19) C 20) F 28 Copyright © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. 12.5 Essay Questions 1) Explain the origin and pathway of lymph. Answer: Lymph fluid arises from blood plasma that has been forced out of the capillary beds by osmotic and hydrostatic pressures. The fluid left behind is called interstitial fluid. The interstitial fluid is then picked up by lymph capillaries, after which it is called lymph. Lymph is routed up the lymphatic vessels until it is finally returned to the venous system through either the right lymphatic duct or the thoracic duct. Page Ref: 399-400 Bloom's: 2) Comprehension 2) Describe how the lymphatic and cardiovascular systems are similar in structure and function. Answer: Structurally, lymphatic vessels and the veins of the cardiovascular system are both thin-walled and operate under low-pressure. Some of the larger vessels in each system have valves. Functionally, both systems return fluids back to the heart. The lymphatic system is assisted by the same techniques as the cardiovascular system to return lymph (and venous blood) back to the heart: milking action of skeletal muscles, pressure changes in the thorax during breathing, and smooth muscles in the walls of the vessels. Page Ref: 400 Bloom's: 4) Analysis 3) Explain how the innate and adaptive immune systems differ in their responses to foreign substances. Answer: The innate immune system is the system we have when we're born. This system includes the skin and mucous membranes, the inflammatory response, and proteins already present in our cells. This system is the first one to come into contact with a foreign substance and thus is always prepared to defend the body. Therefore, we think of the innate system as the nonspecific body defense and the first line of defense to protection from invaders. The adaptive immune system is the second line of defense which defends us from specific invaders. This system consists of molecules like pyrogens and immune cells such as lymphocytes and macrophages. This system differs from the innate system since it must be exposed to the invader before it can form a response. Page Ref: 404 Bloom's: 4) Analysis 4) Identify the four most common indicators and major symptoms of an acute inflammatory response and explain their origins. Answer: The four most common indicators of the inflammatory response are redness, heat, swelling, and pain. Redness and heat are a result of dilation of blood vessels that increase blood flow to the injured area. Swelling occurs when increased permeability of the capillaries allows plasma to leak from the bloodstream into the tissue spaces. The excess fluid, or edema, triggers the activation of pain receptors in the area, accounting for the pain associated with an injury. Page Ref: 406 Bloom's: 2) Comprehension 29 Copyright © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. 5) List and describe the cells and chemicals the body uses as its second line of defense. Answer: 1. Phagocytes, such as neutrophils or macrophages, engulf foreign particles. These cells are in nearly every body organ and confront pathogens that make it through the surface membrane barriers. 2. Natural killer cells, found in blood and lymph, are lymphocytes. They can lyse and kill cancer cells and virus-infected body cells. 3. The inflammatory response is a nonspecific response that occurs when body tissues are injured. Page Ref: 406, 407 Bloom's: 2) Comprehension 6) Contrast the primary humoral response with the secondary humoral response. Answer: The primary humoral response occurs during the first encounter with an antigen. An antigen binds to a specific receptor on a specific B cell. The activated B cells proliferate to form a clone. While most of the B cell clone members become plasma cells that will secrete antibody molecules, B cells that do not become plasma cells will become memory cells. Memory cells exist for years and are capable of responding to the same antigen at a later meeting (immunological memory). Secondary humoral responses are the later immune responses that are faster, more prolonged, and more effective than the primary humoral response because preparations for this attack have already been made. Page Ref: 415-416 Bloom's: 4) Analysis 7) Let's suppose scientists have discovered a new disease that arises when antigen-presenting cells (APCs) are not made by the body. How do you think our immune response will be impacted? Answer: Antigen-presenting cells (APCs) engulf an antigen and present part of it on the membrane in combination with one of the APCs' own glycoproteins. T cells require the presentation of the antigen for activation and clonal selection. Without the presentation of antigens by APCs, the immune process would be severely impaired. T cell clone classes provide for cell-mediated immunity and include helper T cells, cytotoxic T cells, regulatory T cells, and memory cells. Page Ref: 414, 421 Bloom's: 3) Application 30 Copyright © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.