Download Essentials of Human Anatomy and Physiology, 11e

Essentials of Human Anatomy and Physiology, 11e (Marieb)
Chapter 12 The Lymphatic System and Body Defenses
12.1 Multiple Choice Part I Questions
Using Figure 12.1, identify the following:
1) A lymph capillary is indicated by ________.
A) Label A
B) Label B
C) Label C
D) Label D
E) Label E
Answer: D
Page Ref: 399
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2) A lymph node is indicated by ________.
A) Label A
B) Label B
C) Label C
D) Label D
E) Label E
Answer: B
Page Ref: 399
Bloom's: 1) Knowledge
3) The lymph duct is indicated by ________.
A) Label A
B) Label B
C) Label C
D) Label D
E) Label E
Answer: A
Page Ref: 399
Bloom's: 1) Knowledge
4) Blood capillaries are indicated by ________.
A) Label A
B) Label B
C) Label C
D) Label D
E) Label E
Answer: E
Page Ref: 399
Bloom's: 1) Knowledge
5) Lymphatic collecting vessels are indicated by ________.
A) Label A
B) Label B
C) Label C
D) Label D
E) Label E
Answer: C
Page Ref: 399
Bloom's: 1) Knowledge
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Using Figure 12.2, identify the following:
6) The spleen is indicated by ________.
A) Label A
B) Label B
C) Label C
D) Label D
Answer: C
Page Ref: 403
Bloom's: 1) Knowledge
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7) The tonsils are indicated by ________.
A) Label A
B) Label B
C) Label C
D) Label D
Answer: A
Page Ref: 403
Bloom's: 1) Knowledge
8) The thymus is indicated by ________.
A) Label A
B) Label B
C) Label C
D) Label D
Answer: B
Page Ref: 403
Bloom's: 1) Knowledge
9) The Peyer's patches are indicated by ________.
A) Label A
B) Label B
C) Label C
D) Label D
Answer: D
Page Ref: 403
Bloom's: 1) Knowledge
10) The lymphoid organ that destroys worn-out blood cells is indicated by ________.
A) Label A
B) Label B
C) Label C
D) Label D
Answer: C
Page Ref: 403
Bloom's: 2) Comprehension
11) The lymphoid tissues that trap and remove bacteria that enter the throat are indicated by
________.
A) Label A
B) Label B
C) Label C
D) Label D
Answer: A
Page Ref: 403
Bloom's: 2) Comprehension
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12) Lymph fluid and some plasma proteins originate (escape) from the ________.
A) intracellular fluid
B) blood vascular system
C) endocrine system
D) respiratory system
Answer: B
Page Ref: 399
Bloom's: 1) Knowledge
13) Excess accumulation of fluid, which impairs the exchange of materials within the tissues, is
called ________.
A) stroke
B) shock
C) edema
D) MALT (mucosa-associated lymphatic tissue)
Answer: C
Page Ref: 399
Bloom's: 1) Knowledge
14) The ________ duct drains lymph from the right arm and the right side of the head and
thorax.
A) brachiocephalic
B) subclavian
C) thoracic
D) right lymphatic
Answer: D
Page Ref: 400
Bloom's: 1) Knowledge
15) Bacteria and tumor cells are removed from lymph by ________.
A) lymph nodes
B) tonsils
C) the spleen
D) thymus
Answer: A
Page Ref: 400
Bloom's: 1) Knowledge
16) The role of the ________ is to trap and remove bacteria or other foreign pathogens entering
the throat.
A) thymus
B) spleen
C) tonsils
D) lymph node
Answer: C
Page Ref: 403
Bloom's: 1) Knowledge
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17) Peyer's patches and the tonsils are part of the collection of small lymphoid tissues that
protect the upper respiratory and digestive tracts from infection and are referred to as ________.
A) lymph nodes
B) MALT or mucosa-associated lymphatic tissue
C) germinal centers
D) lymphatics
Answer: B
Page Ref: 403
Bloom's: 1) Knowledge
18) Harmful or disease-causing microorganisms from which nonspecific defenses protect the
body are called ________.
A) macrophages
B) antibodies
C) pathogens
D) allergens
Answer: C
Page Ref: 405
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19) Redness, heat, swelling, and pain are the four most common indicators of ________.
A) fever
B) dehydration
C) edema
D) acute inflammation
Answer: D
Page Ref: 406
Bloom's: 1) Knowledge
20) The third line of defense involves the adaptive response mediated by ________.
A) lymphocytes
B) antigens
C) mucous membranes
D) pathogens
Answer: A
Page Ref: 404, 408, 410
Bloom's: 1) Knowledge
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21) The binding of complement proteins to certain sugar or proteins on a foreign cell's surface is
called ________.
A) cellular immunity (cellular-mediated immunity)
B) complement fixation
C) positive chemotaxis
D) diapedesis
Answer: B
Page Ref: 410
Bloom's: 1) Knowledge
22) Small proteins known as ________ are secreted by virus-infected cells to help defend cells
that have not yet been infected.
A) haptens
B) pyrogens
C) interferons
D) antigens
Answer: C
Page Ref: 410
Bloom's: 1) Knowledge
23) A(n) ________ is any substance capable of mobilizing our immune system and provoking an
immune response.
A) interferon
B) antibody
C) antigen
D) pyrogen
Answer: C
Page Ref: 410, 411
Bloom's: 1) Knowledge
24) Troublesome small molecules or incomplete antigens that may mount an attack that is
harmful rather than protective are called ________.
A) haptens
B) antibodies
C) pyrogens
D) interferons
Answer: A
Page Ref: 412
Bloom's: 1) Knowledge
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25) T cells or B cells that are capable of responding to a specific antigen by binding to it with
antigen-specific receptors that appear on the lymphocyte's surface are considered ________.
A) clones
B) complement
C) self-tolerant
D) immunocompetent
Answer: D
Page Ref: 412
Bloom's: 1) Knowledge
26) The major role of ________ cells is to engulf antigens and present pieces of them to the cells
that will deal with those fragments.
A) helper T
B) antigen-presenting
C) cytotoxic T
D) killer
Answer: B
Page Ref: 414
Bloom's: 1) Knowledge
27) Active immunity to tetanus, whooping cough, and polio can be artificially acquired when we
receive ________.
A) vaccines
B) serum
C) antivenom
D) antitoxin
Answer: A
Page Ref: 416
Bloom's: 1) Knowledge
28) Antibodies provided by serum from an immune donor or an animal donor do not challenge
the B cells and thus provide ________.
A) cellular or cell-mediated immunity
B) active immunity
C) natural immunity
D) passive immunity
Answer: D
Page Ref: 416
Bloom's: 1) Knowledge
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29) The region of the antibody that varies from antibody to antibody is called the ________
region.
A) regional or R
B) variable or V
C) constant or C
D) stable or S
Answer: B
Page Ref: 417
Bloom's: 1) Knowledge
30) Large antigen-antibody complexes can become insoluble and settle out of solution, a reaction
called ________.
A) neutralization
B) complement fixation
C) precipitation
D) agglutination
Answer: C
Page Ref: 420
Bloom's: 1) Knowledge
31) Killer T cells, which kill virus-invaded body cells, are also called ________.
A) cytotoxic T cells
B) regulatory T cells
C) antigen-presenting cells
D) helper T cells
Answer: A
Page Ref: 421
Bloom's: 1) Knowledge
32) Tissue grafts harvested from a different animal species are known as ________.
A) xenografts
B) autografts
C) allografts
D) isografts
Answer: A
Page Ref: 425
Bloom's: 1) Knowledge
33) Systemic (body-wide) acute allergic response caused by allergens that directly enter the
blood, as with certain bee stings or spider bites, is called ________.
A) myasthenia gravis
B) rheumatic fever
C) anaphylactic shock
D) delayed hypersensitivity
Answer: C
Page Ref: 426
Bloom's: 1) Knowledge
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34) AIDS cripples the immune system by interfering with the activity of cells called ________.
A) antigen-presenting cells
B) plasma cells
C) memory cells
D) helper T cells
Answer: D
Page Ref: 428-429
Bloom's: 1) Knowledge
35) A tropical disease that results when parasitic worms clog the lymphatic vessels is called
________.
A) glomerulonephritis
B) elephantiasis
C) appendicitis
D) allergic contact dermatitis
Answer: B
Page Ref: 431
Bloom's: 1) Knowledge
12.2 Multiple Choice Part II Questions
1) Lymph is largely composed of water that has escaped from ________.
A) cytosol
B) cerebrospinal fluid
C) saliva
D) tears
E) blood
Answer: E
Page Ref: 399
Bloom's: 1) Knowledge
2) The right lymphatic duct collects lymph from the ________.
A) right arm
B) right leg
C) left leg
D) left side of the head
E) right and left legs
Answer: A
Page Ref: 400
Bloom's: 1) Knowledge
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3) Lymph from the left arm returns to the heart through the ________.
A) inferior vena cava
B) left subclavian vein
C) left external jugular vein
D) left subclavian artery
E) aorta
Answer: B
Page Ref: 400
Bloom's: 3) Application
4) Which one of the following is NOT a mechanism that aids lymph return to the heart?
A) milking action of skeletal muscles
B) pressure changes within the thorax
C) the pumping action of the heart
D) smooth muscle contractions within the lymphatic vessels
E) presence of valves within the larger lymph vessels
Answer: C
Page Ref: 399-400
Bloom's: 1) Knowledge
5) What structure carries lymph into a lymph node?
A) trabeculae
B) afferent lymphatic vessel
C) follicles
D) efferent lymphatic vessel
E) germinal center
Answer: B
Page Ref: 402
Bloom's: 1) Knowledge
6) Which lymphatic organ's major job is to destroy worn-out red blood cells and return some of
the products to the liver?
A) tonsils
B) spleen
C) thymus gland
D) appendix
E) Peyer's patches
Answer: B
Page Ref: 403
Bloom's: 1) Knowledge
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7) Which lymphoid tissues trap and remove bacteria entering the throat?
A) axillary lymph nodes
B) cervical lymph nodes
C) tonsils
D) Peyer's patches
E) thymus gland
Answer: C
Page Ref: 403
Bloom's: 1) Knowledge
8) The thymus is most active during ________.
A) infancy
B) adolescence
C) middle age
D) old age
E) the entire lifetime
Answer: B
Page Ref: 403
Bloom's: 1) Knowledge
9) What lymphoid organ stores platelets and acts as a blood reservoir?
A) thymus
B) spleen
C) appendix
D) tonsils
E) Peyer's patches
Answer: B
Page Ref: 403
Bloom's: 1) Knowledge
10) The lymph tissues found within the walls of the small intestine are called ________.
A) tonsils
B) appendix
C) Peyer's patches
D) thymus tissues
E) intestinal nodes
Answer: C
Page Ref: 403
Bloom's: 1) Knowledge
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11) Where is the thymus located?
A) pharynx
B) beneath sternum overlying heart
C) armpits, groin, and neck
D) small intestine
E) left side of abdominopelvic cavity
Answer: B
Page Ref: 403
Bloom's: 1) Knowledge
12) Mucosa-associated lymphatic tissue (MALT) includes the ________.
A) spleen
B) thymus
C) tonsils only
D) tonsils, the appendix, and Peyer's patches
E) tonsils and spleen
Answer: D
Page Ref: 403
Bloom's: 1) Knowledge
13) The body's first line of defense against the invasion of disease-causing microorganisms is
________.
A) phagocytes
B) natural killer cells
C) skin and mucous membranes
D) inflammatory response
E) fever
Answer: C
Page Ref: 404, 405, 406
Bloom's: 1) Knowledge
14) The adaptive (specific) defense system ________.
A) is an innate defense
B) issues an attack specific to particular foreign substances
C) includes the skin and mucous membranes
D) is the body's first line of defense against invading pathogens
E) provides mechanical barriers to the body
Answer: B
Page Ref: 404
Bloom's: 1) Knowledge
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15) Which one of the following is NOT one of the nonspecific body defenses?
A) intact skin
B) antibody production
C) the inflammatory response
D) fever
E) natural killer cells
Answer: B
Page Ref: 404
Bloom's: 1) Knowledge
16) The process by which neutrophils are squeezed through the capillary walls during the
inflammatory process is called ________.
A) agglutination
B) chemotaxis
C) diapedesis
D) coagulation
E) antibody production
Answer: C
Page Ref: 408
Bloom's: 1) Knowledge
17) Which of the following is NOT one of the four most common indicators of the inflammatory
response?
A) redness
B) heat
C) swelling
D) chills
E) pain
Answer: D
Page Ref: 406, 407
Bloom's: 1) Knowledge
18) Chemotaxis is best described as ________.
A) the movement of neutrophils through capillary walls
B) the movement of cells along a chemical gradient
C) the dilation of blood vessels
D) the release of a lytic chemical by perforins
E) the accumulation of excess fluids in tissue space
Answer: B
Page Ref: 406
Bloom's: 1) Knowledge
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19) The inflammatory process begins with release of chemicals, which do all of the following
EXCEPT ________.
A) dilate blood vessels
B) attract phagocytes to the area
C) stimulate release of lysozyme
D) cause capillaries to become leaky
E) activate pain receptors
Answer: C
Page Ref: 406-407
Bloom's: 1) Knowledge
20) Membrane attack complexes (MAC) form holes in attacked cells causing them to burst; this
is a result of ________.
A) interferon
B) complement fixation
C) natural killer cells
D) keratin
E) phagocytes
Answer: B
Page Ref: 410
Bloom's: 1) Knowledge
21) What does fever accomplish?
A) Fever inhibits bacteria reproduction and speeds the repair process.
B) Fever promotes cell lysis by direct cell attack.
C) Fever enables macrophages to attack microorganisms.
D) Fever prevents the spread of pathogens to adjacent tissues.
E) Fever prevents the formation of complement fixation.
Answer: A
Page Ref: 410
Bloom's: 2) Comprehension
22) What inhibits viruses from entering and attacking healthy cells?
A) membrane-attack complexes (MAC)
B) keratin
C) interferons
D) pyrogens
E) complement
Answer: C
Page Ref: 410
Bloom's: 1) Knowledge
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23) The study of immunity is called ________.
A) histology
B) anatomy
C) pathology
D) immunology
E) microbiology
Answer: D
Page Ref: 411
Bloom's: 1) Knowledge
24) Which of the following substances is NOT likely to trigger the immune response?
A) pollen grains
B) bacteria
C) self-antigens
D) fungi
E) virus particles
Answer: C
Page Ref: 412
Bloom's: 1) Knowledge
25) Humoral immunity is provided by ________.
A) pyrogens
B) skin and mucous membranes
C) interferon
D) antibodies
E) complement fixation
Answer: D
Page Ref: 412
Bloom's: 1) Knowledge
26) Regardless of whether it matures into a B cell or a T cell, a lymphocyte that is capable of
responding to a specific antigen by binding to it is said to be ________.
A) clonal
B) incompetent
C) immune
D) immunocompetent
E) complemented
Answer: D
Page Ref: 412
Bloom's: 1) Knowledge
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27) The specific foreign substances that an individual's immune system has the ability to
recognize and resist are determined by ________.
A) individual exposure to the specific foreign substance
B) individual genetic makeup
C) the total number of lymphocytes present at a given time
D) the total number of macrophages at a given time
E) the total number of self-antigens at a given time
Answer: B
Page Ref: 414
Bloom's: 1) Knowledge
28) Lymphocytes are trained to be self-tolerant of ________.
A) fungi
B) foreign blood cells
C) the body's own cells
D) viruses
E) bacteria
Answer: C
Page Ref: 413
Bloom's: 1) Knowledge
29) B cells develop immunocompetence in the ________.
A) thymus gland
B) bone marrow
C) spleen
D) thyroid gland
E) lymph nodes
Answer: B
Page Ref: 413
Bloom's: 1) Knowledge
30) Antigen-presenting cells behave as ________.
A) interferons
B) pyrogens
C) macrophages
D) natural killer cells
E) complement
Answer: C
Page Ref: 414
Bloom's: 1) Knowledge
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31) How do plasma cells assist with humoral immunity?
A) Plasma cells reproduce rapidly to crowd pathogens out of the blood.
B) Plasma cells bind to viruses and bacteria to immobilize them.
C) Plasma cells produce interferons.
D) Plasma cells secrete highly-specific antibodies.
E) Plasma cells secrete pyrogens.
Answer: D
Page Ref: 415-416
Bloom's: 2) Comprehension
32) Vaccines are NOT for ________.
A) pneumonia
B) tetanus
C) measles
D) snake bites
E) polio
Answer: D
Page Ref: 417
Bloom's: 1) Knowledge
33) Due to a recent respiratory illness from a viral infection , Jennifer has now developed
________.
A) naturally acquired active immunity
B) artificially acquired active immunity
C) naturally acquired passive immunity
D) artificially acquired passive immunity
E) passively acquired natural immunity
Answer: A
Page Ref: 416-417
Bloom's: 2) Comprehension
34) Which portion of the antibody's structure determines the antibody's class?
A) variable region
B) heavy chain
C) constant region
D) disulfide bonds
E) light chain
Answer: C
Page Ref: 417
Bloom's: 1) Knowledge
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35) Which one of the following is NOT true of the constant (C) regions of antibodies?
A) The constant regions are the same or nearly the same on all antibodies.
B) The constant regions form the "stem" of an antibody.
C) The constant regions determine the specific type of antibody class formed.
D) The constant regions form an antigen-binding site.
E) The constant regions determine how an antibody class will carry out its immune role.
Answer: D
Page Ref: 417
Bloom's: 2) Comprehension
36) Which one of the following is NOT one of the antibody classes?
A) IgA
B) IgB
C) IgD
D) IgG
E) IgE
Answer: B
Page Ref: 418-419
Bloom's: 1) Knowledge
37) IgE ________.
A) is mainly found in mucus and secretions such as tears and saliva
B) is passed from mother to fetus during pregnancy
C) is the most abundant antibody in blood plasma
D) can fix complement
E) is involved in allergies
Answer: E
Page Ref: 418-419
Bloom's: 1) Knowledge
38) What is the chief way the body responds to antigens?
A) agglutination
B) chemotaxis
C) complement fixation
D) neutralization
E) precipitation
Answer: C
Page Ref: 410, 419
Bloom's: 1) Knowledge
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39) Which antibody-antigen interaction results when a foreign blood type is transfused and
clumped?
A) opsonization
B) agglutination
C) neutralization
D) precipitation
E) phagocytosis
Answer: B
Page Ref: 419
Bloom's: 1) Knowledge
40) The process by which antibodies bind to specific sites on bacterial exotoxins (toxic
chemicals secreted by bacteria) to block their harmful effects is called ________.
A) agglutination
B) chemotaxis
C) complement fixation
D) neutralization
E) precipitation
Answer: D
Page Ref: 419
Bloom's: 1) Knowledge
41) Antigen presentation is essential for the activation and clonal selection of ________.
A) T cells
B) B cells
C) plasma cells
D) antigen-presenting cells
E) antibodies
Answer: A
Page Ref: 420-421
Bloom's: 1) Knowledge
42) What type of T cell releases cytokines to indirectly rid the body of antigens?
A) helper T cells
B) cytotoxic T cells
C) regulatory T cells
D) killer T cells
E) suppressor T cells
Answer: A
Page Ref: 421
Bloom's: 1) Knowledge
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43) What is the best graft to have so as to avoid rejection of a transplanted tissue?
A) an autograft
B) a graft from a recently deceased individuals
C) a graft from another primate
D) a xenograft
E) an allograft
Answer: A
Page Ref: 425
Bloom's: 4) Analysis
44) Which of the following is often used to treat allergies?
A) corticosteroids
B) antihistamines
C) blood transfusions
D) bone marrow transplants
E) immunosuppressor drugs
Answer: B
Page Ref: 426
Bloom's: 1) Knowledge
45) Allergic contact dermatitis following skin contact with poison ivy would normally lead to
________.
A) immediate hypersensitivity
B) acute hypersensitivity
C) delayed hypersensitivity
D) anaphylactic shock
E) immunodeficiency
Answer: C
Page Ref: 427
Bloom's: 1) Knowledge
46) Hannah has an auto-immune disease in which the beta cells of the pancreas are destroyed. As
a result, she does not make enough insulin. What disease does she have?
A) multiple sclerosis
B) Graves' disease
C) myasthenia gravis
D) type I diabetes mellitus
E) systemic lupus erythematosis
Answer: D
Page Ref: 426
Bloom's: 3) Application
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47) Which one of the following is NOT an autoimmune disease?
A) AIDS
B) multiple sclerosis
C) Graves' disease
D) type I diabetes mellitus
E) rheumatoid arthritis
Answer: A
Page Ref: 426
Bloom's: 1) Knowledge
12.3 True/False Questions
1) The two main structures of the lymphatic system are the lymphatic vessels and the blood
vessels.
Answer: FALSE
Page Ref: 398
Bloom's: 1) Knowledge
2) All lymph rejoins the bloodstream via the subclavian veins.
Answer: TRUE
Page Ref: 399
Bloom's: 1) Knowledge
3) The lymph nodes filter bacteria, viruses, and tumor cells from blood on its way back to the
heart.
Answer: FALSE
Page Ref: 400
Bloom's: 1) Knowledge
4) The role of the spleen in the lymphatic system is to provide a site for lymphocyte proliferation
and immune surveillance.
Answer: TRUE
Page Ref: 402
Bloom's: 1) Knowledge
5) The most important function of the thymus gland is to destroy worn-out red blood cells and
return some of the products to the liver.
Answer: FALSE
Page Ref: 403
Bloom's: 1) Knowledge
6) The innate (nonspecific) defense system and adaptive (specific) defense system make up the
immune system.
Answer: TRUE
Page Ref: 404
Bloom's: 1) Knowledge
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7) Injured cells release chemicals such as histamine and kinins that dilate vessels, attract
phagocytes and activate pain receptors.
Answer: TRUE
Page Ref: 406
Bloom's: 1) Knowledge
8) The final disposal of cell debris as inflammation subsides is performed by neutrophils.
Answer: FALSE
Page Ref: 407-408
Bloom's: 1) Knowledge
9) The nonspecific defense by which complement proteins attach to sugars or proteins on the
surface of foreign cells is called complement fixation.
Answer: TRUE
Page Ref: 410
Bloom's: 1) Knowledge
10) Chemicals secreted by white blood cells and macrophages exposed to foreign substances that
can increase body temperature are called pyrogens.
Answer: TRUE
Page Ref: 410
Bloom's: 1) Knowledge
11) The study of immunity and the immune system is called endocrinology.
Answer: FALSE
Page Ref: 411
Bloom's: 1) Knowledge
12) Like all blood cells, lymphocytes originate from hemocytoblasts contained within red bone
marrow.
Answer: TRUE
Page Ref: 412
Bloom's: 1) Knowledge
13) B cells become immunocompetent in the thymus.
Answer: FALSE
Page Ref: 413
Bloom's: 1) Knowledge
14) Antigen-presenting cells (APCs) engulf antigens and present them to cells that will deal with
them.
Answer: TRUE
Page Ref: 414
Bloom's: 1) Knowledge
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15) Artificially acquired passive immunity is conferred when one receives immune serum for
poisonous snake bites.
Answer: TRUE
Page Ref: 417
Bloom's: 3) Application
16) Antibodies are also referred to as immunoglobulins.
Answer: TRUE
Page Ref: 417
Bloom's: 1) Knowledge
17) The constant region of the antibody joins heavy and light chains to form an antigen-binding
site specifically made to fit an antigen.
Answer: FALSE
Page Ref: 417
Bloom's: 1) Knowledge
18) The antibody a mother passes to her fetus is IgM.
Answer: FALSE
Page Ref: 418, 419
Bloom's: 1) Knowledge
19) The process that occurs when antibodies clump foreign cells is called agglutination.
Answer: TRUE
Page Ref: 419
Bloom's: 1) Knowledge
20) Cytotoxic T cells release perforins to creates pores in the target cell's membrane to kill the
cell.
Answer: TRUE
Page Ref: 421
Bloom's: 1) Knowledge
21) Antigen presentation is essential for the activation of clonal selection of T cells.
Answer: TRUE
Page Ref: 421
Bloom's: 1) Knowledge
22) Xenografts are ideal donor organs or tissues since they rarely cause rejection.
Answer: FALSE
Page Ref: 425
Bloom's: 1) Knowledge
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23) Autoimmune disease arises when the immune system is no longer tolerant of self-antigens
and antibodies are produced to attack the body's own tissues.
Answer: TRUE
Page Ref: 425-426
Bloom's: 1) Knowledge
24) Allergies, or hypersensitivities, are normal immune responses.
Answer: FALSE
Page Ref: 426
Bloom's: 1) Knowledge
25) Anaphylactic shock, an acute systemic allergic response, causes vasodilation and difficulty
breathing.
Answer: TRUE
Page Ref: 426
Bloom's: 1) Knowledge
26) As people age, they become more resistant to the development of autoimmune and
immunodeficiency diseases.
Answer: FALSE
Page Ref: 431
Bloom's: 1) Knowledge
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12.4 Matching Questions
Match the following descriptions with the appropriate lymphoid organ or tissue:
A) thymus gland
B) Peyer's patches
C) tonsils
D) spleen
1) Located on the left side of the abdominal cavity
Page Ref: 402
Bloom's: 1) Knowledge
2) Trap and remove bacteria and pathogens entering the throat
Page Ref: 403
Bloom's: 1) Knowledge
3) Located overlying the heart
Page Ref: 403
Bloom's: 1) Knowledge
4) Filters and cleanses the blood of bacteria, viruses, and other debris
Page Ref: 402-403
Bloom's: 1) Knowledge
5) Located in the wall of the small intestines
Page Ref: 403
Bloom's: 1) Knowledge
6) Located in the pharynx (throat)
Page Ref: 403
Bloom's: 1) Knowledge
Answers: 1) D 2) C 3) A 4) D 5) B 6) C
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Match the following terms with the correct description:
A) pyrogen
B) antigen
C) cytokines
D) mucus
E) antibody
F) interferon
G) perforins
7) Any substance capable of provoking an immune response
Page Ref: 412
Bloom's: 1) Knowledge
8) Small protein that binds with receptors on healthy cells to promote protein synthesis and
prevent viruses from binding
Page Ref: 410
Bloom's: 1) Knowledge
9) Chemical secreted by white blood cells and macrophages to raise the body's temperature
Page Ref: 410
Bloom's: 1) Knowledge
10) Chemical released by natural killer cells to cause cell lysis
Page Ref: 421
Bloom's: 1) Knowledge
11) Chemical released by macrophages and dendritic cells to activate many other immune cells
Page Ref: 421
Bloom's: 1) Knowledge
12) Protein secreted by activated B cells in response to an antigen
Page Ref: 402, 412
Bloom's: 1) Knowledge
13) Sticky substance in the respiratory and digestive passageways that trap microorganisms
Page Ref: 405, 406
Bloom's: 1) Knowledge
Answers: 7) B 8) F 9) A 10) G 11) C 12) E 13) D
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Match the following biological function with its antibody class:
A) Antigen-presenting cell (APC)
B) Memory cell
C) B cell
D) Regulatory T cell
E) Cytotoxic T cell
F) Helper T cell
G) Plasma cell
14) May exist in the body for years and enable a quick response to subsequent meetings with the
same antigen
Page Ref: 424
Bloom's: 1) Knowledge
15) Slows or stops B and T cell activity once infection has been conquered
Page Ref: 424
Bloom's: 1) Knowledge
16) Cell that produces huge numbers of the same antibody (immunoglobulin)
Page Ref: 424
Bloom's: 1) Knowledge
17) Kills virus-infected cells, cancerous cells, and is involved in graft rejection
Page Ref: 424
Bloom's: 1) Knowledge
18) Engulfs and presents parts of antigens on the membrane for recognition by T cells bearing
receptors for the same antigen
Page Ref: 424
Bloom's: 1) Knowledge
19) Progeny (clone members) of this cell form plasma cells and memory cells
Page Ref: 424
Bloom's: 1) Knowledge
20) Binds with a specific antigen presented by an antigen-presenting cell (APC)
Page Ref: 424
Bloom's: 1) Knowledge
Answers: 14) B 15) D 16) G 17) E 18) A 19) C 20) F
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12.5 Essay Questions
1) Explain the origin and pathway of lymph.
Answer: Lymph fluid arises from blood plasma that has been forced out of the capillary beds by
osmotic and hydrostatic pressures. The fluid left behind is called interstitial fluid. The interstitial
fluid is then picked up by lymph capillaries, after which it is called lymph. Lymph is routed up
the lymphatic vessels until it is finally returned to the venous system through either the right
lymphatic duct or the thoracic duct.
Page Ref: 399-400
Bloom's: 2) Comprehension
2) Describe how the lymphatic and cardiovascular systems are similar in structure and function.
Answer: Structurally, lymphatic vessels and the veins of the cardiovascular system are both
thin-walled and operate under low-pressure. Some of the larger vessels in each system have
valves. Functionally, both systems return fluids back to the heart. The lymphatic system is
assisted by the same techniques as the cardiovascular system to return lymph (and venous blood)
back to the heart: milking action of skeletal muscles, pressure changes in the thorax during
breathing, and smooth muscles in the walls of the vessels.
Page Ref: 400
Bloom's: 4) Analysis
3) Explain how the innate and adaptive immune systems differ in their responses to foreign
substances.
Answer: The innate immune system is the system we have when we're born. This system
includes the skin and mucous membranes, the inflammatory response, and proteins already
present in our cells. This system is the first one to come into contact with a foreign substance and
thus is always prepared to defend the body. Therefore, we think of the innate system as the
nonspecific body defense and the first line of defense to protection from invaders.
The adaptive immune system is the second line of defense which defends us from specific
invaders. This system consists of molecules like pyrogens and immune cells such as lymphocytes
and macrophages. This system differs from the innate system since it must be exposed to the
invader before it can form a response.
Page Ref: 404
Bloom's: 4) Analysis
4) Identify the four most common indicators and major symptoms of an acute inflammatory
response and explain their origins.
Answer: The four most common indicators of the inflammatory response are redness, heat,
swelling, and pain. Redness and heat are a result of dilation of blood vessels that increase blood
flow to the injured area. Swelling occurs when increased permeability of the capillaries allows
plasma to leak from the bloodstream into the tissue spaces. The excess fluid, or edema, triggers
the activation of pain receptors in the area, accounting for the pain associated with an injury.
Page Ref: 406
Bloom's: 2) Comprehension
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5) List and describe the cells and chemicals the body uses as its second line of defense.
Answer:
1. Phagocytes, such as neutrophils or macrophages, engulf foreign particles. These cells are in
nearly every body organ and confront pathogens that make it through the surface membrane
barriers.
2. Natural killer cells, found in blood and lymph, are lymphocytes. They can lyse and kill cancer
cells and virus-infected body cells.
3. The inflammatory response is a nonspecific response that occurs when body tissues are
injured.
Page Ref: 406, 407
Bloom's: 2) Comprehension
6) Contrast the primary humoral response with the secondary humoral response.
Answer: The primary humoral response occurs during the first encounter with an antigen. An
antigen binds to a specific receptor on a specific B cell. The activated B cells proliferate to form
a clone. While most of the B cell clone members become plasma cells that will secrete antibody
molecules, B cells that do not become plasma cells will become memory cells. Memory cells
exist for years and are capable of responding to the same antigen at a later meeting
(immunological memory). Secondary humoral responses are the later immune responses that are
faster, more prolonged, and more effective than the primary humoral response because
preparations for this attack have already been made.
Page Ref: 415-416
Bloom's: 4) Analysis
7) Let's suppose scientists have discovered a new disease that arises when antigen-presenting
cells (APCs) are not made by the body. How do you think our immune response will be
impacted?
Answer: Antigen-presenting cells (APCs) engulf an antigen and present part of it on the
membrane in combination with one of the APCs' own glycoproteins. T cells require the
presentation of the antigen for activation and clonal selection. Without the presentation of
antigens by APCs, the immune process would be severely impaired. T cell clone classes provide
for cell-mediated immunity and include helper T cells, cytotoxic T cells, regulatory T cells, and
memory cells.
Page Ref: 414, 421
Bloom's: 3) Application
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