Download Chapter 6 - learning

Chapter 6 - Learning
Our next chapter is on learning...
As high school seniors, if you could write to your
past self as a freshman entering high school,
what advice would you give yourself? Consider
your experiences thus far, the lessons you have
learned, and the situations you wish you had
handled better or would have preferred not to
have experienced at all.
This entry MUST be at least ONE full
page.
Think about it...
How did you learn...to
learn?
What study skill strategies
work for you?
True or False
Becoming sick from eating a certain food can be a genuine learning
experience.
If you are afraid of snakes, it may help to surround yourself with them.
Negative reinforcement is the same thing as punishment.
People who watch a lot of violence on television are more likely to be
violent themselves than people who watch less violence on television.
http://www.learner.org/series/discoveringpsychology/08/e08expand.html
http://watchdocumentary.com/watch/discovering-psychology-episode-08learning-video_1f745f1c9.html
Why are A's better than
B's?
Why do certain old songs evoke a rush of sensations
that you used to feel back when the song was
popular?
Classical conditioning
Conditioning --> learning
Stimulus --> something that produces a response
Response --> a reaction
Learning that takes place when an originally
neutral stimulus comes to produce a
conditioned response because of its
association with an unconditioned stimulus
Wait, what????
Ivan Pavlov
Pavlov and the salivating dogs...
Can dogs "learn" to salivate to ANY stimulus that
signaled meat or food?
Pavlov’s Experiments
Pavlov’s Experiments
Pavlov’s Experiments
Pavlov’s Experiments
Important concepts
Unconditioned stimulus (UCS) - a stimulus
that causes a response that is automatic
Unconditioned response (UCR) - the
automatic response
Conditioned response (CR) - a learned
response to a stimulus that was previously
neutral, or meaningless
Conditioned stimulus (CS) - a stimulus that
has come to elicit a CR because it has been
associated with the UCS
Everyday applications of
Classical Conditions
Can openers
Car alarms
Scents
Adapting to the
environment
Taste aversions - a learned avoidance of a
particular food
Extinction - when a conditioned stimulus is no
longer followed by the unconditioned stimulus, it
will eventually lose its ability to evoke the CR
Spontaneous recovery - occurs when a
previously extinguished CR suddenly reappears
after a period of time
Continued...
Generalization - the act of responding in the
same ways to stimuli that seem to be similar
Discrimination - the act of responding
differently to stimuli that are not similar to each
other
Classical conditioning
and fears/habits
Flooding
Systematic desensitization
Counterconditioning
Bell-and-pad method for bed-wetting
Little Albert!!!
Section 1 Review
Answer in your notebooks…
Describe Pavlov's experiment with dogs using
the following terms: UCS, UCR, CS, and CR.
Explain what is meant by extinction,
spontaneous recovery, generalization, and
discrimination in classical conditioning.
Define flooding, systematic desensitization,
counterconditioning in your notebooks!
In your own words, define classical conditioning.
1. Develop a fear of teddy bears by using the
principles of classical conditioning.
Identify the UCS, UCR, CS, CR
2. What could be done to extinguish this fear?
Identify the UCS, UCR, CS, CR
1. Every time someone flushes a toilet in the
apartment building, the shower becomes very hot
and causes the person to jump back. Over time,
the person begins to jump back automatically
after hearing the flush, before the water
temperature changes.
2. You eat a new food and then get sick because of
the flu. However, you develop a dislike for the
food and feel nauseated whenever you smell it.
3. An individual receives frequent injections of
drugs, which are administered in a small
examination room at a clinic. The drug itself
causes increased heart rate but after several trips
to the clinic, simply being in a small room causes
an increased heart rate.
4. John Watson conducted an experiment with a
boy named Albert in which he paired a white rat
with a loud, startling noise. Albert now becomes
startled at the sight of the white rat.
CC Review
1. Ivan Pavlov’s experiments with the salivating dogs yielded
information about …
2. What’s spontaneous recovery again???
3. In Ivan Pavlov’s experiment, what was the conditioned
stimulus?
4. A person’s mouth watering at the thought of a meal is a(n) …
5. In Watson’s experiment with “Little Albert,” Albert was
conditioned to fear not only white rats, but anything white and
furry. What is this an example of?
Answer in your
notebooks...
How can we influence people's behaviors?
How do we increase/decrease the occurrence of
various behaviors?
Provide 2 examples
Operant Conditioning
Actions have consequences that can either increase
or decrease the likelihood that the behavior will
reoccur.
Reinforcement
The process by which a stimulus increases the
chances that the preceding behavior will occur
again
Primary reinforcers - food, water
Secondary reinforcers - grades, money,
attention, social approval
B.F. Skinner
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qy_mIEnnlF4
Skinner’s Experiments
• Edward Thorndike’s Law of Effect
• B.F. Skinner
–Behavioral technology
–Behavior control
Law of Effect
= Thorndike’s principle that behaviors
followed by favorable consequences
become more likely, and that behaviors
followed by unfavorable consequences
become less likely.
Skinner’s Experiments
• Operant Chamber (Skinner Box)
Operant Chamber
= in operant conditioning research, a
chamber (also known as a Skinner Box)
containing a bar or key that an animal can
manipulate to obtain a food or water
reinforcer; attached devices record the
animal’s rate of bar pressing or key
pecking.
Is negative
reinforcement and
punishment the same
thing???
+ vs. Positive reinforcement - increases the
frequency of the behavior (most effective for
elementary-age children) 
Negative reinforcement - increases the
frequency of the behavior by taking away
something bad
Punishment
Unwanted events that decrease the frequency of a
behavior
- does not teach alternate acceptable behavior
- tends to only work when guaranteed
- may try to leave situation than change behavior
- can create anger and hostility
- may be imitated as a way of solving problems
- sometimes accompanied by unseen benefits that make
the behavior more likely to be repeated
Schedules of
Reinforcement
Continuous reinforcement - reinforcement
of a behavior every time the behavior occurs
Partial reinforcement – behavior that is not
reinforced every time; behaviors tend to last
longer if no longer reinforced
Schedules...
Fixed interval - the first target response after a
fixed amount of time has passed is rewarded
Variable interval - varying amounts of time
go by between reinforcements (pop quizzes)
Fixed ratio - a fixed number of target
responses must be made before a reward is
given
Variable ratio - the number of target
responses required for a reward changes
(lottery tickets)
* extinction also occurs in operant conditioning
Answer on a separate
sheet of paper...
1. Explain the difference between classical
conditioning and operant conditioning.
2. Name four types of reinforcers.
3. How are fixed schedules of reinforcement
different from variable schedules?
4. How do parents and teachers use rewards and
punishments to influence behavior? Give an
example of each.
Contrasting Classical and Operant
Conditioning
Applications of Operant
Conditioning
Shaping - a technique
in which successive
approximations of a
behavior are reinforced
They see me
rollin’…
Latent Learning
Learning that is hidden
until it is needed
Cognitive maps
Learning may not be
evident until
reinforcement is given
(Tolman’s rats)
DEBATE!!!
Do video games increase violent behavior in
teens????
Remember: If you are on the PRO or CON side…be
ready to present your side with supporting
evidence
Jury Members – 2 sources must be summarized
relating to either side of the debate. Include source.
Observational Learning
"Do what I say not
what I do?"
Albert Bandura
Bandura’s Experiments
Dependent On…
Attention
Retention
Ability to reproduce
Motivation
Who are your role
models???
By the time you graduate…you have
spent more time watching TV than
sitting in school.
The average US student has
witnessed about 8000 murders
and well over 100,000 violent
acts by the end of elementary
school.
Aggression can be learned
through observation.
There is a correlation... It
is NOT a cause- effect
relationship.
Section 3 Review
How might studying a cookbook for fun be a
form of latent learning?
Provide an example of observational learning
that takes place in school.
Has observation of violence through the media
affected YOUR behavior?