Download Table 14.1 Five Kingdoms

2/6/10 Table 14.1 Five Kingdoms 2 Kingdom System of Classification: Plants & Animals
(Linnaeus, ~1750)
5 Kingdom System:
Monera, Protista, Plantae, Fungi, Animalia
(Robert Whittaker, 1969)
3 Domain System: Bacteria, Archaea, Eukarya
(our current best hypothesis)
What does this timeline illustrate about the process of science?
Three Domains The land plant Divisions Angiosperms 150 mya Gymnosperms 280 mya Ferns 400 mya Bryophytes 750 mya Red Green Brown Pro>sts 1 2/6/10 What is botany? Short answer: the study of plants (Kingdom Plantae, in Domain
Eukarya)
For Bio 1C: the study of Kingdoms Plantae, Fungi, “Protista,” and
some photosynthetic members of Domain Bacteria
Major Components of the Environment •  Abio+c components, which consist of nonliving chemical and physical factors, such as temperature, light, water, minerals, and air •  Bio+c components, which include the living factors—all the other organisms that are part of an individual’s environment. Life on Earth - Timescale
3.4 BYA ‐ heterotrophs 2.7‐2.2 BYA O2 begins to Accumulate 2.2 BYA first Eukaryotes 700 MYA sharp increase in Atmospheric O2. Reached modern levels in Cambrian 570‐510 MYA 450 MYA life on oceans surface and on to land What is Ecology? •  The scien>fic study of the interac>ons between organisms and their environments is called ecology •  provides a basic understanding of how natural processes and organisms interact, •  gives us the tools we need to manage the planet’s limited resources over the long term Hierarchy of Interac>ons •  We can divide ecology into four increasingly comprehensive levels: organismal ecology, popula+on ecology, community ecology, and ecosystem ecology The changing earth: The Origin of Life •  Early Earth was a very different place than it is now. –  Chemically reac>ve atmosphere –  Very li_le Oxygen –  Very High UV and other energy sources (UV damages DNA/RNA) 2 2/6/10 Clock analogy for some key events in evolutionary history
Early (left) and modern (right) prokaryotes
Pasteur and biogenesis of microorganisms (Layer 1)
Pasteur and biogenesis of microorganisms (Layer 3)
Pasteur 1850s • Spontaneous Genera>on vs. Biogenesis Pasteur and biogenesis of microorganisms (Layer 2)
3 2/6/10 So How did Life Originate? • 
Four Stage Hypothesis 1.  Abio>c synthesis of Organic Monomers (the building blocks) 2.  Abio>c Synthesis of Polymers, including amino acids and nucleic acids. 3.  Forma>on of “Pre‐cells” or protobionts: droplets with membranes that maintained an internal chemistry dis>nct from their surroundings. 4.  Self repleca>ng molecules arose, making inheritance possible Deep sea hydrothermal vents could also have played a role… The Miller-Urey experiment: 1953
• Origin of Life experiments • Miller‐Urey Tested for Synthesis of Organic Monomers • Got all 20 amino acids, sugars, lipids, nucleo>des, even ATP! Stage 3- Laboratory versions of
“Protobionts” or Pre-cells
• Producing organic polymers:dripping monomers onto hot sand, clay or rock. • Condi>ons existed near ac>ve volcanoes and…deep sea vents General Principles •  Prokaryo+c and Eukaryo+c cells and membranes (including membrane transport) •  Photosynthesis and Respira+on •  Trophic Rela+onships Common characteris>cs of cells •  Plasma membrane –  Regulates what goes in and out •  Nucleus or nuclear area –  Contains the DNA •  Ribosomes –  Manufacture proteins •  Cytoplasm –  Semifluid medium with organelles 4 2/6/10 Two Main Classes of Cells •  Prokaryo+c (Bacteria and Archaea) Eukaryo>c Cell (animal) Prokaryo>c Cell (bacteria) –  Pro = “Before”; Karyon = “Kernel” –  No nucleus, DNA coiled up inside cell •  Eukaryo+c (Everything else) –  Eu = “True” –  DNA inside membrane bound organelle inside cell, the nucleus Eukaryo>c Cell Structure Prokaryo>c and Eukaryo>c Cell Structure •  Plant and Animal Cell Structure – 
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Lynn Margulis:
serial endosymbiosis
Nucleus: the control center Cytoplasm and Ribosomes: site of protein synthesis Endoplasmic Re>culum: plumbing, lipid and protein synthesis Golgi Apparatus and the secretory pathway Lysosomes: 4 types of diges>ve ac>vity Chloroplasts and Mitochondria: food and ATP energy Vacuoles: storage Cytoskeleton: structure and movement Plant Cell Wall: structure, osmosis and turgor pressure Origin of Eukaryo>c Cells 5 2/6/10 Single Celled to Mul>celled Fig. 14.2 Diverse habitats require diverse adapta>ons… What is an “adapta%on”? •  From an evolu>onary perspec>ve: An adapta%on is any trait or feature of an organism that increases its chances of reproducing. •  From an interpre>ve perspec>ve: An Marine Freshwater adapta%on is any structure or mechanism exhibited by an individual species that allows it to meet its physiological requirements under the condi%ons posed by a par%cular habitat. Terrestrial Some adapta>ons… •  Adapta>ons to live near shore (algae) to take advantage of nutrients •  Transi>oning to land means need water! Animals move, Fungi live underground (essen>ally) •  Plants developed specialized >ssue systems •  The vascular system in plants •  Protected gametophytes Linnaeus: 1750’s Binomial nomenclature 6 2/6/10 Taxonomy Three members of the violet genus Viola. They differ in features due to local adapta>ons, but there is an overall similarity. This genus has about 500 species Three Domains Five Kingdoms Cladis+cs: Cladograms and molecular data R.H WhiXaker 1969 Evolu>onary Trees What are the tools used by scien>sts to observe and understand evolu>onary rela>onships? •  1. Ar>ficial selec>on •  2. Fossil record •  3. Compara>ve anatomy •  4. Compara>ve embryology •  5. Compara>ve biochemistry •  6. Biogeography 7 2/6/10 The fossil record: A gallery of fossils
Ar>ficial Selec>on: breeding Homologous structures: anatomical signs of descent with modification
What about analogous structures? •  Co‐evolu>on •  Convergent evolu>on Molecular Data and the Evolutionary Relationships of Vertebrates
Compara>ve Embryology: •  “Ontogeny recapitulates phylogeny” ‐ the appearance of ancestral structures in the embryos of modern descendants (Haeckel) 8 2/6/10 Biogeography - Wallace’s line
Some major episodes in the history of life
Evidence from biogeographical studies: Systema>cs: connec>ng phylogeny and taxonomy •  Taxonomy = the science of classifying organisms •  Phylogene>cs = the study of phylogeny, or the history of evolu>onary rela>onships among species Figure 25.8 Taxonomy starts with the la+n binomial, and exhibits a hierarchical structure reflec+ng phylogene+c rela+onships among taxa or groups of organisms
Figure 25.8 Taxonomy starts with the la+n binomial, and exhibits a hierarchical structure reflec+ng phylogene+c rela+onships among taxa or groups of organisms
Latin “binomial” or
two-part name
(genus and species)
9 2/6/10 Figure 25.9 The connec+on between classifica+on and phylogeny: this phylogene+c tree organizes taxa into a hypothesized tree of evolu+onary relatedness, with species at the +ps of the branches.
How are these
phylogenetic
trees
constructed?
Traditional Approach:
Phenetics
Classifications based on
perceived overall similarity
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