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Animal Form and Function Review Coordination and Control • Signals – Endocrine system (facebook status) Hormones • Slow- Acting • Longer- Lasting • Hormones sent throughout the body are received by specific cells – Nervous System (snapchat) electrical impulses along neurons • Specific signal sent on a SPECIFIC pathway • Fast response, short-lived • Received by: neurons, endocrine, exocrine, and muscle cells Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings Hormones trigger specific responses • Hormones bind to receptor proteins – Polar bind on cell surface – Nonpolar bind inside the cell • Only target cells respond to the signal – Lock and key • Different cells can have different responses to the same hormone! Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings Fig. 48-3 Sensory input Integration Sensor Motor output Effector Peripheral nervous system (PNS) Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings Central nervous system (CNS) Fig. 48-4 Dendrites Stimulus Nucleus Cell body Axon hillock Presynaptic cell Axon Synapse Synaptic terminals Postsynaptic cell Neurotransmitter Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings Fig. 48-10-1 Key Na+ K+ Membrane potential (mV) +50 Action potential –50 –100 Sodium channel Cytosol Inactivation loop Resting state Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings 4 Threshold 1 5 Time Potassium channel Plasma membrane 1 2 Resting potential Depolarization Extracellular fluid 3 0 1 Fig. 48-10-2 Key Na+ K+ Membrane potential (mV) +50 Action potential –50 2 –100 Sodium channel Cytosol Inactivation loop Resting state Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings 4 Threshold 1 5 Time Potassium channel Plasma membrane 1 2 Resting potential Depolarization Extracellular fluid 3 0 1 Fig. 48-10-3 Key Na+ K+ 3 Rising phase of the action potential Membrane potential (mV) +50 Action potential –50 2 –100 Sodium channel Cytosol Inactivation loop Resting state Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings 4 Threshold 1 5 Time Potassium channel Plasma membrane 1 2 Resting potential Depolarization Extracellular fluid 3 0 1 Fig. 48-10-4 Key Na+ K+ 3 4 Rising phase of the action potential Membrane potential (mV) +50 Action potential –50 2 –100 Sodium channel Cytosol Inactivation loop Resting state Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings 4 Threshold 1 5 Time Potassium channel Plasma membrane 1 2 Resting potential Depolarization Extracellular fluid 3 0 1 Falling phase of the action potential Fig. 48-10-5 Key Na+ K+ 3 4 Rising phase of the action potential Falling phase of the action potential Membrane potential (mV) +50 Action potential –50 2 2 4 Threshold 1 1 5 Resting potential Depolarization Extracellular fluid 3 0 –100 Sodium channel Time Potassium channel Plasma membrane Cytosol Inactivation loop 5 1 Resting state Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings Undershoot Fig. 48-15 5 Synaptic vesicles containing neurotransmitter Voltage-gated Ca2+ channel Presynaptic membrane Postsynaptic membrane 1 Ca2+ 4 2 3 Synaptic cleft Ligand-gated ion channels Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings 6 K+ Na+ Generation of Postsynaptic Potentials • Neurotransmitters can be either Excitatory or Inhibitory. • Excitatory neurotransmitters work by depolarizing the post-synaptic cell. – This makes an action potential more likely. • Inhibitory neurotransmitters work by hyperpolarizing the post-synaptic cell – This make an action potential less likely Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings Fig. 48-9b Stimuli Membrane potential (mV) +50 0 –50 Threshold Resting potential Depolarizations –100 0 1 2 3 4 5 Time (msec) (b) Graded depolarizations Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings Fig. 48-9a Stimuli Membrane potential (mV) +50 0 –50 Threshold Resting potential –100 Hyperpolarizations 0 1 2 3 4 5 Time (msec) (a) Graded hyperpolarizations Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings Pathogens (microorganisms and viruses) INNATE IMMUNITY • Recognition of traits shared by broad ranges of pathogens, using a small set of receptors •Rapid response ACQUIRED IMMUNITY •Recognition of traits specific to particular pathogens, using a vast array of receptors • Slower response Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings Barrier defenses: Skin Mucous membranes Secretions Internal defenses: Phagocytic cells Antimicrobial proteins Inflammatory response Natural killer cells Humoral response: Antibodies defend against infection in body fluids. Cell-mediated response: Cytotoxic lymphocytes defend against infection in body cells. Humoral (antibody-mediated) immune response Cell-mediated immune response Key Antigen (1st exposure) + Engulfed by Gives rise to Antigenpresenting cell + Stimulates + + B cell Helper T cell + Cytotoxic T cell + Memory Helper T cells + + + Antigen (2nd exposure) Plasma cells Memory B cells + Memory Cytotoxic T cells Active Cytotoxic T cells Secreted antibodies Defend against extracellular pathogens by binding to antigens, thereby neutralizing pathogens or making them better targets for phagocytes and complement proteins. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings Defend against intracellular pathogens and cancer by binding to and lysing the infected cells or cancer cells. Antibody concentration (arbitrary units) Primary immune response to antigen A produces antibodies to A. Secondary immune response to antigen A produces antibodies to A; primary immune response to antigen B produces antibodies to B. 104 103 Antibodies to A 102 Antibodies to B 101 100 0 7 14 Exposure to antigen A 21 28 35 Exposure to antigens A and B Time (days) Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings 42 49 56