Download Animal Form and Function Review

Animal Form and
Function Review
Coordination and Control
• Signals
– Endocrine system (facebook status)  Hormones
• Slow- Acting
• Longer- Lasting
• Hormones sent throughout the body are received
by specific cells
– Nervous System (snapchat)  electrical impulses
along neurons
• Specific signal sent on a SPECIFIC pathway
• Fast response, short-lived
• Received by: neurons, endocrine, exocrine, and
muscle cells
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Hormones trigger specific responses
• Hormones bind to receptor proteins
– Polar bind on cell surface
– Nonpolar bind inside the cell
• Only target cells respond to the signal
– Lock and key
• Different cells can have different responses to
the same hormone!
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Fig. 48-3
Sensory input
Integration
Sensor
Motor output
Effector
Peripheral nervous
system (PNS)
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Central nervous
system (CNS)
Fig. 48-4
Dendrites
Stimulus
Nucleus
Cell
body
Axon
hillock
Presynaptic
cell
Axon
Synapse
Synaptic terminals
Postsynaptic cell
Neurotransmitter
Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings
Fig. 48-10-1
Key
Na+
K+
Membrane potential
(mV)
+50
Action
potential
–50
–100
Sodium
channel
Cytosol
Inactivation loop
Resting state
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4
Threshold
1
5
Time
Potassium
channel
Plasma
membrane
1
2
Resting potential
Depolarization
Extracellular fluid
3
0
1
Fig. 48-10-2
Key
Na+
K+
Membrane potential
(mV)
+50
Action
potential
–50
2
–100
Sodium
channel
Cytosol
Inactivation loop
Resting state
Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings
4
Threshold
1
5
Time
Potassium
channel
Plasma
membrane
1
2
Resting potential
Depolarization
Extracellular fluid
3
0
1
Fig. 48-10-3
Key
Na+
K+
3
Rising phase of the action potential
Membrane potential
(mV)
+50
Action
potential
–50
2
–100
Sodium
channel
Cytosol
Inactivation loop
Resting state
Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings
4
Threshold
1
5
Time
Potassium
channel
Plasma
membrane
1
2
Resting potential
Depolarization
Extracellular fluid
3
0
1
Fig. 48-10-4
Key
Na+
K+
3
4
Rising phase of the action potential
Membrane potential
(mV)
+50
Action
potential
–50
2
–100
Sodium
channel
Cytosol
Inactivation loop
Resting state
Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings
4
Threshold
1
5
Time
Potassium
channel
Plasma
membrane
1
2
Resting potential
Depolarization
Extracellular fluid
3
0
1
Falling phase of the action potential
Fig. 48-10-5
Key
Na+
K+
3
4
Rising phase of the action potential
Falling phase of the action potential
Membrane potential
(mV)
+50
Action
potential
–50
2
2
4
Threshold
1
1
5
Resting potential
Depolarization
Extracellular fluid
3
0
–100
Sodium
channel
Time
Potassium
channel
Plasma
membrane
Cytosol
Inactivation loop
5
1
Resting state
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Undershoot
Fig. 48-15
5
Synaptic vesicles
containing
neurotransmitter
Voltage-gated
Ca2+ channel
Presynaptic
membrane
Postsynaptic
membrane
1 Ca2+
4
2
3
Synaptic
cleft
Ligand-gated
ion channels
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6
K+
Na+
Generation of Postsynaptic
Potentials
• Neurotransmitters can be either
Excitatory or Inhibitory.
• Excitatory neurotransmitters work by
depolarizing the post-synaptic cell.
– This makes an action potential more likely.
• Inhibitory neurotransmitters work by
hyperpolarizing the post-synaptic
cell
– This make an action potential less likely
Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings
Fig. 48-9b
Stimuli
Membrane potential (mV)
+50
0
–50 Threshold
Resting
potential
Depolarizations
–100
0 1 2 3 4 5
Time (msec)
(b) Graded depolarizations
Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings
Fig. 48-9a
Stimuli
Membrane potential (mV)
+50
0
–50 Threshold
Resting
potential
–100
Hyperpolarizations
0
1 2 3 4 5
Time (msec)
(a) Graded hyperpolarizations
Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings
Pathogens
(microorganisms
and viruses)
INNATE IMMUNITY
• Recognition of traits
shared by broad ranges
of pathogens, using a
small set of receptors
•Rapid response
ACQUIRED IMMUNITY
•Recognition of traits
specific to particular
pathogens, using a vast
array of receptors
• Slower response
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Barrier defenses:
Skin
Mucous membranes
Secretions
Internal defenses:
Phagocytic cells
Antimicrobial proteins
Inflammatory response
Natural killer cells
Humoral response:
Antibodies defend against
infection in body fluids.
Cell-mediated response:
Cytotoxic lymphocytes defend
against infection in body cells.
Humoral (antibody-mediated) immune response
Cell-mediated immune response
Key
Antigen (1st exposure)
+
Engulfed by
Gives rise to
Antigenpresenting cell
+
Stimulates
+
+
B cell
Helper T cell
+
Cytotoxic T cell
+
Memory
Helper T cells
+
+
+
Antigen (2nd exposure)
Plasma cells
Memory B cells
+
Memory
Cytotoxic T cells
Active
Cytotoxic T cells
Secreted
antibodies
Defend against extracellular pathogens by binding to antigens,
thereby neutralizing pathogens or making them better targets
for phagocytes and complement proteins.
Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings
Defend against intracellular pathogens
and cancer by binding to and lysing the
infected cells or cancer cells.
Antibody concentration
(arbitrary units)
Primary immune response
to antigen A produces
antibodies to A.
Secondary immune response to
antigen A produces antibodies to A;
primary immune response to antigen
B produces antibodies to B.
104
103
Antibodies
to A
102
Antibodies
to B
101
100
0
7
14
Exposure
to antigen A
21
28
35
Exposure to
antigens A and B
Time (days)
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42
49
56