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The “Classical Era” in the West The Romans A Roman mosaic A Roman representative in the Republic The Roman Coliseum The aqueduct was an invention used to transport water into Roman cities . Vocabulary ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● Patricians Plebeians Republic Consuls Tribunes Rule of Law 12 Tables Christianity Emperor Constantine Julius Caesar Augustus Caesar Huns/ Goths Geography of Rome Rome is one of the most influential civilizations to emerge in ancient times. ● Rome was located on a fertile plain which allowed farming ● Rome was protected from most invaders by water and mountains in the north. ● The seas to the west also provided a route for trade and expansion How did Rome’s geography contribute to a strong empire? Compare and contrast the Roman/ Greek geography. The Roman Republic (est. 509 B.C-27B.C) In early times Rome was made up of two main social classes. 1. 2. Patricians- were wealthy landowning families Plebeians- were small farmers, craftsmen, and merchants They overthrow their king and establish the worlds first Republic A republic is a system of government run by representatives chosen or voted upon. SPQR means ‘senatus populusque Romanus’ or The Senate and People of Rome The Roman Republic The republic established by the Romans consisted three parts who all had some power in government decisions: Senate, Consuls, and Tribunes ● ● ● Senate- this was the governing assembly made up of wealthy patricians and eventually plebeians Consuls- 2 elected patricians who could veto each other, or also the Senate. Tribunes- were elected by the poorer plebeians, and gave the lower class citizens a voice in government; they could veto laws passed by consuls most power, introduced laws, could become dictator for 6 months Consuls Consuls Consuls (judge) (Public relations) Consuls (elected to represent the ordinary citizens; power to veto proposed laws) (treasurer $$) Consuls Consuls Consuls *The structure of our government is based on the Roman republic. (wealthy noble families *Ideas of separation of power, which were important to the Romans, are still important today Roman citizens not considered nobl Roman Law and Justice One of the reasons Rome flourished was because they supported the idea of “Rule of Law”. Rule of Law meant that all people, even government officials, weren’t above the law, nor could they act outside the law. ● Why is that important for a strong, successful society? The Republic made it a point to post the laws of Rome where all could see them. The Twelve Tables were laws made to protect the plebeians. They were posted in public meeting places so all were exposed to them. ● How do the visible laws of society actually give more rights to the citizens? “ At his best, man is the noblest of all animals. Separated from law and justice, he is the worst.” Aristotle It’s important to realize that the 12 Tables were a result of a long social struggle between the upper class (patricians) and the lower class (plebeians) The Twelve Tables of Roman Law IV. 1 "A dreadfully deformed child shall be killed." V. 3. According as a person has made bequest regarding his personal property or the guardianship of his estate so shall be the law. VIII. 21 "If a patron shall defraud his client, he must be solemnly forfeited (`killed')." VIII. 23 "Whoever is convicted of speaking. false witness shall be flung from the Tarpeian Rock." X1.3 “A judge who has been convicted of receiving money for declaring a decision shall be punished capitally” IX. 6 "Putting to death... of any man who has not been convicted, whosoever he might be, is forbidden." What aspects of society do these laws regulate? The Twelve Tables of Law posted in public areas of Roman cities. Tarpeian Rock present day Roman coins depicting the death of Tarpeius by the Sabines. Roman Law and Justice ● The concept of a contract was established in Rome. Judge Judy is an example of government enforcement of private contractual agreements. A contract is a private agreement that can be enforced by the government once people agree upon it. The Romans... ● ● ● ● ● The Romans established rules for ownership of property Romans establish important legal processes to promote justice Judges decided disputes based on the 12 Tables; the judges decision could be appealed Accused people had a right to a trial in court The Zimmerman trial Accused were innocent until brought up many of proven guilty the issues the Romans addressed “A Few Good Men” is a movie based on the idea of innocence until proven guilty. How did the Government work? Rome Expands to an Empire The Punic Wars = Rome battling Carthage for Mediterranean supremacy. Looking at the map, what interest would Rome have in defeating the Carthaginian Empire? The Punic Wars Rome’s main trading rival was Carthage, which was located across the Mediterranean in North Africa. ● ● ● The first Punic War saw Rome overcome great odds to defeat a Carthaginian force that was well prepared for Naval battles. Hannibal was a great Carthaginian leader who almost defeats the Romans in the second Punic War Scipio was the Roman ruler who defeats and wipes out the Carthage Video Hannibal Barca Scipio Decline of the ‘Republic’ Timeline ➔ Julius Caesar rose to power ➔ Kept the senate and other features of the republic but he was absolute ruler ➔ Was assassinated to save the republic ➔ ➔ ➔ Under Augustus (Octavian) the republic ended He began a period known as the Pax Romana Pax Romana ended with Marcus Aurelius in 180 AD. Roman Emperors 27 BC-476 AD What does this timeline reveal to us about politics in Rome? Pax Romana: The “Roman Peace” ❖ ❖ 27 B.C- 395 A.D The rule of Augustus brought a long period of peace to Europe called the Pax Romana and to the Mediterranean world Reasons for Peace ● ● ● ● centralized political authority system of laws promoted trade offered citizenship throughout the empire “All roads lead to Rome” ● ● the invention of concrete allowed road and building construction Rome becomes the center for trade and communication for all the Mediterranean Caesar Augustus (Octavian) Romes network of roads stretched over 50,000 miles “When in Rome” Great achievements of the Roman Empire: ● ● ● ● ● Their invention of concrete enabled the building of great buildings such as the Colosseum The Colosseum was an immense stadium built of stone and concrete. It was the home of the “Games”; bloodthirsty contests between gladiators and animals The “Games” were free of charge to citizens so Roman officials could maintain their popularity with the people. “Do as the Romans do” Roman Colosseum Deconstructing the Colosseum Women in Rome Rome had traditional gender roles: ● ● ● ● ● ● The educated and welltraveled Vibia Sabina (ca. 136 AD) was a grand-niece of the emperor Trajan and became the wife of his successor Hadrian; unlike some empresses, she played little role in court politics and remained independent in private life, having no children and seeking emotional gratification in love affairs Women were responsible for household chores while men represented the family in public life. Men could ask for the woman’s advice in private however. Rome placed a high value on marriage, home,and family. Women had more freedoms in Roman society than they did in Greek society ○ They could own property, make wills, and work outside the home (in lower classes- usually manual labor) Did you know? Many young girls were sent to primary school. Women who raised successful Roman citizens were valued, so education of women was recognized. Women were also impactful in politics although it was usually done behind the scenes. Women were not allowed to vote or actively participate in the political process The Jewish Diaspora (Dispersion) ● Typically Romans were tolerant of other religions if they worshipped the Emperor as divine. ● The Jews refused to do so and revolt against the Romans twice (66 A.D and 135 A.D) ● The Romans crush the rebellion and destroy Jewish temples, causing the Jews to flee for their lives. ● They disperse to North and Western Europe as well as east into the Middle East ● Even though they were persecuted, they never abandoned their religion. Christianity begins A new monotheistic religion began 2014 years ago with the birth of a man named Jesus. ● ● ● ● Jesus preached forgiveness, compassion and mercy for the poor and helpless He claimed he was the Messiah, or Savior of mankind which costs him his life at the hands of the Romans. After Jesus death, a band of his followers, called Apostles, spread the word of Jesus and his promise to save mankind. The reward of a life after death for all those who became believers in Jesus caused the religion to spread. Major Beliefs of Christianity Role of Jesus Christian Conduct Jesus was the son of God , sacrificing himself to save all mankind from punishment for their sins. Christians believe Jesus was crucified on a Roman cross, and after his death, he rose to heaven Christians believe that they will be saved and will go to Heaven after death if they believe in Jesus. They are to treat others with love and respect and follow Golden Rule - “ Do unto others as you would have them do unto you” The Christian Bible- The sacred book of Christianity consists of the Old Testament (the Jewish Bible) and the New Testament which describes the life of Jesus Christ and the works of his apostles. Christianity Crash Course Christianity Reasons Christianity Spreads ● ● ● Christians wanted to spread their faith to all; Jewish people were not as open with their religion. It is a simple message of love, hope, and salvation Christianity did not require its followers to follow strict dietary guidelines or other religious laws. In the 4th century, Emperor Constantine converts to Christianity right before an important battle. Soon he proclaims religious freedom to Christians in the Roman Empire. By the end of the 4th century, Christianity was the official religion of the empire. Western and Eastern Rome In 284 A.D, the Empire was split into two halves by Emperor Diocletian so it could be governed more effectively. Emperor Constantine moves the capital of the empire to Constantinople (which is located in Turkey) in 330 AD. Invasion of the Roman Empire ● ● ● A nomadic barbarian tribe known as the Huns begins to move south. The Huns were so fierce that they pushed other tribes such as the Goths, Saxons, and Vandals deeper into the Roman Empire. This constant pressure and threat of invasion is very stressful and costly for the Romans. Eventually the Roman forces aren’t able to protect their borders. After the Empire’s Collapse.. After Rome’s collapse, chaos ensues in Western Europe. Barbaric tribes take control of most of the Western European soil. Eastern Europe is more stable and stands for more than a thousand years to come as the Byzantine Empire. Roman Achievements Roman Innovations/ Achievements