Download Conditioned Stimulus (CS)

general psychology
Conditioning and Learning
Classical Conditioning
Firouz meroei milan
www.soran.edu.iq
1
Conditioning and Learning
www.soran.edu.iq
Learning: Some Key Terms
• Learning: Relatively permanent change in behavior due to
experience
– Does NOT include temporary changes due to disease,
injury, or maturation
– Reinforcement: Any event that increases the probability
that a response will recur
• Response: Any identifiable behavior
– Internal: Faster heartbeat
– Observable: Eating, scratching
www.soran.edu.iq
Major Types of Learning
• Classical Conditioning: Event-Event learning
– Pavlov and his dogs; Watson and Little Albert
• Operant Conditioning: Behavior-Consequence
learning
– Thorndike; Skinner
• Observational Learning: watch and imitate
– Bandura and BoBo doll experiment
www.soran.edu.iq
Classical Conditioning and Ivan Pavlov
• Russian physiologist who initially was studying digestion
• Used dogs to study salivation when dogs were presented with
meat powder
• Also known as Pavlovian or Respondent Conditioning
• Reflex: Automatic, nonlearned innate response e.g., an
eyeblink
www.soran.edu.iq
Figure 6.2
FIGURE 6.2 An apparatus for Pavlovian conditioning. A tube carries saliva from the dog’s mouth to a
lever that activates a recording device (far left). During conditioning, various stimuli can be paired with
a dish of food placed in front of the dog. The device pictured here is more elaborate than the one
www.soran.edu.iq
Pavlov
used in his early experiments.
Classical Conditioning Terminology
Unconditioned Stimulus (US)
• An event that consistently and automatically elicits an
unconditioned response
Unconditioned Response (UR)
• An action that the unconditioned stimulus automatically
elicits
Conditioned Stimulus (CS)
• Initially a neutral stimulus. After repeated pairings with the
unconditioned stimulus, the CS elicits the same response as
the US.
Conditioned Response (CR)
• The response elicited by the conditioned stimulus due to the
training.
www.soran.edu.iq
Figure 6.3
FIGURE 6.3 The classical conditioning procedure.
www.soran.edu.iq
Principles of Classical
Conditioning
• Acquisition: Training period when a response is reinforced
(the CS is followed closely by the US)
• Expectancy: Expectation about how events are interconnected
• Extinction: Weakening of a conditioned response through
removal of reinforcement
• Spontaneous Recovery: Reappearance of a learned response
following apparent extinction
www.soran.edu.iq
Figure 6.4
FIGURE 6.4 Acquisition and extinction of a conditioned response.
www.soran.edu.iq
Extinction & Spontaneous Recovery
www.soran.edu.iq
An example of a conditioned emotional
response (fear)
www.soran.edu.iq
www.soran.edu.iq
Classical Conditioning in Humans
• Phobia: Intense, unrealistic, irrational fear of a
specific situation or object (e.g., arachnophobia; fear
of spiders; see the movie!)
• Conditioned Emotional Response: Learned emotional
reaction to a previously neutral stimulus
• Desensitization: Exposing phobic people gradually to
feared stimuli while they stay calm and relaxed
www.soran.edu.iq