Download general psychology Firouz meroei milan Conditioning and Learning

general psychology
Conditioning and Learning
Classical Conditioning
Firouz meroei milan
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1
Conditioning and Learning
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Learning: Some Key Terms
• Learning: Relatively permanent change in behavior due to
experience
– Does NOT include temporary changes due to disease,
injury, or maturation
– Reinforcement: Any event that increases the probability
that a response will recur
• Response: Any identifiable behavior
– Internal: Faster heartbeat
– Observable: Eating, scratching
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Major Types of Learning
• Classical Conditioning: Event-Event learning
– Pavlov and his dogs; Watson and Little Albert
• Operant Conditioning: Behavior-Consequence
learning
– Thorndike; Skinner
• Observational Learning: watch and imitate
– Bandura and BoBo doll experiment
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Classical Conditioning and Ivan Pavlov
• Russian physiologist who initially was studying digestion
• Used dogs to study salivation when dogs were presented with
meat powder
• Also known as Pavlovian or Respondent Conditioning
• Reflex: Automatic, nonlearned innate response e.g., an
eyeblink
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Figure 6.2
FIGURE 6.2 An apparatus for Pavlovian conditioning. A tube carries saliva from the dog’s mouth to a
lever that activates a recording device (far left). During conditioning, various stimuli can be paired with
a dish of food placed in front of the dog. The device pictured here is more elaborate than the one
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Pavlov
used in his early experiments.
Classical Conditioning Terminology
Unconditioned Stimulus (US)
• An event that consistently and automatically elicits an
unconditioned response
Unconditioned Response (UR)
• An action that the unconditioned stimulus automatically
elicits
Conditioned Stimulus (CS)
• Initially a neutral stimulus. After repeated pairings with the
unconditioned stimulus, the CS elicits the same response as
the US.
Conditioned Response (CR)
• The response elicited by the conditioned stimulus due to the
training.
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Figure 6.3
FIGURE 6.3 The classical conditioning procedure.
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Principles of Classical
Conditioning
• Acquisition: Training period when a response is reinforced
(the CS is followed closely by the US)
• Expectancy: Expectation about how events are interconnected
• Extinction: Weakening of a conditioned response through
removal of reinforcement
• Spontaneous Recovery: Reappearance of a learned response
following apparent extinction
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Figure 6.4
FIGURE 6.4 Acquisition and extinction of a conditioned response.
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Extinction & Spontaneous Recovery
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An example of a conditioned emotional
response (fear)
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Classical Conditioning in Humans
• Phobia: Intense, unrealistic, irrational fear of a
specific situation or object (e.g., arachnophobia; fear
of spiders; see the movie!)
• Conditioned Emotional Response: Learned emotional
reaction to a previously neutral stimulus
• Desensitization: Exposing phobic people gradually to
feared stimuli while they stay calm and relaxed
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