Download Programmed Learning Review Answers

Programmed Learning Review
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1. Learning refers to a relatively permanent change in behavior which occurs as a result
of practice or other past experience. Since all behavior does not fit into this definition of
__LEARNING__ we must narrow the definition
2. Learning refers to a relatively __PERMANENT__ change in behavior.
3. __REFLEXES___ are simple automatic behaviors which are not included within the
definition of learning.
4. Therefore we can conclude learning is a relatively permanent __CHANGES__ in
behavior which occurs as a result of __PRACTICE__ excluding behaviors that are due to
maturation, development and __REFLEXES__.
5. In a learning experiment, learning hypothetically occurs between the
__INDEPENDENT__ variable and the __DEPENDENT__ variable.
6. A young child gets lost at a major shopping center but is unwilling to tell the security
personnel
his name. The child does know his name but has also been told not to talk to strangers.
In this example the child has learned his name but his performance does not show it.
Learning and performance are not the same thing. In the above example the had learned
what his name was, but this fact was not demonstrated by his __PERFORMANCE__.
7. To summarize, learning is a relatively permanent change in __BEHAVIOR__ which
occurs as a result of __PRACTICE__, though the learned behavior may not be revealed
in the person’s __PERFORMANCE__.
8. Insight or the “aha phenomena is the _SUDDEN___ solving of a problem or puzzle b
perceiving the
complete relationship.
9. Many times we are forced to learn something through a pick and choose guessing
situation.
In this learning everyone starts out __EQUAL__ with no prior experience and
__INTELLIGENCE__ does not help during the first attempts to solve the problem.
10. In _TRIAL ___ and __ERROR__ learning everyone starts out equal.
11. An unlearned response such as salivating to meat powder is called an __
UNCONDITIONED___ response.
12. If a puff of air is directed into the eye the person will blink. This is an unlearned
response, therefore it is called an __UNCONDITIONED RESPONSE___.
13. Any response to a stimulus that does not require prior learning is called an
__UNCONDITIONED RESPONSE___.
14. If a response that is unlearned is called an unconditioned response then it seems
logical to call
the stimulus that gave rise to the response an __UNCONDITIONED STIMULUS___.
15. In Pavlov’s original experiment, the meat powder caused the unconditioned response
of salivation: it is therefore called the __UNCONDITIONED STIMULUS___.
16. In Pavlov’s original experiment before conditioning takes place the tone would be
called the __NEUTRAL STIMULUS___.
17. In Pavlov’s experiment the connection between the bell and the coming of the meat
powder
had to be __LEARNED___.
18. The tone becomes a learned stimulus; therefore the sound of the bell is the
___CONDITIONED STIMULUS___.
19. The conditioned stimulus is a stimulus that would not normally by itself elicit the
desired
response but gains the power to cause the response by being associated with the
_UNCONDITIONED___ stimulus.
20. If the response to an unconditioned stimulus is called the unconditioned response, the
response
to the conditioned stimulus should be called the __CONDITIONED RESPONSE___.
21. The association between the conditioned stimulus and the conditioned response must
be __LEARNED__.
22. Classical conditioning was first demonstrated by experiments by __PAVLOV__.
23. The experiment of Pavlov that shows a dog solivating to a bell after being
conditioned is an example of __CLASSICAL CONDITIONING__.
24. After conditioning the dog’s response to the bell is called the ___CONDITIONED
RESPONSE__.
25. CS stands for __CONDITIONED STIMULUS__.
UCS stands for __UNCONDITIONED STIMULUS__.
UCR stands for __UNCONDITIONED RESPONSE__.
CR stands for __CONDITIONED RESPONSE__.
26. After conditioning an animal to respond to some stimulus we find the animal will
respond to the __CONDTIONED STIMULUS__ with the same type of response it would
to the __UNCONDITIONED STIMULUS__.
27. __EXTINCTION__ is the process where we can stop the animal from responding by
presenting __CONDITIONED__ without the __UNCONDITIONED__.
28. __SPONTANEOUS RECOVER___ shows that the extinction process is not
permanent.
29. Let us say that on Monday we have already conditioned our dog to salivate through
__CLASSICAL CONDITIONING__. We ring the bell, the ___CONDITIONED
STIMULUS___ and then the meat powder. The dog salivated to the bell alone.
30. On Tuesday we present only the bell, the __CONDITIONED STIMULUS__. We
continue to present only the bell until the animal stops salivating to it. This process is
called __EXTINCTION__.
31. On Wednesday we let the dog rest. On Thursday we present the bell without the meat
powder
and the dog salivates. This process where the dog salivates after extinction is called
__SPONTANEOUS RECOVERY__.
32. This total process where we have the animal learn to respond to the bell is called
__CLASSICAL CONDITIONING__.
33. The process where the animal or subject responds to a similar stimulus as the one
used in the conditioning process is called __GENERALIZATION__. If we, however
were to present the unconditioned stimulus only when tone 1 is presented and not present
it for tone 2, the dog will respond only to __TONE 1__.
34. When the animal can distinguish between similar stimuli the animal has learned
__DISCRIMINATION__.
35. Operant conditioning is the strengthening of a stimulus response
__ASSOCIATION__ by following the response with some type of
__REINFORCEMENT__.
36. In __OPERANT__, the subject must make a desired response before it gets
reinforced.
37. In __CLASSICAL CONDITIONING__ the animal can be passive and still be
conditioned, while in __OPERANT CONDITIONING__ the animal must give the
correct response before we reinforce it.
38. In operant conditioning we reinforce the __CORRECT RESPONSE__.
39. Anything which strengthens a response when made contingent to the response is
called a __REINFORCEMENT__.
40. Operant conditioning is based on the principle that the subjects behavior is dependent
on
the __CONSEQUENCE__ of that behavior.
41. In operant conditioning the animal is __REINFORCED__ for the correct responses.
However, the animal does not have to be __REINFORCED__ for __EVERY__ response.
42. If the animal is reinforced for every correct response or after a specific number of
correct
responses it is on a __FIXED RATIO__ schedule of reinforcement. If the animal gets
reinforced after the first response after a 20 second interval it is on a __FIXED
INTERVAL__ schedule.
43. __VARIABLE RATIO__ is the schedule of conditioning most resistant to extinction.
If the animal is reinforced for the its correct response after a certain period of times has
elapsed he is on a __FIXED INTERVAL__ schedule. If the time period randomly varies
from reinforcement to reinforcement, it is on a __VARIABLE INTERVAL__ schedule.
44. To summarize, if the animal is reinforced after 7 correct responses it is on a __FIXED
RATIO_ schedule of reinforcement. If it is reinforced after 5, then 8, then 2 correct
responses it is on a __VARIABLE RATIO__ schedule. If the animal is reinforced after
the first correct response after a fixed period of time goes by it is on a __FIXED
INTERVAL__ schedule. If the time period changes from reinforcement to reinforcement
it is called a __VARIABLE__ schedule.
45. The process of reinforcing closer approximations to the correct behavior is called
__SHAPING__.
46. To achieve extinction of behaviors learned through operant conditioning we must
stop the __REINFORCEMENT__.
47. The principle of reinforcement for this guide is being reinforced for the
___CORRECT ANSWERE___.
48. This handout is called __PROGRAMMED LEARNING REVIEW___.
49. We learn all kinds of specific behaviors by observing and imitating models, in a
process called __SOCIAL LEARNING__.
50. _OBSERVATIONAL LEARNING_ is when humans can learn without direct
experience.