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Climate Action in Figures
Facts,
Facts, Trends
Trends and
and Incentives
Incentives for
for German
German Climate
Climate Policy
Policy
2016 edition
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2016
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CLIMATE ACTION IN FIGURES |
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CLIMATE ACTION IN FIGURES
Climate
ClimateAction
Actionin
inFigures
Figures
Facts,
Facts,Trends
Trendsand
andIncentives
Incentivesfor
forGerman
GermanClimate
ClimatePolicy
Policy
2016
2016edition
edition
3
4
CLIMATE ACTION IN FIGURES |
List of contents
Foreword ................................................................................................................................................................................................... 6
1. Summary ........................................................................................................................................................................................ 8
2. Why is Germany committed to climate action? ........................................................ 10
2.1 Causes and consequences of climate change ..................................................................................................... 10
2.2 Germany’s responsibility ................................................................................................................................................ 15
3. What are the current climate action targets and instruments? ......................... 18
3.1 International climate policy ......................................................................................................................................... 18
Key issue 2016: decarbonisation of the global economy....................................................................................... 21
3.2 European Climate Policy ................................................................................................................................................ 22
3.3 German climate policy..................................................................................................................................................... 25
4. How are emissions in Germany developing? .............................................................. 28
4.1 Emissions in Germany – past, present and future ........................................................................................... 28
4.2 Energy sector ......................................................................................................................................................................... 32
4.3 Industry..................................................................................................................................................................................... 38
4.4 Transport .................................................................................................................................................................................. 42
4.5 Private households ............................................................................................................................................................. 45
4.6 Commerce, trade and services ..................................................................................................................................... 47
| CLIMATE ACTION IN FIGURES
4.7 Waste and recycling management ............................................................................................................................ 49
4.8 Agriculture .............................................................................................................................................................................. 51
4.9 Land use, land use change and forestry (LULUCF) .......................................................................................... 52
5. What does climate action mean for the economy and society? ........................ 54
5.1 Impact on the environment and health ................................................................................................................ 55
5.2 Job creation ............................................................................................................................................................................. 55
5.3 Investments in climate action ..................................................................................................................................... 56
5.4 Opportunities for innovative companies ............................................................................................................. 59
5.5 Increased energy security............................................................................................................................................... 60
5.6 Contribution of social stakeholders to climate action.................................................................................. 62
6. Glossary ......................................................................................................................................................................................... 64
7. List of abbreviations ....................................................................................................................................................... 67
8. Endnotes ..................................................................................................................................................................................... 68
9. Bibliography............................................................................................................................................................................. 69
5
6
CLIMATE ACTION IN FIGURES | FOREWORD
Foreword
In December 2015, 196 Member States of the United
Nations adopted a new global climate agreement in
Paris. A record 177 states – including Germany –
had already signed the agreement by the end of April
2016 during the official ceremony in New York, thus
signalling their approval of its content. The Paris Agreement enters into force as a binding contract under
international law once it has been ratified by at least
55 states responsible for at least 55 per cent of global
greenhouse gas emissions. Fifteen states have already
ratified it. The top two greenhouse gas emitters – the
US and China – have announced that they will ratify
the agreement before the end of this year. Germany
and the European Union also intend to ratify the agreement as soon as possible.
Paris has greatly boosted awareness of climate action.
The target set by the agreement is to restrict global
warming to significantly less than two degrees compared with pre-industrial times, aiming for a 1.5 degree
limit if possible. To this end, greenhouse gas neutrality
is to be achieved in the second half of this century.
That makes Paris the beginning of a comprehensive
transformation. In future, all states will report regularly
on their progress. Then it is up to the governments:
each state must submit new, increasingly ambitious
targets every five years. This is necessary, because the
existing commitments alone will not be enough to
slow global warming.
By 2050, we in Germany aim to reduce our greenhouse
gas emissions by 80 to 95 per cent compared with 1990.
After Paris, that means we must focus on reaching
greenhouse gas emissions neutrality by 2050. In its Climate Action Programme 2020, published in late 2014,
the German Federal Government decided to adopt a
Climate Action Plan in 2016. The plan describes the
emission reduction steps for the years after 2020 in the
light of the European targets and the results of Paris,
backing them up with specific measures.
The key to climate action is to get as many people
involved as possible. In a comprehensive participatory
process, the German Federal Ministry for the Environment, Nature Conservation and Nuclear Safety
(BMUB) gave the Federal States, municipalities, private
sector and society, as well as individual citizens the
FOREWORD | CLIMATE ACTION IN FIGURES
opportunity to contribute to and discuss the development of the Climate Action Plan 2050. The parties
involved jointly developed an impressive catalogue of
97 proposals, which I had the privilege of receiving on
19 March 2016. The proposals collected were reviewed
thoroughly for the German Federal Government’s work
on the Climate Action Plan.
The signal from Paris is clear: every single state around
the world needs to take action. Countries and sectors
will no longer be able to hide behind others. Therefore, the Climate Action Plan 2050 formulates mission
statements for 2050 for all key areas – energy, buildings,
transport, industry, commerce, trade and services,
agriculture, forestry and waste management – and
develops milestones and measures for the crucial 2030
landmark.
Particularly with regard to Paris, the BMUB advocates
serious and realistic climate policy that views the
change as an opportunity to modernise the economy and society. Reliable facts and figures are just as
important as binding climate targets. Accordingly,
the environmental and climate data, including the
development of the annual greenhouse gas emissions,
will be recorded systematically and published regularly
in international reports. This Climate Action in Figures
brochure is the third time the BMUB is presenting this
data in a clear and easy-to-understand publication for
the general public, and as previously, we provide plenty
of information and diagrams on international, European and national climate action.
I hope you find it an informative and interesting read.
Dr Barbara Hendricks, German Federal Minister for
the Environment, Nature Conservation, Building and
Nuclear Safety
7
8
CLIMATE ACTION IN FIGURES | SUMMARY
1. Summary
WhyisisGermany
Germanycommitted
committedto
to
Why
climateaction?
action?
climate
Climate change is already a reality today – that is a
scientific fact. The global average temperature has
already increased by approximately 1 °C compared
with the pre-industrial level. This rise can primarily
be traced back to fossil fuel combustion.
What
Whatare
arethe
thecurrent
currentclimate
climate
action
actiontargets?
targets?
Climate change is already tangible, even in Germany. The number of hot days, with peak daily
temperatures of 30 °C or higher, has increased since
the 1970s in Germany. Heat waves and extreme
weather events like heavy rain are the most obvious effects of climate change in Germany.
In 2015, 196 countries in Paris agreed on a global
legally binding goal of greenhouse gas neutrality
during the second half of the century, to limit global
warming to well below 2 °C and pursuing efforts
to limit the temperature increase to 1.5 °C above
pre-industrial levels.
With its historic emissions, Germany is responsible for three to four per cent of the global rise in
temperature.
One year prior, the European Union committed to
reducing its greenhouse gas emissions by at least
40 per cent by 2030 compared with 1990.
Germany aims to take a pioneering role in this by
reducing its emissions by at least 40 per cent as
early as 2020. This is one milestone on the way to
the common EU-wide target of an 80-95 per cent
reduction by 2050 compared with the greenhouse
gas emissions of 1990.
SUMMARY | CLIMATE ACTION IN FIGURES
How are emissions in
Germany
developing?
in
Germany
developing?
Germany’s climate policy aims to reduce greenhouse gases emitted by eight sectors in particular: the
energy sector, industry, transport, private households,
commerce / trade / services, waste management, agriculture and land use, land use change and forestry.
In 2014, Germany emitted 902 million tonnes of CO2
equivalents, almost 80 per cent of which came from
the energy, industry and transport sectors.
At 40 per cent, the energy sector accounts for
the largest proportion of total emissions. As the key
instrument for avoiding emissions, renewable energies
have become the largest individual source of electricity,
reaching 30.1 per cent in 2015.
As a Europe-wide measure to reduce emissions in the
energy and industrial sector, emissions trading covers
almost 51 per cent of all European CO2 emissions.
Action is needed particularly urgently in the transport
sector, where petroleum still provides over 90 per
cent of fuel consumed.
Emissions in the commerce, trade and services
sector have been reduced by more than half (56 per
cent) since 1990. In absolute terms, that is equivalents
to roughly 44 million tonnes of CO2.
Private households have achieved the third greatest
reduction in greenhouse gas emissions compared
with 1990, at 35 per cent. Most of the emissions are
due to heating, which means that they can be reduced
by increasing building efficiency.
The main greenhouse gases in agriculture are methane
and nitrous oxide, which are 25 and 300 times more
harmful to the climate than CO2 respectively.
Germany is a global pioneer in climate-friendly waste
management. This sector has achieved the highest
relative emission reductions, at 66 per cent since
1990, especially thanks to the phasing out of landfilling
untreated residential waste and increased recycling of
material and energy from waste.
What does climate action mean
for the
the economy
economyand
and society?
society?
for
In Germany, particulate matter and ozone cause
roughly 35,000 deaths every year. By reducing fossil
fuel combustion, effective climate action also decreases emissions of air pollutants.
The global market for environmental and efficiency technologies is 2.5 billion euros and will at least
double by 2025 according to latest estimates. Germany’s pioneering role in international climate policy
means that innovative German companies are well
positioned in this sector.
Today, companies in environmental technology
and resource efficiency already provide roughly
1.5 million jobs in Germany.
German expenditure on imported fossil fuels
totalled 80.5 billion euros in 2014, 14 per cent less
than the previous year. Expanding domestic renewable energy capacities and energy savings from
energy efficiency measures reduce the dependency
on energy imports and reduces the strain on state
coffers.
9
10
CLIMATE ACTION IN FIGURES | CAUSES AND CONSEQUENCES OF CLIMATE CHANGE
2. Why is Germany committed to climate
action?
to climate action?
2.1 Causes and
consequences of climate
change
Causes of climate change
Human activities are driving climate change. Above
all, burning fossil fuels like coal, oil and natural gas substantially increases the concentration of greenhouse
gases in the atmosphere, raising average temperatures.
This was the finding of the First Assessment Report by
the World Climate Council (IPCC; Intergovernmental
Panel on Climate Change) in 1990 – a scientific committee featuring many renowned climate scientists,
who gather state-of-the-art knowledge on climate
change every five to seven years, and compile it in
reports with virtually every state on earth. Since its
inception in the 1990s, international climate policy has
been based on the scientific findings of the IPCC. Two
years after the publication of the First IPCC Assessment
Report, the United Nations Framework Convention
on Climate Change (UNFCCC) was passed in 1992, to
combat the global problem of climate change jointly in
future.
CAUSES AND CONSEQUENCES OF CLIMATE CHANGE | CLIMATE ACTION IN FIGURES
i
The Fifth IPCC Assessment Report was
published
in 2013/2014
and Report
confirms
huThe Fifth IPCC
Assessment
was
man
influence
on the climate
once again.
published
in 2013/2014
and confirms
hu-1
man influence on the climate once again.1
1. Climate change has been proven
scientifically.
1. Climate change has been proven
scientifically.
IPCC quote: “Warming of the climate
system
is unequivocal,
since
the 1950s,
IPCC quote:
“Warmingand
of the
climate
system
unequivocal,
and since
many
ofisthe
observed changes
arethe
un-1950s,
precedented
decades
to millennia.
many of the over
observed
changes
are un- The
atmosphere
havetowarmed,
theThe
precedentedand
overocean
decades
millennia.
amounts
of snow
and ice
have
diminished,
atmosphere
and ocean
have
warmed,
the
sea
level has
risen and the
concentrations
amounts
of snow
ice have
diminished,of
greenhouse
increased.”
sea level hasgases
risenhave
and the
concentrations
of greenhouse gases have increased.”
2. Climate change can largely be traced back
to
human combustion
of fossilbefuels.
2. Climate
change can largely
traced
back to human combustion of fossil fuels.
IPCCquote:
quote:“The
“Theatmospheric
atmosphericconcenconcenIPCC
trationsof
ofcarbon
carbondioxide,
dioxide,methane
methaneand
and
trations
nitrousoxide
oxidehave
haveincreased
increasedto
tolevels
levels
nitrous
unprecedentedin
inat
atleast
leastthe
thelast
last800,000
800,000
unprecedented
years.Carbon
Carbondioxide
dioxideconcentrations
concentrationshave
have
years.
increasedby
by40
40per
percent
centsince
sincepre-industrial
pre-industriincreased
al times,
primarily
from
fossil
emistimes,
primarily
from
fossil
fuelfuel
emissions
sions
and secondarily
from
netuse
land
use
and
secondarily
from net
land
change
change emissions.”
emissions.”
As part of the 2015 Paris Climate Agreement, the global
community has agreed the target of restricting increases in average global temperature to well below 2 °C
compared with the pre-industrial level, and to pursue
efforts to limit temperature increases to 1.5 °C. Accordingly, an agreement was reached to reduce global
greenhouse gas emissions as fast as possible, and in the
long term, in the second half of the century, to reduce
them to a net of zero.
To date, global warming has already reached approximately 1 °C. Without further climate action, global
warming could rise to 4 °C or more by 2100.2 In its
latest Assessment Report, the Intergovernmental Panel
on Climate Change (IPCC) showed that compliance
with the 2 °C limit – and thus the avoidance of some of
the worst consequences of climate change – remains
technically and economically feasible.3 However, this
will take significant greenhouse gas emission reduction
measures.
The world maps in Figure 01 show two different
scenarios for potential temperature increases by the
end of the 21st century (2081 to 2100 averaged, compared with the temperatures observed between 1986
to 2005). The figure on the left (IPCC Scenario RCP2.6)
is based on the assumption that great efforts must be
taken to avoid further greenhouse gas emissions. The
measures can probably restrict the global temperature
increase to 0.3 to 1.7 °C (compared with the 1986 to
2005 period). The 1986 to 2005 period was already approximately 0.6 °C warmer than the pre-industrial period. The map of the world on the right (IPCC Scenario
RCP8.5) shows a more pessimistic situation, with high
greenhouse gas emissions in the centuries to come. In
this case, the temperatures in the Arctic for example
would increase by up to 10 °C (compared with the 1986
to 2005 period).4,5
Global consequences
of climate change
Droughts, flooding and melting glaciers already
highlight the global consequences of climate change
today. Persistent and unchecked emission of greenhouse gases would lead to further global warming and
thus to an increase in the consequences of climate
change. In 2014, torrential downpours, flooding and
landslides were among the most common climate risks.
Ocean warming and acidification can also be observed,
as well as extreme temperatures. Increased extreme
rainfall matches scientific expectations for changed
water cycles due to climate change.
Overall, the greater global warming is, the more difficult and less probable adaptation to climate change
will be, even in industrialised countries. With global
warming of 2 °C, while negative effects of climate
change cannot be prevented, many regions could offset
them by adapting. According to the Intergovernmental
Panel on Climate Change, restricting global warming
11
12
CLIMATE ACTION IN FIGURES | CAUSES AND CONSEQUENCES OF CLIMATE CHANGE
to 1.5 °C would reduce the risks and effects of climate
change significantly, which is of particular importance to vulnerable island nations and developing
countries. If the global average temperature increases
by more than 2 °C, scientists expect extreme effects,
some of which will be out of control, especially in
particularly vulnerable regions. There is also a risk that
greater warming will lead to tipping points, resulting
in irreversible changes like melting ice caps or thawing permafrost, which in turn would further increase
warming. Figure 02 shows the range of effects on the
European continent.
by flooding. Climate change will affect the poorest
people most of all, as they often live in particularly
climate-sensitive regions (all ten of the countries most
affected by extreme weather are developing countries),
depend on agriculture and have limited financial and
technical resources to take action to adapt to climate
change. Accordingly, climate change also heightens
social inequality and poses a risk of violent conflict and
increased migration.
For humankind, climate change entails both health
risks – due to heat waves or the spread of germs, for example – as well as economic risks from failed harvests
in drought periods or damage to infrastructure caused
Figure 01: Change in average temperature of the earth’s surface (2081–2100 relative to 1986–2005)
Scenario with low additional emissions
Scenario with high additional emissions
(°C)
-2
-1.5
-1
Source: IPCC (2013)
-0.5
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
3
4
5
7
9
11
CAUSES AND CONSEQUENCES OF CLIMATE CHANGE | CLIMATE ACTION IN FIGURES
Figure 02: Map of Europe on the effects of climate change
Arctic
- Temperature increase above global average
- Shrinkage of permafrost regions, Arctic sea-ice cover
and Greenland’s ice cap
- Increasing risk of loss of biodiversity
and gas resources
Coastal regions and regional seas
- Increase in surface temperatures, acid content, and sea levels
and plankton species to the north
North Western Europe
- Increasing precipitation in winter, rivers carry more water,
- Migration of species to the north
- Decrease in need for heating energy
Mediterranean region
- Temperature increase above European average
- Water shortages, decreasing annual rainfalls, rivers carry less
water
- Decreasing agricultural yields due to water shortages, risk of
Mountain regions
- Temperature increase above European
average
- Shrinkage of permafrost regions, glacial
extent and volume
- High risk of soil erosion and extinction in
- Increasing rates of mortality due to heat waves and other health
risks such as the spread of southern diseases
Alpine regions, as well as upward shift in
plant and animal species
- Decrease in ski tourism
Northern Europe
- Temperature increase above global average
- Shrinkage of snow, lake and river ice cover, rivers carry more
water, increasing hydropower potential
- Migration of species to the north
Central and Eastern Europe
- Increase in extreme high temperatures and
water temperature
- Decline in summer precipitation, increasing
- Rising harvests
- Decrease in need for heating energy
- Increasing risk of damage due to winter storms
- Increase in summer tourism
Source: Own diagram based on EEA (2015a)
- Decrease in the economic value of the forests
13
14
CLIMATE ACTION IN FIGURES | CAUSES AND CONSEQUENCES OF CLIMATE CHANGE
Consequences of climate change
in Germany
Germany is also susceptible to climate change. It
is one of the 20 countries most frequently struck by
extreme weather events worldwide between 1994 and
2014.6 Other expected climate change consequences
in Germany include a decline in the supply of groundwater in agricultural soil. Phenological changes in wild
plant varieties indicate that the seasons have shifted
(shorter winters and far longer early autumns). The
changed sequence of seasonal weather influences the
development of agricultural cultures during the year.
Effects on the composition of species communities
in both flora and fauna have also been identified. For
example, increasing numbers of brooding bird varieties
that prefer warmth are being found in Germany, and
Southern European, warm-water fish species are being
found in the North Sea.7
The
The heat
heat wave
wave in
in the
the summer
summer of
of 2003
2003 resulted
resulted
52,000indeaths
in Europe.
in 52,000indeaths
Europe.
Seven thousand fatalities, in particular of old and weakened people in Germany made the 2003 heat wave a
prime example of a serious extreme weather event that
scientists link with the climate change.8 Besides the
health consequences, the heat wave led to additional
melting of Alpine glaciers, destruction of forests due to
major forest fires and bottlenecks in power supply and
reduced agricultural yields. The economic losses due
to the heat wave were estimated to exceed 13 billion
euros.9
It seems like new record temperatures are set every
year. During the heat wave in July and August 2015, a
new record temperature of 40.3 °C in the shade was set
in Germany,10 after 2014 had already been the hottest year since records began. In general, the number
of “hot days” (peak temperatures of at least 30 °C) in
Germany has increased since the 1970s. While “tropical
nights” (when temperatures do not fall below 20 °C) are
still relatively rare compared with hot days, they are
increasing in years with pronounced heat waves.
Scientists still expect the number of extreme weather
events such as heat waves and torrential rain to rise.
That means that the negative effects of climate change
on nature, society and the economy in Germany are
likely to increase.
• The Vulnerability Study Germany 2015 forecasts
5,000 to 8,000 additional fatalities annually due
to heat stress in future. This figure is based on the
assumption that mortality can be expected to increase from one to six per cent per degree Celsius at
higher temperatures.11
• Heat waves and extended dry periods can adversely
affect water management and forestry: In certain
regions, agricultural irrigation can be restricted
temporarily, and the risk of forest fires can increase.
Both call for heightened adjustments.
• The increasing temperatures cause non-indigenous
species of flora and fauna typically found in warmer
climatic zones to proliferate. These species can not
only disturb the domestic ecosystem, they can also
spread pathogens dangerous to humans, animals
and plants. One example is the proliferation of the
tiger mosquito which can pass on tropical diseases
like Chikungunya and dengue.
• Extreme weather events such as torrential rain and
flooding will occur more frequently due to climate
change, and can damage infrastructure and agriculture. After the torrential rain at the end of May 2013,
several main railway lines were closed for months.
The damage due to the storm and the subsequent
flooding caused insured damage of almost two
billion euros – with a far higher estimated total
damage.12
GERMANY’S RESPONSIBILITY | CLIMATE ACTION IN FIGURES
2.2 Germany’s
responsibility
Even if the rapid increase in emissions in recent decades –
when allocating the emissions to their countries of origin – is attributable to upcoming emerging countries, Germany is a major co-originator of climate change. Figure 03
shows the per capita CO2 emissions broken down by
country and global region, in the context of their respective percentage of world population. Although China tops
the list of absolute emissions by far (Figure 04), the per
capita emissions are still far below those of many OECD
nations at 7.59 tonnes of CO2. The German per capita CO2
emissions, at roughly 9.3 tonnes, are far higher than the
international average of 4.9 tonnes per capita (2014).13
As an industrial nation, Germany has grown its economy using fossil fuels over the past century. Since the
beginning of industrialisation, Germany has contributed
almost four per cent (0.03 °C) to global warming to date
with its greenhouse gas emissions, although the German
population only makes up roughly one per cent of the
world population.
Figure 03: International per capita CO2 emissions by per centage of global population 2014
14
12
10
Australia and New Zealand
Russia
16
USA and Canada
Tonnes of CO2 per capita
18
%
India
SubSaharan
Africa
7
.9
11
17
.8
%
Brazil
North
Africa
%
%
0
8
3.
2.
Asia
%
.9
16
%
Former Soviet Republics*
Latin America
and Caribbean
%
9
5.
2
6.
%
7
4.
%
.9
18
4.
9
%
0.
4
2. %
0
1. %
1
%
0
0
EU28 and Switzerland
(without Germany)
%
2
2.
4
Middle East
(without Egypt)
6
China
Germany
8
percentage of population
* Excluding Russia; Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania are included in EU28
Source: Own diagram based on EDGAR (2015) and World Bank (2015)
15
CLIMATE ACTION IN FIGURES | GERMANY’S RESPONSIBILITY
Germany is aware of its historic and present-day
responsibility, towards both developing countries and
future generations, for climate change and combating it.
Global historic CO2 emissions (Figure 05) show that
OECD countries in particular, but also the Asian region,
need to reduce their emissions significantly in the near
future to achieve the global 2 °C target.
• Decrease of over 27 per cent in greenhouse gas
emissions14
• Major expansion of renewable energy sources – the
percentage of primary energy consumption from
renewable energy sources has increased almost
tenfold to 12.5 per cent today15
• Per capita primary energy consumption reduced by
more than 12 per cent16
For this reason, Germany has been actively committed
to climate action since the 1990s, and has already made
considerable advances by 2015 compared with 1990:
With its ambitious climate policy and the German
energy transition, which aims to bring about a fundamental restructuring of the energy system away from
Figure 04: Greenhouse gas emissions in the international comparison (excluding LULUCF)
14,000
Million tonnes of CO2 equivalents
12,455
12,000
10,000
8,000
6,344
6,000
4,681
4,000
3,003 2,989 2,799
2,000
1,479
951
542
576
497
395
322
235
56
*No data available for 2013; therefore data for 2012 is presented here
Sources: 2013 data: UNFCCC (2015)
2012 data: EDGAR and UBA (as of: March 2015)
en
ia*
Sw
ed
an
ain
Ta
nz
Sp
Fr
an
ce
Po
la
nd
UK
an
y
Au
st
ra
lia
rm
Ge
Ja
p
an
*
sia
Ru
s
il*
az
Br
*
ia*
In
d
28
EU
A*
US
in
a*
0
Ch
16
GERMANY’S RESPONSIBILITY | CLIMATE ACTION IN FIGURES
Figure 05: Historic CO2 emissions and savings path
Giga tonnes of CO2/year
45
40
35
30
25
In order to meet the 2° limit,
climate neutrality must be
achieved by 2075.
20
15
10
5
0
1900
1950
2000
Middle East & Africa
Germany
Latin America & Caribbean
EU28*
Asia
Emerging countries
OECD -1990 countries
fossil fuels and nuclear power, Germany shows that
even an industrial and exporting nation can combine
economic growth with climate action. This is intended
to encourage other industrial nations to take more
ambitious climate action.
In addition to this, Germany fulfils its responsibility
by helping developing countries take climate action
2010
2050
2060
2075
2100
*Excluding FOLU
Source: Own diagram based on Edenhofer O.
et al. (2014), UNEP (2015), WRI (2015)
and implement adaptation measures. In 2014, over two
billion euros were provided for this from the Federal
budget. The German Federal Government aims to double this total to four billion euros per annum by 2020
and thus to make an important contribution to the goal
of the industrialised countries to jointly provide at least
100 billion US dollars for climate financing in developing countries from 2020 on.17
17
18
CLIMATE ACTION IN FIGURES | INTERNATIONAL CLIMATE POLICY
3. What are the current climate action
targets and instruments?
action targets and instruments?
3.1 International
climate policy
International climate policy is organised in the
United Nations Framework Convention on Climate
Change (UNFCCC). The UNFCCC’s secretariat is located
in Berlin. To date, the Framework Convention has been
ratified by 194 countries and the EU, giving it virtually
universal membership.
The aim of the Framework Convention on Climate
Change is to stabilise the greenhouse gas concentration
in the atmosphere at a level that prevents a dangerous,
anthropogenic interference with the climate system.
This is to occur over a period of time that enables ecosystems to adapt naturally to climate changes (Article 2
of UNFCCC). To help achieve this goal, all nations are to
contribute in accordance with their “shared, but different responsibility and capacities”.
Since 1995, the Member States have held annual
Conferences of the Parties (COPs) to the convention,
chaired alternately by the host countries. These are
generally called “Climate Conferences”. At these conferences, the community of states negotiates climate
policy matters such as binding emission reduction
targets or the provision of climate financing for developing nations. At the third Conference of Parties in
1997 in Kyoto (Japan), the Kyoto Protocol was signed,
INTERNATIONAL CLIMATE POLICY | CLIMATE ACTION IN FIGURES
entering into force in 2005. In it, some industrialised
countries, including all EU Member States committed
to binding emission reduction targets by 2012, and in
a second phase to 2020, as well as to regular reporting of their greenhouse gas emissions and reduction
measures.
greenhouse gas emissions have ratified it. The main
points of the agreement can be summarised as follows:
A historic breakthrough in international climate
policy was made at the December 2015 21st UNFCCC
Conference of Parties (COP 21) in Paris. The Paris
Agreement includes all contract states (industrialised,
developing / emerging countries) as an internationally binding climate agreement, and obligates them to
make emission reductions. This is particularly important, as rapidly growing emerging and developing
countries were responsible for the majority of emission
increases in the last two decades and effective, global
climate action is only possible with them. The Paris
Agreement was accepted by all 196 Member States of
UNFCCC and has already been signed by 177 countries
since the signing ceremony on April 22nd 2016 in New
York. This is a major breakthrough, as the USA, for
example, never ratified the Kyoto Protocol, pointing to
the absence of major emerging countries such as China,
and therefore never recognised it as internationally
binding law. Other major industrialised countries such
as Russia, Japan and Canada also did not participate
in the second obligation period of the Kyoto Protocol
(2013 to 2020). However, these states have set voluntary
national climate action targets in preparation for the
Paris Convention at the end of 2015, and thus signalled
their approval of the new agreement in advance of the
final negotiations.
• 2 °C cap: in the agreement, the global community
committed to an internationally binding target under international law of holding the increase in the
global average temperature to well below 2 °C above
pre-industrial levels and pursuing efforts to limit the
temperature increase to 1.5 °C.
• Climate adjustment and sustainable development:
the long-term targets in the Paris Agreement also include a decision by the contracting states to increase
the ability to adapt to the adverse impacts of climate
change, and to foster low greenhouse gas emissions
development in a manner that does not threaten
food production.
• Transformative climate financing: flows of finance
are to be consistent with a pathway towards low
greenhouse gas emissions and climate-resilient
development.
• Greenhouse gas neutrality: in order to stay below the
2 °C cap, the agreement defines a target of achieving a balance between anthropogenic emissions by
sources and removals by sinks of greenhouse gases
in the second half of this century.
De facto, this means phasing out fossil fuels (decarbonisation).
• Regular review of climate action targets: as the
climate action targets (Intended Nationally Determined Contributions [INDC]) agreed by the states
before Paris 2015 are not yet compatible with the
2 °C cap, the states will submit new climate action
targets every five years from 2020 on, that must
document the national progress with more ambitious goals.
• Reporting: each country must report on its greenhouse gas emissions, so that the progress is not just
on paper but implemented in reality.
• Support for developing countries: the agreement
includes a promise by the industrialised countries to
help developing countries take climate action and
adapt to climate change, but also encourages other
states to provide voluntary support to poorer countries. In addition to this, the community of nations is
to help the poorest and most vulnerable countries to
overcome climate change-induced loss and damages
that can no longer be avoided.
The Paris agreement enters into force when at least
55 nations that account for 55 per cent of the global
The G7 Summit in Elmau, Germany in June 2015 had
previously set an important precedent for the Paris
The Kyoto
Kyoto Protocol
Protocolthus
thusbecame
becamethe
thefirst
first
legally binding
bindingclimate
climateagreement
agreementwith
with
quantifiable
quantifiable reduction
reductionobligations
obligationsthat
that
entered into
into force.
force.
That makes the Protocol an important milestone
in international climate policy. In the past decade,
international climate policy focused on negotiating a
follow-up agreement for the Kyoto Protocol from
2020 on.
19
20
CLIMATE ACTION IN FIGURES | INTERNATIONAL CLIMATE POLICY
Climate Conference. There, the G7 nations committed
to decarbonisation of the global economy for the first
time – that means phasing out the use of fossil fuels –
during the course of this century (for more detail, see
the Key Issue: Decarbonisation section). Figure 06
showes all relevant events in international climate
policy since 1990.
Figure 06: Timeline of relevant events in international climate action since 1990
Fifth IPCC
Report
COP 16 in Cancùn:
• Compliance with 2°C limit
• Establishment of the Green Climate Fund
Second IPCC
Report
COP 21 in Paris:
New Global Climate Agreement for the period from
2020 passed
Fourth IPCC
Report
UNCED Global
Summit in Rio:
Foundation of
UNFCCC
First IPCC
Report
1990 1992
Third IPCC
Report
2002
2005
2007
protocol
Kyoto
reduction
target: -21%
World
EU
Germany
*Still in development
Source: Own diagram
UN 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development
G7 Summit: Decarbonisation
of the global economy
by 2100
COP 17 in
Durban
Kyoto Protocol enters
into force
Kyoto Protocol
passed
1995 1997
COP 15 in
Copenhagen
2009 2010 2011
2014 2015 2016
EU Energy and Climate Package
20-20-20 enters into force
EU emissions
trading system
launched
Energy
Concept
2050
Integrated energy
and climate action
programme
Climate Action
Plan 2050*
Climate Action
Programme 2020
New targets for energy
and climate policy 2030
EU Energy and Climate
Roadmap 2050 published
INTERNATIONAL CLIMATE POLICY | CLIMATE ACTION IN FIGURES
Key issue 2016:
decarbonisation
of the global economy
The strategic goal of decarbonisation, a transition away from fossil fuels, was formulated
in June 2015 at the G7 Summit in Elmau /
Germany. In December 2015 in Paris, the
global community also agreed on the goal of
achieving a greenhouse gas-neutral global
economy between 2050 and 2100.
In the
long
term,
decarboniIn the
long
term,
decarbonisation
means
that
theglobal
global
sation
means
that
the
economy
will
phase
out
theuse
economy will phase out the
of fossil
harmful
to
ofuse
fossil
fuels fuels
harmful
to the
the climate
– coal,
oil and
climate
– coal,
oil and
gas.gas.
In order to make decarbonisation a
reality, the energy requirements must
be met by a significantly increased
expansion of renewable energy
sources. At the same time, increasing
energy efficiency ensures that the
overall energy consumption will be
reduced. Decarbonisation is a particular challenge in sectors which
are currently highly dependent on
fossil fuels for technical reasons.
Electrification of the transport
sector is essential, for example.
The challenge for the years to come lies in implementation, i.e. gradual transformation to a decarbonised
global economy. The Paris Climate Agreement did not
include any specific requirements, as the individual
states can define their own strategies for achieving
greenhouse gas neutrality. The national contributions
submitted in Paris by individual countries (climate
action targets agreed prior to Paris: “INDCs” [Intended Nationally Determined Contributions] and, once
nationally confirmed after Paris “NDCs” [Nationally
Determined Contributions]) already clearly showed
that the efforts in most countries would focus on the
energy sector and thus decarbonisation. This area produces the highest emissions and also offers the highest
potential savings.
German climate policy focuses on the energy transition. It is based on three central elements for reaching
the emission reduction targets: expanding renewable
energy sources, phasing out fossil fuels and increasing
energy efficiency (see Section 4.2). The corresponding political direction has tripled the percentage of
electricity generated from renewable energy sources in
the past ten years (to roughly one third in 2015). Energy
efficiency measures have contributed to decoupling
economic growth and energy consumption in Germany: primary energy consumption has been in a slight
decline since the nineties, in spite of the economic
growth.
21
CLIMATE ACTION IN FIGURES | EUROPEAN CLIMATE POLICY
3.2 European
Climate Policy
As an active member in the international community,
the EU is also a driving force in the UNFCCC climate
negotiations. It strives to achieve ever higher emission
reductions throughout all contracting states, to restrict
global emissions to a level that makes compliance with
the 2 °C cap possible. The EU speaks with a single voice
in climate negotiations and thus represents the position of all 28 EU Member States, a position previously
determined by consensus.
The EU’s long-term climate goal is to have reduced its
greenhouse gas emissions by 80 to 95 per cent in 2050
compared with 1990. On the way to this target, the EU
has set binding reduction targets of 20 per cent (compared with 1990) for 2020, and at least a 40 per cent
(compared with 1990) EU-internal greenhouse gas
reduction by 2030. The emission reduction goals
consist of a superordinate goal for high emission
countries in the energy and industrial sectors on one
hand, which are jointly responsible for almost half of
the European greenhouse gas emissions, and covered
by EU Emissions Trading System (EU-ETS) (see the
Information box, Page 24). In order to achieve the 2030
goal, emissions in these sectors must have decreased by
43 per cent by 2030 compared with 2005 (or 21 per cent
by 2020). On the other hand, there is a target for sectors
such as transport, agriculture and private households,
which are not part of emissions trading. They must
have reduced their greenhouse gas emissions by a total
of 30 per cent in 2030 compared with 2005 (by 10 per
cent in 2020). Figure 07 shows the EU Roadmap on the
way to a low-emission economy, including the emission reduction targets of the sectors within and outside
the emissions trading system, the central European
policy instrument for emission reduction.
Figure 07: EU climate roadmap and emission reduction goals
Greenhouse gas emissions mill. tonnes of CO2 equivalents (excl. LULUCF)
22
6000
Climate roadmap
Non-ETS emissions
5000
ETS emissions
Target for climate
roadmap 2050: 80-95%
savings compared with
1990
4000
EU28 emissions
million tonnes of CO2
equivalents (Total incl.
indirect CO2, excluding
LULUCF)
3000
ETS cap
2000
1000
0
1990
2000
2010
Sources: EEA (2015b) and BMUB (2014a)
2020
2030
2040
2050
EUROPEAN CLIMATE POLICY | CLIMATE ACTION IN FIGURES
By 2030, renewable energy is to provide at least
27 per cent of the final energy consumption in the
EU. The primary energy consumption is to be reduced
by at least 27 per cent by 2030 compared with a development without efficiency measures (20 per cent by
2020). By 2020, the energy efficiency target for 2030 is
to be reviewed to determine whether it can be raised
to 30 per cent.
Due to the major regional differences within the EU,
the binding national targets under the Effort Sharing
Decision (ESD, Figure 08) are distributed based on the
gross domestic product (GDP) per capita. In order to
achieve a total greenhouse gas reduction of 10 per cent
compared with 2005, the targets were between -20 per
cent for the economically strongest Member States and
a restriction of emission growth to +20 per cent for the
economically weakest Member States. For 2030, the
targets were not broken down to Member States – the
European Commission is expected to make a corresponding proposal for summer 2016. However it is
clear that the reduction efforts will be between zero per
cent and 40 per cent and distributed based on per capita
GDP. In addition to this, the criterion of cost effectiveness is to be considered fairly and equitably for Member
States with a per capita GDP above the EU average.
Figure 08: Breakdown of EU climate target
EU ETS
-21% compared with 2005
EU climate
package 2008:
Breakdown of EU
climate target
for 2020
-20%
reduction
compared
with 1990
Non-ETS sectors -10%
compared with 2005
Effort-sharing
Decision:
By 2020, reduction
of greenhouse gas
emissions by 14%
compared with 2005
(corresponds to -20%
compared with 1990)
Source: Own diagram
Targets for
28 Member
States for
non-ETS
sectors
(from -20%
to + 20%)
Belgium: -15%
Luxembourg: -20% Italy: -13%
Bulgaria: 20%
Hungary: 10%
Lithuania: 15%
Czech Rep.: 9%
Malta: 5%
Finland: -16%
Denmark: -20%
Netherlands: -16%
Sweden: -17%
Germany: -14%
Austria: -16%
Croatia: 11%
Estonia: 11%
Poland: 14%
Latvia: -17%
Ireland: -20%
Portugal: 1%
Cyprus: -5%
Greece: -4%
Romania: 19%
Spain: -10%
Slovenia: 4%
United
Kingdom: -16%
France: -14%
Slovakia: 13%
23
24
CLIMATE ACTION IN FIGURES | EUROPEAN CLIMATE POLICY
i
Information box “Major EU climate
instruments”
EU emissions trading: EU emissions
trading is the central EU instrument for
reducing greenhouse gas emissions in the
energy and industrial sectors. It specifies an emission cap for energy-intensive
companies in the energy and industrial
sector. The companies covered by emissions
trading are obliged to provide evidence of
tradable rights (certificates) to the total of
the emissions they cause. That gives them
an incentive to save emissions. However
there is currently a significant surplus of
certificates, which is primarily due to an
abundance of opportunities to use international project credits and the economic
and financial crisis, as well as the associated
lower productivity. As a result of this, the
current certificate price has decreased,
with the result that the financial incentives
for climate investments are very low. The
market stability reserve is a first key step
towards reforming emissions trading. It is
intended to reduce the structural surpluses and make EU emissions trading more
flexible in future with regard to significant
demand fluctuations, by adapting the certificate supply quantity.
Effort-sharing decision: for the sectors not
covered by EU emissions trading, transport
for example (except flights and international maritime transport), buildings, agriculture and waste, the EU has defined binding
targets for individual EU Member States for
2013-2020 in the effort-sharing decision.
EU-wide, greenhouse gas emissions are to
have decreased 10 per cent in 2020 compared with 2005. The breakdown is based on
the economic performance of the Member
States. Accordingly, Germany must reduce its greenhouse gases in the transport, household, commerce,
trade, services and agriculture sectors by 14 per cent
by 2020 – compared with 2005.
Renewable Energy Directive: the EU Renewable
Energy Directive defines by how much the individual EU Member States must increase the percentage
of final energy consumption from renewables. The
per capita economic performance is the benchmark. In addition to this, the Directive specifies
a target for the transport sector: In 2020, ten per
cent of the final energy consumption is to be from
renewable energy sources. Biofuels will only be incorporated if they produce at least 35 per cent less
greenhouse gases than conventional fuels. From
2018 on, they must avoid 50 per cent of greenhouse gases compared with conventional fuels.
Energy Efficiency Directive (EED): the EU
Energy Efficiency Directive obliges the Member
States to increase efficiency at all levels of the
energy sector (generation, supply, consumption).
To this end, they must each adopt a national
energy efficiency target and develop a national
action plan.
Energy Performance of Buildings Directive
(EPBD): the EU’s EPBD requires that all new
buildings in the EU from 2021 must be nearly
zero energy buildings. New buildings in the
public sector must begin to fulfil these requirements from 2019 on. Existing buildings that
are to be subjected to a major renovation must
fulfil the minimum overall energy efficiency
requirements defined by the Member States
based on the directive. The Directive does
not bindingly require the nearly zero energy
buildings standard for existing buildings, but
obliges Member States to produce national
plans to increase the number of nearly zero
energy buildings.
GERMAN CLIMATE POLICY | CLIMATE ACTION IN FIGURES
3.3 German
climate policy
Political goals
As the EU Member State with the highest population
and the strongest economy, Germany plays a key
role in EU climate policy. Within the EU, the German
Federal Government is advancing in climate action, for
example with a national climate target far higher than
the EU average, entailing a reduction of the national
greenhouse gas emissions by at least 40 per cent by
2020 compared with 1990.
Germany’s climate policy pursues long-term goals
and planning. The 2010 energy concept laid down
targets and interim targets for reducing greenhouse
gas emissions, expanding renewable energy and energy
efficiency by 2050. Accordingly,
• greenhouse gas emissions are to be reduced by at
least 80 to 95 per cent by 2050 compared with 1990
(at least 40 per cent by 2020),
• renewable energy is to increase to 60 per cent of
final energy consumption by 2050 (30 per cent by
2030, 45 per cent by 2040),
• and primary energy consumption is to be reduced
50 per cent by 2050 compared with 2008 (20 per cent
by 2020).
The German Federal Government also confirmed these
targets in the 2013 coalition agreement. Figure 09
shows an overview of the targets set.
Based on current forecasts, it can be assumed
that if all measures passed in Germany are implemented consistently
byby
2020,
greenhouse
implemented
consistently
2020,
greengas emission
reductions
of 37 to
cent
house
gas emission
reductions
of40
37per
to 40
per
18
18
can be
achieved
cent
can
be achieved
In particular, this requires rapid implementation of all
measures in the “Climate Action Programme 2020” from
December 2014, including the National Energy Efficiency
Plan (NAPE). The estimated overall reduction achievable
through the measures adopted is subject to uncertainty,
and could differ depending on the development of eco-
nomic performance, the population, energy prices and
the foreign trade surplus for electricity (among others).
The German Federal Government documents the
implementation progress of the Climate Action
Programme in the annual climate action report, first
published in 2015.
Policy measures
In order to achieve the above goals, the German
Federal Government relies on the “requirements-support-information” triangle. This range of instruments
and measures is based on laws and ordinances at a
national level, as well as promotional programmes,
information and communication measures (Figure 10).
The most important actionable goals of these instruments and measures are a climate-friendly energy
supply, promotion of energy, material and resource
efficiency, climate-friendly production technologies as
well as behavioural changes of the economic players
(consumers, companies).
Requirements – Examples of central legal regulations
that embed climate action in German regulatory law
include the Renewable Energy Sources Act (EEG), the
Renewable Energies Heat Act (EEWärmeG) and the Energy Savings Ordinance (EnEV). EU emissions trading
is also founded in German law. The EEG now serves
as an international role model: roughly 50 countries
have introduced financing instruments for renewable
energy sources based on the EEG – including many EU
Member States, and China, currently the top greenhouse gas emitter. That makes the EEG one of the most
influential laws worldwide.
Support – Various financial, market-based and fiscal
incentive mechanisms supplement the existing laws
and regulations in Germany. Among other things, this
includes competitive energy efficiency tenders, KfW
promotional programmes for energy-efficient construction and refurbishment, as well as the promotional programmes of the National Climate Initiative (NKI), which
reach a broad target market, comprising consumers, municipalities, economy and education. In addition to this,
implementing a climate and resource-saving economy
also requires production processes, workflows and competences. This results in new challenges and tasks for
training, education and lifelong learning. The German
25
26
CLIMATE ACTION IN FIGURES | GERMAN CLIMATE POLICY
Federal Ministry for the Environment, Nature Conservation, Building and Nuclear Safety (BMUB) participates
in the European Social Fund (ESF), with the “Promoting
vocational training for sustainable development. On key
green competences for climate and resource-friendly
action at work (BBNE)” programme.
Information – Information campaigns and mandatory
labels for climate-friendly products help consumers to
make conscious decisions on climate action, and can
influence company behaviour to increase demand for
climate-friendly products.
Figure 09: Overview of energy and climate action targets of the German Federal Government by 2050
Category
2014
2015*
2020
2030
2040
2050
At least
-40%
At least
At least
At least -80
At least 50%
Renewable Energy Sources Act
2025: 40 to 45%
At least 65%
Renewable Energy Sources Act
2035: 55 to 60%
Greenhouse gas emissions
Greenhouse gas emissions compared with 1990
Growth in percentage of energy consumption from renewable energies
consumption
At least
35%
Percentage of gross
electricity consumption
At least
Percentage of heat consumption
Percentage of transport sector
Primary energy consumption
(compared with 2008)
Final energy productivity
(2008–2050)
1.6% per annum (2008–
2014)
Gross energy consumption
(compared with 2008)
Primary energy requirement for
buildings (compared with 2008)
Approx.
-80%
Heating requirement for
buildings (compared with 2008)
Final energy consumption for
transport (compared with 2005)
+
*Estimate
Sources: BMWi (2015a); BMWi (2016b, as of: January 2016); AGEE-Stat (2016, as of: February 2016);
UBA (2016a, as of: March 2016)
GERMAN CLIMATE POLICY | CLIMATE ACTION IN FIGURES
Figure 10: Policy measures
Requirements
Legal instruments
• Energy Saving
Ordinance (EnEV)
Information
Advice and information
Support
Financial incentives
1
• Market Incentive Pro
gramme (MAP) in the
heating sector
• Energy audits
in industry
• KfW subsidy programmes
for energy
building
and refurbishment
• Renewable Energy
Sources Act (EEG)
• Competitive tenders for
(NAPE)
electricity
• CO2 limits for cars
• Funding programmes for
National Climate Initiative
2
• Energy labels (Blauer
Engel, Energy Star etc.)
3
• Energy consulting for
private households
• Energy
labelling for cars
• Ecolabels for agricul
tural products
Source: Own diagram
In 2014, the German Federal Government invested
almost 820 million euros in promoting energy research. Three quarters of this went towards researching energy efficiency and renewable energy sources.
The 6th Energy Research Programme promotes
research and development into new technologies for
the future green energy supply in research institutes
and companies. Besides renewable energies and energy
efficiency, the funding measures support new grid
technologies and energy storage. In total, the German
Federal Government provided roughly 3.5 billion
euros for energy research between 2013 and 2016.19
The Research and Innovation platform – consisting
of relevant stakeholders from the German Federal
Government, the private sector and science – has been
convening since May 2015 with the aim of enhancing
networking of research activities in Germany and
using them more effectively, to bring new energy technologies to market faster.
In addition to the 6th Energy Research Programme,
there are other German Federal Government funding
programmes for research and development, which do
not explicitly prioritise energy policy aspects, but have
thematic overlaps. Examples of this are sector-specific
transport and aviation research or technology funding
for medium-sized companies, which gives small and
medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) specific support for
research and development, cooperation with science
and innovation consulting.
27
28
CLIMATE ACTION IN FIGURES | EMISSIONS IN GERMANY
4. How are emissions in Germany
developing?in Germany developing?
4.1 Emissions
in Germany – past,
present and future
According to estimates, climate measures have reduced German greenhouse gas emissions by 27.2 per
cent between 1990 and 2015 (1990 to 2014: 27.7 per
cent). Instead of 1248 million tonnes of CO2 equivalents
in 1990, Germany emitted just 902 million tonnes of
CO2 equivalents in 2014. According to initial estimates,
roughly 908 million tonnes of CO2 equivalents were
produced in 2015. That represents a minimal increase
of six million tonnes compared with the previous
year.20
Most of the emission reduction in the past 25 years
was made in the 1990s to early 2000s. The economic
upheaval in the new Federal States (wall fall profits)
were an important driving force behind this: new
investments made it possible to build new, more efficient, coal-fired power plants and industrial companies
increased the efficiency of their production facilities.
Economic fluctuations have a significant influence
on emissions. During the financial crisis, the overall
emissions in Germany reached their first low in 2009
EMISSIONS IN GERMANY | CLIMATE ACTION IN FIGURES
compared with the 1990 figures. In 2012, emissions
increased again for the first time. In 2014, they dropped
below the 2009 level again, reaching the lowest level
since 1990. The annual fluctuations are in part due
to weather conditions, i.e. they are based on different
levels of energy demand during the heating period.
Its effect is included in the “With Further Measures”
scenario, which forecasts a reduction of approximately
37 to 40 per cent by 2020 compared with 1990. The
economic development, population development and
the development of energy prices and export of surplus
electricity are uncertain.
There are still significant surplus capacities in the
fossil fuel-based power plant mix. Even though nuclear power is being phased out as a consequence of the
nuclear reactor accident in Fukushima (March 2011),
the successful expansion of renewable energy sources
is currently not reducing the overall emissions in the
energy sector to the extent required. The operators of
power plants burning fossil fuels (in particular lignite)
can offer their electricity at comparatively low cost in
the European electricity market. That is due to both the
low coal prices on the global market and the continued
low CO2 price in emissions trading. As a result, in addition to the increasing feeding from renewable energy
sources, emission-intensive coal-fired power plants are
still running and the excess electricity is exported.21
In Germany, the energy, industrial, transport, households, commerce, trade and services as well as agriculture and waste management sectors are the main
sources of greenhouse gas emissions, but contribute to
the overall emissions to different extents. This brochure presents emissions based on the source principle; that means that emissions are reported based on
the sector that caused them. In 2014, the three largest
originators – energy, industry and transport – emitted
77 per cent of the total greenhouse gases in Germany.
Figure 11 (and the figures in the individual sub-sections) show the breakdown of the emissions to the
sectors based on the source principle.
Exports of electricity from Germany have been
been increasing
for years:
in 2015,
Gerincreasing
for years:
in 2015,
Germany
many
exported
roughly
51
per
cent
exported roughly 51 per cent more more
electricity than in 2009.
The CO2 price is currently not sufficient to restructure
energy production to low-emission power plants and
thus to reduce greenhouse gas emissions.
The German Federal Government’s forecast report
estimates the future development of greenhouse gas
emissions based on the measures implemented by a
deadline. In 2015, the estimates incorporated the measures implemented prior to mid-2014 (“With Measures”
scenario) and a second scenario (“With Further Measures”) also incorporates the additional policy measures
adopted in the Action Programme 2020. In the “With
Measures” scenario, a reduction of almost 32 to 35 per
cent compared with 1990 is assumed for 2020. The scenario includes new climate and energy policy measures
introduced or significantly changed by 31 August 2014
in the various sectors. The Climate Action Programme
2020 was passed in 2014 to bridge the gap to the 40 per
cent minimum target, feared based on this scenario.
In addition to carbon dioxide (CO2), nitrous oxide (N2O)
and methane (CH4), fluorinated gases (F gases) play a
key role in the German reduction goals (Figure 12).
Greenhouse gases have varying effects on climate
change: nitrous oxide and methane are 300 times and
25 times as harmful to the climate as CO2 over a period
of 100 years. The various sectors emitted the different
gases to different levels. While CO2 dominates the
energy, industrial, transport and building sectors, the
agriculture sector largely emits methane.
Per capita emissions allow us to compare regions
within Germany and Germany with other countries.
Emissions vary by region in Germany: the Federal
States differ in their population density (for example
high in the Ruhrgebiet region, low in Brandenburg),
the degree of urbanisation, their infrastructure and
the number of industrial locations. These and other
factors affect the total and per capita emissions (Figure 13). For example, the average annual emissions in
Brandenburg, at 26.4 tonnes of CO2 equivalents per
capita, exceed the average emissions of a citizen of
Berlin (5.5 tonnes of CO2 equivalents) almost fivefold. The key factor in this difference is the use of
lignite to generate electricity in the Lusatian region,
combined with the low population in the State of
Brandenburg.
29
CLIMATE ACTION IN FIGURES | EMISSIONS IN GERMANY
Figure 11: Emission developments by sector (without LULUCF)1
1990 total: 1,247
Million tonnes of CO2 equivalents
30
1200
38
131
2015 total: 908
163
900
78
12
88
283
164
< 750
< 562
35
600
182
88
< 374
300
72
466
Targets
for 2050,
max. 250:
-80 %
compared
with 1990
< 62.5:
-95 %
compared
with 1990
355
0
1990
1
2000
2005
2010
2015*
2020
Target
2030
Target
Energy sector
Agriculture
Industry
Commerce / trade / services
Transport
Private households
Waste management and other
commitment period 2008 to 2012
* Preliminary data, some estimates
Targets
Breakdown of emissions deviates from UN reporting, the overall emissions are identical.
Source: UBA (2016a, as of: March 2016)
2040
Target
2050
Targets
EMISSIONS IN GERMANY | CLIMATE ACTION IN FIGURES
Figure 12: Emission developments by greenhouse gas
Million tonnes of CO2 equivalents
1990 total: 1,247
1200
13
65
118
900
2015 total: 908
15
40
55
1.051
< 750
799
600
< 562
< 374
300
Targets
for 2050,
max. 250:
-80 %
compared
with 1990
< 62.5:
-95 %
compared
with 1990
0
1990
2000
CO2
2005
CH4
2010
N2O
commitment period 2008 to 2012
Source: UBA (2016a, as of: March 2016)
Other
2015*
2020
Target
2030
Target
Targets
* Preliminary data, some estimates
2040
Target
2050
Targets
31
CLIMATE ACTION IN FIGURES | EMISSIONS IN GERMANY
Figure 13: Breakdown of greenhouse gas emissions per capita by Federal State (2012)
30
Tonnes of CO2 equivalents
25
26.4
22.4
20
21.1
16.8 16.7
15
12.9
10
11.5
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32
4.2 Energy sector
in particular (lignite and hard coal) in power plants that
provide electricity and heat to the public (Figure 15).22
Emission developments
Climate policy in Germany focuses in particular on
the energy sector. Thanks to the expansion of renewable energy and promotion of energy efficiency, it has
already triggered a significant reduction in emissions.
Since 1990, this has reduced greenhouse gas emissions
in the energy sector by 23 per cent (Figure 14). As
At almost 40 per cent of overall emissions, the energy industry remained the sector in Germany with
the highest greenhouse gas emissions in 2014. These
emissions are primarily caused by burning fossil fuels,
ENERGY SECTOR | CLIMATE ACTION IN FIGURES
Figure 15: Emission sources in the energy industry in 2014 (excluding CO2 from biomass)
100%
450
250
397
397
403
382
356
369
366
377
380
358
355
385
400
350
466
Million tonnes of CO2 equivalents
Figure 14: Emission developments
in the energy industry
80%
79 % combustion
of solid fuels
1 % combustion of biomass
(excl. CO2 from
biomass)
60%
40%
150
20%
50
4 % combustion
of other fuels
0%
1990 1995 2000 2005
2010
8 % combustion
of gases
2015*
3 % diffuse emissions
Source: UBA (2016a, as of: March 2016)
* Estimate
5 % combustion
of liquid fuels
Source: UBA (2016a,
as of: March 2016)
mentioned above, the energy sector plays a special role:
in accordance with the source principle, all emissions
from electricity and heat production in the energy
sector are attributed to the energy sector, even if the
electricity or heat is used by private households or the
commerce, trade and services sector, for example. Lower energy consumption in these sectors has a positive
effect on the climate balance in the energy sector.
Special aspects
Three key factors are decisive for transforming the
energy system, and thus for reducing emissions in
the energy sector: first, increasing the percentage of
renewable energy in the supply of electricity and heat,
second, the associated and necessary reduction and
increased flexibility of energy conversion from fossil
fuels and third, the simultaneous increase in energy
efficiency on the demand side, that continues to offer
immense potential. All three elements are interlinked.
1. Expansion of renewable energy
Expansion of renewable energy sources is supported
significantly as part of the energy transition and with
the passing of the Renewable Energy Sources Act
(EEG). As a result of the expansion, renewable energy
sources accounted for the highest percentage (32.6 per
cent)23 of gross electricity consumption in Germany in
2015 (Figure 18). Of that, wind energy accounted for
the highest share at 45 per cent, followed by electricity
from biomass at 22 per cent and photovoltaic systems
at 20 per cent (Figure 16).
Increases in the share of renewable energies in the
other two areas, heating and transport, have developed slightly more slowly: while the percentage of the
gross electricity consumption increases continuously,
it has remained virtually constant in recent years, and
is in slight decline for the transport sector.
33
CLIMATE ACTION IN FIGURES | ENERGY SECTOR
Figure 16: Development of gross power generation by energy source
TWh
34
700
600
500
400
300
200
100
0
1990
1995
2000
Renewables
Oil
Black coal
Natural gas
Nuclear power
* Preliminary data, some estimates
2005
Lignite
Others
2010
2015*
Domestic waste 3%
Hydropower 10%
Photovoltaics 20%
Biomass 22%
Wind power 45%
Source: AGEB (2015); AGEB (2016a)
In 2015, renewable energy sources contributed to
a reduction of over 167.5 million tonnes of CO2
equivalents. The greenhouse gas emissions avoided
by using renewable energy sources in Germany are
increasing constantly and have quintupled since 1990
(Figure 17). The reason for this is the expansion of renewable energy sources and their priority for feeding
into the electricity grid, which is mandatory for grid
operators under the EEG. This has a positive effect on
the climate balance: In the last 25 years, this decreased
the CO2 emission factor (or specific emissions) of the
German electricity mix, i.e. the CO2 emissions per unit
of electricity, by 25 per cent. While generating a kilowatt hour of electricity for final consumption in 1990
entailed direct emissions of 761 grams of CO2, this is
estimated at 569 grams per kilowatt hour in 2014.24
The shift of electricity demand to electricity from
lower cost renewable energy sources is primarily due
to the merit order, which determines the use sequence
ENERGY SECTOR | CLIMATE ACTION IN FIGURES
Figure 17: Avoided greenhouse gases in 2015
Million tonnes of CO2 equivalents
Electricity: -122.1 Heating: -40.6
0
-30
-14.5
Transport: -4.9
-4.9
-37.3
-59.8
-1.2
-2.1
-60
-90
-23.7
-23.9
-120
-0.1
-150
Water
Wind
Biomass
Photovoltaics
Geothermal
energy,
ambient heat
Solar thermal
energy
Source: AGEE-Stat (2016, as of: February 2016)
of the power plants to meet electricity demand based
on the respective marginal costs of the power plants
(i.e. their variable costs for generating another unit of
electricity). Renewable energy sources top the merit
order. Generating an additional unit of electricity from
wind or solar power costs nothing, as sun and wind are
available free.
2. Reducing the use of fossil fuels
The German power plant mix has a long tradition of
using fossil fuels, mined as hard coal in Germany in
particular in the Ruhrgebiet region and as lignite in the
Rhine and Central Germany regions. Fossil electricity
and heat generation is historically associated with
many jobs and strong unions.
i
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stricted less frequently and can therefore be
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Source: BMWi (2015f)
Source: BMWi (2015f)
35
CLIMATE ACTION IN FIGURES | ENERGY SECTOR
wind strength and solar irradiation due to the weather
conditions. The increase in electricity generation from
volatile renewable energy sources means that the conventional (i.e. fossil) power plant operators will have to
make their power plant more flexible in future to meet
the remaining electricity demand. This is only possible
with modern, high-efficiency and rapid-regulation
power plants. Lignite power plants are not as suitable
for this purpose as flexible gas power plants.
Between 1990 and 2014, the percentage of gross power
generation accounted for by hard coal decreased by
almost 16 per cent, and that of lignite by almost nine
per cent. In spite of this, hard coal and lignite still cover
over one quarter of the primary energy demand in
Germany.25
In the longterm, the use of emission-intensive
electricity from coal must be phased out to protect
the climate. A kilowatt hour of electricity from lignite
(1,158 grams per kilowatt hour) or hard coal (904 grams
per kilowatt hour) causes over twice the CO2 emissions
of a kilowatt hour of electricity from natural gas (399
grams per kilowatt hour).26 However, generating a high
percentage of electricity from coal also does not make
sense from an energy industry perspective: availability
of wind and photovoltaics is volatile, depending on
By setting a price for CO2 emissions, emissions
trading is intended to increase the marginal costs for
generating electricity from coal. This helps bring less
emission-intensive fossil fuels (i.e. natural gas) to the
fore, and internalise external environmental costs (see
Glossary). However, the required effect has not taken
hold yet due to the low CO2 price.
Figure 18: Percentage of renewable energy sources in Germany
Renewables in %
36
40
35
32.6
30
35
27.4
25
20
13.2
15
12.5
18
14
13.7
5.3 10
10
5.6
5
0
Percentage within
gross electricity
consumption
1990
1995
2000
2005
energy consumption
consumption for
transport
consumption for
heating
2010
2014
2015*
2020 Target
* Preliminary data
Source: AGEE-Stat (2016, as of: February 2016)
ENERGY SECTOR | CLIMATE ACTION IN FIGURES
3. Increasing energy efficiency
Increasing energy efficiency is a critical third factor
in reducing greenhouse gas emissions in the energy
sector. Energy productivity, that is the ratio of gross
domestic product (GDP) to primary energy consumption, serves as a measure of energy efficiency with an
increase target of 2.1 per annum by 2050.27
The decoupling of economic growth and energy
consumption due to increasing energy productivity is
the key to sustainable growth, as it means that more
products can be made with less energy, so the country
can continue to prosper.
This decoupling has been achieved in Germany, as
Figure 19 shows: on the one hand, the primary energy
consumption has declined slightly on average. In spite
of this, the economy continues to grow, as revealed by
the increasing GDP. Accordingly, the energy productivity is also rising.
Figure 19: Decoupling economic growth, greenhouse gas emissions and energy productivity
Index 1990=100
180
160.2
160
145
140
120
100
88.9
80
73.1
60
40
20
0
1990
GDP
1992
1994
1996
1998
2000
Primary energy consumption
2002
2004
2006
Greenhouse gas emissions
2008
2010
2012
2014
Final energy productivity
37
38
CLIMATE ACTION IN FIGURES | ENERGY SECTOR

Environmental
innovationprogramme
programme
Environmental innovation
Supported by the Environmental Innovation Programme (UIP), the municipal utilities of the city of Karlsruhe, for example,
use industrial waste heat from a petroleum
refinery to supply remote heat to the city.
The potential is great: the project can
supply 20,000 households and save approxiapproxmately
imately65,000
65,000tonnes
tonnesof
ofCO
CO2 2annually.
annually.
Source: www.umweltinnovationsprowww.umweltinnovationsprogramm.de
gramm.de
Current political measures
The Renewable Energy Sources Act (EEG) makes
Germany an international pioneer in the energy
transition. The Renewable Energy Sources Act acts as
a central subsidy instrument for the expansion of renewable energy, in particular through market-based instruments such as feed-in tariffs and direct marketing
(see Glossary). Solar energy in particular has benefited
from targeted support since the introduction of the
EEG in 2000. The technology has a steep learning curve,
allowing the (support) costs to be reduced constantly.
For example, solar module prices have been reduced by
over 70 per cent in the last ten years.28
Emissions trading, expansion of Combined Heat and
Power (CHP) on the supply side and gradual closure
of lignite power plants are central measures to reduce
the use of fossil fuels. Emissions trading makes it more
expensive to use fossil fuels, as companies must submit
certificates for the resulting emissions. CHP support
was expanded again in 2015, primarily with the aim
of replacing coal-fired plants with natural gas-based
plants and new natural gas-based projects.29 The draft
law on the development of the electricity market
adopted by the cabinet in November 2015 incorporates a gradual phase-out of old lignite power plants
with a total output of 2.7 gigawatts (corresponding to
13 per cent of all lignite power plant capacity installed
in Germany). That implements a substantial contribution of the electricity sector from the Climate Action
Programme 2020. In addition to this, the discussion on
further steps for the long-term phase-out of generating
power supply from coal in Germany has started – for
decarbonisation of the energy system which will eventually be necessary.30
Measures to increase energy efficiency aim in particular
to reduce the demand for electricity, heat and cooling
from public power plants. The Federal Ministry of Economics and Technology (BMWi) is currently working
on a Green Paper on energy efficiency, which discusses
further approaches to increase energy efficiency. A
new KfW programme promoting waste heat use is also
scheduled to start in June 2016. Examples of corresponding EU-wide directives, which have been implemented in German law, include the Energy Efficiency
Directive (EED) and Energy Performance of Buildings
Directive (EPBD). Another important political factor on
the demand side (end consumers/households) is the
European Ecodesign Directive, which is discussed in
greater detail in Section 4.5 on private households.
4.3 Industry
Emission developments
In 2014, the industrial sector contributed 20 per cent
to overall emissions in Germany. The industrial sector
is the second-largest emitter of greenhouse gases and
has hardly developed in this area since 2005 (Figure 20).
Emission fluctuations which have occurred depend
largely on economic cycles. For example, emissions
reached an intermediate high in 2007, also as a consequence of economic developments in the German
construction industry, in particular the cement industry and a lasting boom in the demand for steel since
the end of the 1990s. In 2009, the emissions decreased
relatively strongly, as the demand for such products
dropped temporarily due to the economic crisis.
Emissions from combustion processes and internal
power supply from industry are primarily attributed to
the industrial sector (Figure 21). Industry is responsible
for a significant percentage of emissions, which can
be traced back to its sourcing of third party electricity – electricity that is not produced but consumed
INDUSTRY | CLIMATE ACTION IN FIGURES
100%
191
196
205
200
174
187
188
182
183
181
182
150
80%
207
200
243
250
283
Million tonnes of CO2 equivalents
Figure 20: Emission developments in industry
100
Figure 21: Emission sources in industry in 2014
66 % industrial furnaces*
excluding CO2 from burnt
biomass
60%
9 % other
processes &
product use
10 % metal
manufacturing
40%
20%
50
0
0%
1990 1995 2000 2005
2010
4 % chemical
industry
2015*
Source: UBA (2016a, as of: March 2016)
* Estimate
Source: UBA (2016a,
as of: March 2016)
11 % manufacturing of mineral
products
* Combustion processes, for example from
internally – but which are reported in the energy sector
in accordance with the source principle. Besides the
energy-related emissions, there are process-related
emissions, which always occur with chemical reactions
in certain production processes.31 In 2015, industrial processes in mineral production, manufacturing
of metal and the chemical industry emitted almost
60 million tonnes of CO2 equivalents. That is equivalent
to almost seven per cent of the overall emissions in
Germany.32
Almost three quarters of the emissions in the industrial sector are caused by energy-intensive industry. This
includes in particular the metal and chemical industry,
as well as manufacturers of mineral products such as
cement, and also the paper industry as well as mining
and processing stone and soils. In 2015, the emissions
from energy-intensive industry in emissions trading
totalled 123 million tonnes of CO2 equivalents.33
Besides reductions in electricity consumption, measures to reduce the (process) heating requirement can
also bring about emission reductions. Major electricity
savings can be achieved by popularising innovative
cross-section technologies, i.e. technologies used in
different economic sectors. There are further potential savings in the use of energy-efficient pumps (five
billion kilowatt hours), efficient lighting (nine billion
kilowatt hours), and efficient ventilation (seven billion
kilowatt hours) and compressed air systems (five
billion kilowatt hours).34 Electricity savings will also
have a positive effect on the energy industry balance
in this area based on the source principle. Measures to
reduce the heating requirement can also significantly
reduce emissions in the industrial sector, as currently
approximately two thirds of final energy consumption
in the industrial sector is used for process heat.35 For
example, when generating steam and hot water, which
accounts for almost one third of process heat requirement, the energy requirement (and thus the emissions)
can be significantly reduced through heat recovery and
replacement of old systems.
Special aspects
Energy efficiency in production processes is critical
to reduce emissions and energy costs in the industrial
sector. Increased material efficiency and optimisation
of production processes with new production lines and
39
40
CLIMATE ACTION IN FIGURES | INDUSTRY
processes generally contribute to reducing the resource
use and greenhouse gas emissions. Manufacturers of
energy-intensive products (for example, the cement or
aluminium industry) have only used potential savings
to a restricted extent, as companies often fear that
energy saving measures will lead to process instability,
for example, and the associated reduction in product
quality.36
Companies from energy-intensive industries benefit
from legal exemptions to restrict their energy costs.
Reductions or compensation from the Renewable
Energy Sources Act (EEG) and CHP levy, energy and
electricity taxes and grid charges keep Germany attractive as an economic location even for energy cost-intensive industries. The reduction of the EEG levy is the
most prominent example of this. The EEG levy finances
the integration of renewable energy sources, largely
allocating the costs to electricity consumers. Another
important exemption is the peak adjustment, which reimburses companies from the manufacturing industry
for part of the electricity and energy taxes paid. Since
2013, it has only been granted if the manufacturing
industry as a whole reduces its energy intensity. That
means the overall energy consumption relative to the
sum total of the gross production values, in accordance with the legal targets. In addition to this, large
companies are obliged to introduce a certified energymanagement and/or an environmental management
system certified in accordance with ISO 50001; Small
and Medium-sized Enterprises (SMEs) can implement
energy audits or an alternative system.37

Innovation box
Innovation
box“Industrie
“Industrie4.0”:
4.0”:
Industry in Germany is particularly shaped by its
by itshistory
long
long history
and the
and
focus
the focus
on quality
on quality
and high-tech
and high-tech
products
underproducts
the “Made
under
in Germany”
the “Madebrand.
in
Germany”
Other
countries
brand.are
Other
also countries
well positioned
are also
in the
well positioned
global
competition
in the
forglobal
innovative
competition
products. With
for innovative
the
“Industrie 4.0”
products.
initiative,
Withthe
theGerman
“Industrie
Federal
4.0” initiative,aims
Government
the German
to advance
Federal
the digitisation
Govern- of
ment
the
Germany
aims to economy.
advance the
Based
digitisation
on the term
of the
“Web
Germany
2.0”,
Industrie
economy.
4.0 refers
Based
to the
on the
complete
term “Web
digital
2.0”, Industrie
networking
of4.0
all refers
areas of
to the
the economy.
complete That
digital
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allows
logistics
of all
and
areas
production
of the economy.
processes
That
to
allows
be
optimised,
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andproducts
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aligned
processes
more with
to
be optimised,
customer
requirements.
and products aligned more with
customer requirements.
“Industrie 4.0” also offers an option of making
the
electricity
more
flexible,ofallowing
“Industrie
4.0”demand
also offers
an option
volatile
energy
sources
to be
used
making renewable
the electricity
demand
more
flexible,
better.
The
percentage
of volatile
renewable
allowing
volatile
renewable
energy
sources
energy
sources,
which
will continue
to grow
to be used
better.
The percentage
of volatile
in
future, isenergy
a challenge
for which
the grids.
renewable
sources,
willMajor
conelectricity
consumers
inisindustry
thatfor
arethe
tinue to grow
in future,
a challenge
flexible
and can
react rapidly
to fluctuations
grids. Major
electricity
consumers
in industhanks
efficient
useto
try thatto
aredigitisation,
flexible andpermit
can react
rapidly
of
renewablythanks
generated
electricity and
also
fluctuations
to digitisation,
permit
stabilise
efficient grids.
use of renewably generated electricity and also stabilise grids.
Sources: www.bmwi.de; bdi.eu;
BMWi
(2015f);
www.bundesregierung.de
Sources:
www.bmwi.de;
bdi.eu; BMWi (2015f);
www.bundesregierung.de
Project-specific company emissions are broken down
into three different categories in accordance with the EU
standard (ISO 14064-1:2006): Scope 1, 2 and 3 emissions.
Scope 1 describes the direct emissions created for
example by company vehicles or combustion
of fuels on the company premises.
Scope 2 includes all indirect energy-related emissions
that occur as a consequence of company
activities. However, the company is not
directly responsible for them: for example
the consumed energy (electricity and heat) or
steam delivered by power supply companies.
Scope 3 refers to indirect emissions which arise in
the remainder of the value chain, such as
emissions of external products used, business
travel, administration, waste disposal.
Current political measures
The most important measures in the industrial sector
to date are EU emissions trading, financial support
for efficiency measures and regulating other emissions. For example, the German Federal Government
offers incentives for investments in higher energy
productivity via KfW subsidy programmes as well as
other subsidy directives of the German Federal Government, and promotes increased use of renewable
energy sources to supply electricity and heat. There
are also regulations to reduce emissions of fluorinated
gases. As in the energy sector, industrial companies
INDUSTRY | CLIMATE ACTION IN FIGURES
subject to emissions trading must report on greenhouse gas emissions and provide evidence of corresponding certificates. In the industrial and commerce,
trade and services sector, support to increase energy
efficiency generally serve to reduce economic barriers,
for example high investments or longer amortisation
periods, and also to tap further potential. As in the
energy sector, the current measures are to be implemented ambitiously in accordance with the Climate
Action Programme and the National Energy Efficiency Plan (NAPE), for example through energy efficiency
networks and by enhancing emissions trading and
implementing the Energy Efficiency Directive (EED).
The EED contains specific requirements and specifications, for example binding energy audits for major
companies; this was implemented in Germany by
revising the Energy Services Act (EDL-G). The competitive electricity efficiency tender (“STEPup!”), from
2016 on, is an innovative and important instrument
to increase electricity savings in companies, with best
possible cost-benefit ratios: in an initial pilot phase,
companies are to be motivated to implement innovative electricity efficiency measures with an amortisation period of over three years, by submitting them in
a competition for funding.
The EU Emissions Trading System (EU-ETS) covers
roughly half of German emissions. For the remaining emissions, a binding distribution of the further
emission savings to the EU Member States was agreed
from 2013 (“Effort Sharing”, see Section 3.2). This covers
almost all emissions outside the EU-ETS. The remainder includes emissions from international aviation
(Figure 22).
Non-economic barriers include in particular the lack
of information and deficiencies in organisation and
networking of stakeholders, and are to be rectified
Million tonnes of CO2 equivalents
Figure 22: Emission developments inside and outside the emissions trading system
1200
1000
2015
Total 908
519 524 487 504
482
800
Emissions outside
the emissions trading
system (from 2013
without effort sharing)
in million tonnes of CO2
equivalents
490 475 478 468
447 448*
600
750
400
475 478
487 473 428 455 450 453 481
461 456
Emissions outside
the emissions trading
system covered by effort
sharing in million tonnes
of CO2 equivalents
Emissions in emissions
trading within Germany
in million tonnes of CO2
equivalents
200
2020 target
0
2005
2010
2015**
2020
* For 2015 emissions outside the emissions trading system with and without effort sharing
**Overall emissions in 2015 based on estimates
Source: DEHSt (2016), BMUB (2015f)
41
42
CLIMATE ACTION IN FIGURES | INDUSTRY
with innovative projects and initiatives. Examples of
national projects include “Learning Energy Efficiency
Networks” by the National Climate Initiative, and the
current “Energy Efficiency Networks Initiative” in the
National Energy Efficiency Plan (NAPE) with the target
of forming roughly 500 networks by 2020, which are to
choose and pass specific savings targets independently.
The implementation of energy management systems
(ISO 50001) and environmental management systems
(EMAS, ISO 14001) have been driven forward at a
corporate level for several years (see Section 5.4). The
“Energy Consulting Service for Medium-Sized Companies” aims to reduce information deficits in order
to maximise energy saving potential in SMEs and was
supplemented with waste heat use advice services in
2015.
4.4 Transport
Emission developments
In 2014, the transport sector contributed 18 per
cent to the overall emissions in Germany. That
makes transport the third-largest cause of emissions
in Germany, with most coming from road traffic. It
includes fuel consumption for road, rail (with diesel
locomotives), waterways and in national aviation, i.e.
the fuel filled in Germany (Figure 24). By contrast,
the electricity used in railways is incorporated in
the energy sector, i.e. not calculated in the emission
development in the transport sector. After a stagnation
phase, the overall emissions in the transport sector
have been growing again since 2012 (Figure 23). In
particular in road-based freight transport, the absolute
CO2 emissions have increased due to the increased
traffic, as the efficiency (measured in grams of CO2
per tonne-kilometre) of the vehicles has hardly improved. By contrast, passenger vehicles have become
more efficient overall (measured in grams of CO2 per
person-kilometre). However, as the demand here also
continues to increase, the emission level has remained
stable overall. Compared with the reference year 1990,
the overall emissions in the transport sector have
decreased slightly, by less than two per cent, and not at
all compared with 2005.
In 2015, over 60 million vehicles were on
German
roads,
including
overover
44 million
on German
roads,
including
44
38
38
passenger
cars. cars.
million passenger
In the coming years, electricity will play an increasingly
important role in the transport sector, as electromobility will be supported more in particular in addition
to the further expansion of rail transport. The German
Federal Government has set itself a target of putting
one million electric vehicles on Germany’s roads by
2020; the number of electric vehicles is to increase to
six million by 2030. In particular in cities, local public transport helps protect the climate. This can be
improved by using more electricity. For example, the
German Federal Ministry for the Environment, Nature
Conservation, Building and Nuclear Safety (BMUB)
calls for the use of hybrid buses. Over short and
medium distances, cycling and walking helps reduce
CO2 emissions. Electric bicycles, such as pedelecs and
e-bikes, play an increasing role in this area. In recent
years, the market share of electric bicycles has grown
strongly, reaching 12.5 per cent in 2015.39
Reductions in greenhouse gases focus on reducing
emissions from cars in spite of increases in road
traffic. This is largely due to the CO2 targets for cars and
light commercial vehicles and governed by Europewide regulations. The targets set for new vehicles refer
to the average figure for the total EU vehicle fleet. With
a target curve related to the vehicle weight, targets are
derived for the individual manufacturers’ new vehicle
fleets. Until 2015, new cars were not allowed to emit
more than 130 grams of CO2 per kilometre on average.
In 2014, a limit of 95 grams of CO2 per kilometre on average was defined for all new cars registered from 2021.
For light commercial vehicles, the targets are 175 g
CO2 per kilometre (2017) and 147 g CO2 per kilometre
(2020). To date, consumption is measured for cars and
light commercial vehicles based on the New European
Driving Cycle (NEDC), which simulates a driving cycle
in urban and extra-urban traffic. However, it has come
in for criticism, as it has repeatedly been proven (most
recently in 2014 by the International Council on Clean
Transportation) that real consumption deviates increasingly from the standard consumption calculated.
A transition to the more realistic “Worldwide Harmonised Light Vehicles Test Procedure” proposed by the
United Nations is currently in preparation. By contrast,
TRANSPORT | CLIMATE ACTION IN FIGURES
there are currently no CO2 target figures for heavy
commercial vehicles. In 2014, the European Commission announced that it would submit specific measure
plans, but has not specified them yet.
In order to report emissions from the transport sector
accurately, the emissions that occur in other sectors
should also be considered in future. For example, this
concerns emissions when generating electricity used in
electric vehicles or to produce electricity-based fuels.
Special aspects
Even in 2014, the transport sector depends virtually
exclusively at 93.7 per cent on petroleum as an energy
source. In spite of various efforts such as tax reliefs for
electric and natural gas-driven vehicles, the percentage
remains high. This dependency is clearly illustrated by
the cars currently on the road: in 2015, 98.4 per cent of
the registered cars ran on petrol or diesel.40
Figure 24: Emission sources in the transport
sector in 2014 (excluding CO2 from biofuels)
100%
160
156
153
153
152
153
155
154
158
160
164
181
177
150
163
Million tonnes of CO2 equivalents
Figure 23: Emission developments in the
transport sector
100
50
Biofuels are an important instrument for reaching
the European reduction targets for greenhouse gas
emissions from fuels in road traffic, and for reaching
the EU target of achieving a share of ten per cent of
renewable energy sources by 2020 in the transport
sector. By doing so, they supplement in particular
measures to reduce the specific fuel consumption and
shift consumption towards diesel vehicles for new
vehicles registered. In the long term, fuels generated
from electricity, such as Power-to-Gas (PtG) methane and Power-to-Liquid (PtL), that is generation of
methane or liquid fuel via chemical processes using
green electricity, will play an important role (see
the “Power-to-Liquid” innovation box). This applies
wherever chemical fuels are difficult to replace – in
particular in aviation and maritime transport.
34 % commercial
road vehicles
80%
60%
1 % national
aviation
40%
1 % diesel trains
20%
0
1 % coastal &
inland shipping
0%
1990 1995 2000 2005
2010
2 % other emissions
2015*
61 % passenger
road vehicles
Source: UBA (2016a, as of: March 2016)
* Estimate
Source: UBA (2016a,
as of: March 2016)
43
44
CLIMATE ACTION IN FIGURES | TRANSPORT
Climate action measures can only be attributed to the
national greenhouse gas reduction target for national
maritime transport, not for international maritime
transport. As a contribution to global climate action,
additional measures are supported at European and
international levels, for example through the International Maritime Organisation (IMO).
Since 2012, aviation has been part of European
emissions trading. While it was originally planned to
incorporate all flights originating and landing in the
EU, only flights within the European Economic Area
are incorporated until the end of 2016. A new decision on the introduction of a global market-based
climate action measure must be made at the end of
the year based on the negotiations of the International Civil Aviation Organisation (ICAO) for the structure
of the EU-ETS scope of application from 2017 on.
In operation, electric motors do not emit any CO2 or
other pollutants. Accordingly, combining electric vehicles with electricity from renewable energy sources
is the key to avoiding CO2 from fossil fuels and other
pollutants entirely. However, a study by the German
Federal Ministry for the Environment, Nature Conservation, Building and Nuclear Safety (BMUB) shows
that electric vehicles already cause lower greenhouse
gas levels with the current German electricity mix
(see Section 4.2) than comparable vehicles with combustion engines.41

Innovation box
Innovation
box“Power-to-Liquid”:
“Power-to-Liquid”:
A lot of people speak of electromobility when it
comes
toto
reducing
greenhouse
gases
inin
the
transit comes
reducing
greenhouse
gases
the
port
sector,
but itbut
stillitonly
for a minor
transport
sector,
still accounts
only accounts
for
percentage
of the overall
At the
same
time,
a minor percentage
of thefleet.
overall
fleet.
At the
research
is underway
find waystotofind
replace
same time,
research isto
underway
ways to
harmful
fuels like
diesel
alternative
liquid
replace harmful
fuels
likewith
diesel
with alternafuels,
which
can which
be produced
electricity
tive liquid
fuels,
can beusing
produced
using
from
renewable
energy sources.
They
can be
electricity
from renewable
energy
sources.
They
used
inused
vehicles
where electric
drives cannot
can be
in vehicles
where electric
drives be
used
(e.g.
aviation).
is one
cannot
beinused
(e.g. in“Power-to-Liquid”
aviation). “Power-to-Liqsuch
producing
such as
synthetic
uid” isprocess,
one such
process, fuels
producing
fuels
such
diesel
from CO
as synthetic
diesel
fromand
COgreen
,2 water
,2 water
electricity.
and greenFor
electricity.
this purpose,
Forwater
this purpose,
is first broken
waterdown
is firstinto
broken
down
hydrogen
into(H)
hydrogen
and oxygen
(H) and
(O2)oxygen
(O2) using
using electrolysis.
electrolysis.
In a second step,
In a second
the CO2step,
the CO2 istoconvertis converted
carbon
ed
monoxide
to carbon
(CO).
monoxide
The third
(CO).
stepThe
is to
third
combine
step isHto
combine
and CO into
H and
hydrocarbons.
CO into hydrocarbons.
Source: www.bmbf.de; www.cleanenergy-project.de
www.cleanenergy-project.de
Current political measures
The German Federal Government’s climate action
targets and a specific final energy consumption target
apply for the transport sector. In order to reduce
emissions in the transport sector, the German Federal
Government relies on both more efficient vehicles
with lower consumption, as well as on increased use
of electricity as an energy source. The technological
requirements for this were created in recent years.
TRANSPORT | CLIMATE ACTION IN FIGURES
Multi-modal (combining various means of transport)
services and new mobility concepts such as car sharing
complement this. In accordance with the “Displace Improve - Avoid” triangle, climate action in transport
is to be further enhanced with a package of measures
specified in the Climate Action Programme 2020.
Urban and zoning aspects, as well as the compact city
concept will play a role in this.
The German Federal Government has been promoting electromobility since 2007. Frameworks for
action were put in place in 2009 with the “National
Electromobility Development Plan” and 2011 with
the “Federal Programme for Electromobility”. In 2014,
a new electromobility law drawn up by the Federal
Ministries of Transport and the Environment was
passed, governing in particular labelling and privileged
status. Other examples include the “Electromobility
Showcase” subsidy programme, which aims to pool
and promote Germany’s expertise in electric vehicles,
power supply and transport systems in large-scale
regional demonstration and pilot projects as a form
of interface. The “Renewably Mobile” programme also
promotes projects which position electric vehicles as
marketable environmental innovations. Measures also
focus on intelligent tax incentives and technology-neutral incentive programmes, such as KfW development
loans for efficient vehicles, to accelerate replacement of
existing vehicles and market penetration of particularly
efficient vehicles.
Biofuels are part of the approach of phasing out fossil
energy sources virtually completely in the long term.
For this, the biofuels must result in savings of at least 35
per cent (at least 50 per cent from 2018 on) of greenhouse gas emissions compared with fossil fuels. In
accordance with the biofuel sustainability regulations,
this must take the entire manufacturing and supply
chain into account.
4.5 Private households
Emission developments
Compared with the other sectors, private households
have reached the third highest greenhouse gas reduction since 1990. In 2014, nine per cent of emissions in
Germany came from the “Private households” sector, a
significant decrease compared with the previous year
(Figure 25). The private households category almost
exclusively groups emissions caused by combustion
processes in residential buildings (in particular fuels for
space and water heating) (Figure 26).
additionto
tothe
thecommerce,
commerce,trade
trade
and
serIn addition
and
services sector
sectorand
andindustry,
industry,private
private
households
vices
households
were among
amongthe
thesectors
sectorswhere
wherethe
thehighest
highest
were
savings were
weremade
madesince
since1990,
1990,with
with
emissavings
anan
emission decrease
decreaseof
of35
35per
percent
centbyby2014.
2014.
sion
The private households sector does not include
buildings used for business and commercial purposes (non-residential buildings), as they are considered
separately in the commerce, trade and services sector,
as well as buildings from the industrial sector. Many
special features and political measures apply both
for residential and non-residential buildings and are
considered below. The commerce, trade and services
section (4.6) only mentions additional aspects. Due to
reporting based on the source principle, consumption-relevant aspects such as electricity consumption,
mobility and nutrition are not included in this sector.
Special aspects
Emissions in the household sector are highly
dependent on the weather conditions. Heating
currently accounts for two thirds of greenhouse gas
emissions in private households. Accordingly, annually
fluctuating weather conditions have a significant influence on the emissions in this sector. For example, 2014
was unusually warm, which contributed to the strong
savings mentioned.
45
CLIMATE ACTION IN FIGURES | PRIVATE HOUSEHOLDS
Figure 25: Emission developments in households
108
100
107
91
95
101
85
88
89
112
114
80
119
100
Figure 26: Emissions of energy sources in households in 2014 (excluding CO2 from biomass)
100%
130
120
131
Million tonnes of CO2 equivalents
46
60
80%
45 % combustion of
liquid fuels
2 % combustion
of solid fuels
60%
40%
40
20%
20
0
52 % combustion
of gases
0%
1990 1995 2000 2005
2010
2015*
Source: UBA (2016a, as of: March 2016)
* Estimate
1 % combustion of biomass
(excl. CO2 from
biomass)
Three quarters of residential buildings were built
before the first Thermal Insulation Ordinance of 1979.
These older buildings in particular require substantial
refurbishment measures to increase energy efficiency.
The KfW support scheme for energy related renovations of old buildings is meant to improve the efficiency of the housing stock. Despite a decrease in the
heating demand per square metre the energy demand
per person does not necessarily decrease to the same
extent. At the same time it is observed that the living space per person has been increasing over recent
decades.
Current political measures
In the private household sector, a mix of European and
national requirements and subsidy programmes are
used. Central regulatory foundations for more climate
action in the entire building sector include the Energy
Savings Act (EnEG), the Energy Savings Ordinance
(EnEV), the Renewable Energy Heat Act (EEWärmeG)
and the Small Furnace Ordinance (1st Federal Immision Control Act (BImSchV). Among other things, the
Energy Savings Ordinance requires energy perfor-
Source: UBA (2016a,
as of: March 2016)
mance certificates to evaluate the energy condition
of buildings. Economic incentives to save energy are
set in taxation of heating fuels and consumption-dependent billing for tenants and apartment owners
in apartment buildings supplied centrally with heat,
as required in the Heating Cost Ordinance (HeizkostenV). Subsidy programmes like the KfW subsidy
programmes for energy-efficient building and refurbishment and the Market Incentive Programme
for use of renewable energy sources in the heating
and cooling market (MAP) also offer further positive
financial incentives. Finally, information instruments
such as the energy efficiency label for heating systems
play an important role to reduce the greenhouse gas
emissions by private households. The Climate Action
Programme 2020 and the National Climate Initiative
(NAPE) include various immediate measures and work
processes to increase energy efficiency and greater
climate action.
PRIVATE HOUSEHOLDS | CLIMATE ACTION IN FIGURES
The Federal Government aims to make Germany’s
building stock virtually climate-neutral by 2050. For
this purpose, environmentally and climate-friendly
building, energy-related urban and district development and energy efficiency in the building sector must
go hand in hand. This is why the German Federal Government passed a Building Efficiency Strategy in 2015.
It aims to integrate the electricity, heat and efficiency
areas in the building sector.
The Building Efficiency Strategy forms part of the
“Climate-friendly building and living” strategy as part
of the Climate Action Plan 2050. It combines energy
efficiency with other climate action measures and also
deals with fundamental aspects of living, including
affordability, district and urban development, utilisation of rural areas and challenges of demographic
change. The “Climate-friendly building and living”
strategy is an important step on the way to a virtually
climate-neutral building stock by 2050.
To reduce emissions, changes in consumer behaviour
must also be brought about. Some of these emission
reductions are attributed to other sectors due to the
source principle – e.g. due to lower electricity consumption in the energy industry for saved emissions. The
“National Programme for Sustainable Consumption”
passed by the German Federal Government in February
2016 aims to coordinate approaches at a national level
to promote sustainable consumption and enhance
consumer competence. The superordinate approaches
include education, consumer information and sustainable public procurement. In addition to this, mobility,
nutrition, living and households are addressed as areas
with the greatest environmental relief potential in
sustainable consumption. For example, this reveals
measures that support behavioural changes to more
economical heating habits.
The EU Ecodesign and Energy Consumption Labelling Directive is a central energy efficiency measure:
the Ecodesign Directive sets minimum standards for
energy consumption of products and was supplemented in 2015 with new, stricter requirements for selected
devices like coffee machines or boilers. Criteria for environmental friendliness and service life are included
for some categories. Labelling energy consumption of
products as part of the Energy Consumption Labelling
Directive also informs consumers about their purchase
decision.42
4.6 Commerce, trade
and services
Emission developments
In 2014, the commerce, trade and services sector
contributed four per cent to overall emissions. The
relatively low emissions are primarily due to non-residential buildings – such as companies, accommodation,
restaurants and bars, homes and retail outlets – which
are not incorporated in the private households sector.
The greatest potential in this sector is in thermal
insulation, in particular. The way buildings are heated
and the use of heat in kitchens for example also play an
important role (Figure 28). In addition to this, building
cooling will become increasingly relevant in future, as
more and more air conditioning systems are in use in
non-residential buildings. Emissions from electricity
and district heat generation are attributed to the energy industry sector based on the source principle.
From 1990 to 2014, greenhouse gas emissions
in the commerce, trade and services sector have
have
reduced
by almost
per cent.
been been
reduced
by almost
57 per57cent.
This primarily depends on the continuously increasing
energy productivity in the commerce, trade and services sector, which grew by roughly 32 per cent between
2000 and 2014.43 That is due to improved thermal
insulation, increasing automation and process optimisation as well as modernisation of the machines and
systems used.44 However, as in the households sector,
the emissions fluctuated repeatedly in recent years due
to changing weather conditions (Figure 27).
Special aspects
The energy consumption structures and therefore the
necessary savings measures in the commerce, trade
and services sector, some of which have already been
implemented, overlap with the private households
and industrial sectors in particular. As an energy
source, electricity has grown from 24 per cent in 1990
to almost 40 per cent in 2014. This trend will continue
based on the increasing automation.45
47
CLIMATE ACTION IN FIGURES | COMMERCE, TRADE AND SERVICES
Current political measures
commerce, trade and services sector by contrast to the
private households sector.
Current measures are largely the same as the described
measures in the private households and industrial sectors. As in the private households sector, subsidy measures by the German Federal Government help reduce
barriers and tap further potential. Subsidy programmes
aim to promote the use of Best Available Technologies
(BAT). For the KfW programmes, the energy savings
compared with the industry average are the basis on
which new investments in energy efficiency of production facilities are assessed, for example.
Energy efficiency requirements for buildings, processes and products have led to significant emission
reductions. For example, this includes incentive
measures to increase energy efficiency from buildings,
regulatory requirements such as the Energy Savings
Ordinance (EnEV) at a national level or the Ecodesign
and Energy Consumption Labelling Directive at an
EU level, which addresses the producer side in the
80
100%
78
80%
58
60
39.7 % combustion
of liquid fuels
0.2 % combustion
of solid fuels
44
39
42
38
36
39
34
35
20
37
42
48
60%
48
40
Further measures rely in particular on energy consulting and promotion for small and medium-sized
companies to tap energy saving potential. For example, from 2008 to 2013, the “Energy Consulting Service
for Medium-sized Companies” by the Federal Ministry
for Economics and Energy, which appeals to both the
commerce, trade and services and industrial sectors,
has advised 17,000 companies. This resulted in investments of 0.7 to 1.4 billion euros and energy savings of
1.5 to 2.7 terawatt hours. The “Medium-sized Company Initiative for the Energy Transition and Climate
Action” aims to tap energy saving potential in companies from the trade, crafts and commerce sectors.
Among others the KfW energy efficiency programme
offers financing for new buildings and refurbishment
of non-residential buildings as low-interest loans.46
Figure 28: Emissions of energy sources in CTS
in 2014 (excluding CO2 from biomass)
Figure 27: Emission developments in
commerce / trade / services (CTS)
Million tonnes of CO2 equivalents
48
40%
20%
0
60.1 % combustion of gases
0%
1990 1995 2000 2005
2010
2015*
Source: UBA (2016a, as of: March 2016)
* Estimate
0.1 % combustion of
biomass (excluding
CO2 from biomass)
Source: UBA (2016a,
as of: March 2016)
COMMERCE, TRADE AND SERVICES | CLIMATE ACTION IN FIGURES

Innovation: Energy
Innovation:
Energyexchange
exchange
As part of the National Climate Initiative,
the German Federal Ministry for the Environment, Nature Conservation, Building and Nuclear Safety (BMUB) supports
climate action projects in industrial parks
(that means both commercial and smaller
industrial companies), in which the energy
consumption of neighbouring companies
is to be used more efficiently and managed
better. By exchanging energy between
multiple companies in an industrial park,
the energy efficiency of the participatparticipating
companies
ing
companies
is toisbe
toincreased,
be increased,
andand
the the
energy demand managed such that the demand cancan
demand
bebe
reduced,
reduced,
saving
saving
energy
energy
(load
(load
management). For example, a company
could meet part of its heating requirements
requirements
by
using
bysurplus
using surplus
waste heat
waste
from
heata from
neigha
neighbouring
bouring
company.
company.
Source: www.bmub.bund.de
4.7 Waste and recycling
management
Emission developments
The emissions in the waste and recycling management
sector have decreased at an above-average rate compared with other sectors since 1990, at almost 66 per
cent, totalling 13 million tonnes of CO2 equivalents in
2014 (Figure 29). The German Federal Ministry for the
Environment, Nature Conservation, Building and Nuclear Safety (BMUB) also reports other emissions in this
sector (see Figure 11), primarily for water management.
That means that all emissions from landfill gases, as
well as emissions from waste management are included. In total, the two emission sources accounted for
almost 90 per cent of the total emissions in the sector
in 2014 (Figure 30).
The comparatively low contribution to the total climate-relevant emissions in Germany by the waste and
recycling management sector was just over one per
cent in 2014. The significant reductions in the waste
and recycling management sector, in particular in
methane emissions, can be traced back to the ban on
depositing biodegradable municipal waste in landfills.
Additional effects result from using waste to produce
energy, and increased recycling in particular of glass,
paper and cardboard, as well as metals and plastics.
Special aspects
Germany is an international pioneer in implementing
climate and resource-friendly recycling management.
This includes in particular reusing processed raw materials via recycling after their service life in a product.
The transition from a throwaway society to responsible recycling management was largely implemented
through regulations in the past. It involves systematic
collection and sorting of waste and recycling of the
material and energy, and/or use of waste to generate
electricity and heat. Secondary raw materials replace
raw materials in the economy. Energy recycling of
waste makes a key ecological contribution to saving
fossil fuels. Germany has world leading recycling rates
for some materials.
49
CLIMATE ACTION IN FIGURES | WASTE AND RECYCLING MANAGEMENT
Figure 29: Emission developments in waste
management and other**
40
38
100%
38
10
85 % waste
5 % wastewater
treatment
9 % biological
treatment of solid
waste
60%
22
20
19
18
16
15
15
14
13
13
12
20
Figure 30: Emission sources in waste management in 2014 (excl. CO2 from biomass)
80%
30
29
Million tonnes of CO2 equivalents
50
40%
20%
1 % others
0%
0
1990 1995 2000 2005
2010
2015*
* Estimate
** Excluding credit from recycling and energy generation
Source: UBA (2016a, as of: March 2016)
Source: UBA (2016a,
as of: March 2016)
Germany recycles
recycles over
over90
90per
percent
centof
ofsteel
steel
packaging, for
for example.
example.Use
Useof
ofsecondary
secondary
raw materials
materials in
in steel
steelproduction
productionisisover
over
45 per cent,
cent, and
and approximately
approximately74
74per
percent
cent
and 90 per cent
cent for
forpaper
paperand
andglass
glassproducproduction respectively.
respectively.4747
Current political measures
In spite of the considerable success to date in reducing
greenhouse gas emissions in waste and recycling
management, there is still a potential for reduction
that is to be tapped with a mix of measures. For this
purpose, the Climate Action Programme 2020 involves
implementing the Waste Avoidance Programme 2013,
a review of measures for recycling electrical appliances
and bulky waste and to promote the durability and
re-usability of products. In addition to this, recycling
is to be enhanced by advancing the packaging regulations and the commercial waste ordinance.
Also, measures to ventilate and stabilise landfills will
be promoted to further reduce the emission of methane from old landfills. However, some of the emissions
saved in these programmes occur in the industrial and
commerce, trade and services sectors and are therefore reported there.
AGRICULTURE | CLIMATE ACTION IN FIGURES
4.8 Agriculture
Special aspects
Emission developments
The contribution of agriculture to overall emissions
has increased slightly compared with the previous
year. In 2014, it accounted for almost eight per cent.
The emissions from the agricultural sector come
from animal husbandry, fertiliser management and
fuel consumed in agriculture (Figure 32). From 1990
to 2014, greenhouse gas emissions in the agricultural
sector decreased by almost 19 per cent (Figure 31).
The reductions to date in the agricultural sector result
primarily from the decrease in animal stocks due to
the structural change in the new Federal States, the
environmental requirements of the common EU agricultural politics, improved fertiliser management and
an increased coupling of animal densities to surface
areas.
100%
69
68
67
70
69
68
70
69
71
72
72
80%
73
75
88
Million tonnes of CO2 equivalents
60
40
Ecological farming can reduce CO2 emissions by up to 50
per cent per hectare compared with conventional farming, avoiding mineral fertiliser and chemical/synthetic
pesticides. Another contribution to reducing greenhouse
gases can be achieved by restricting the number of
animals based on the farm size. In 2014, approximately
6.3 per cent of Germany’s total agricultural area in use
was farmed organically.48 The German Federal Government is aiming to increase this share to 20 per cent.
Figure 32: Emission sources in agriculture in
2014 (excluding CO2 from biomass)
Figure 31: Emission developments
in agriculture**
80
Unlike other sectors, the climate balance in the agricultural sector does not consist of CO2 emissions; it
consists primarily of CH4 (methane) and N2O (nitrous
oxide) emissions. Methane is emitted mainly by the
digestion of ruminant animals, especially by dairy
cows. In agriculture, N2O is caused by nitrogen-based
fertiliser and animal husbandry. In spite of this, organic
soils in agricultural use emit significant quantities of
CO2, which is not however reported in the agricultural
sector, but in the land use sector (see Section 4.9).
37 % agricultural
soil
20
20%
0
0%
2010
1 % urea use
60%
2 % others
40%
1990 1995 2000 2005
3 % liming
8 % stationary
greenhouses etc.)
as well as agricultural transport
2015*
* Estimate
** Including agricultural transport
Source: UBA (2016a, as of: March 2016)
14 % fertiliser
management
Source: UBA (2016a,
as of: March 2016)
35 % animal
husbandry
51
52
CLIMATE ACTION IN FIGURES | AGRICULTURE
Current political measures
The subsidy policy in the EU Common Agricultural
Policy (CAP) determines the structure of national
agricultural policy. For decades, farmers received
state-guaranteed minimum prices, which were gradually reduced by the 1992 MacSharry Reform. Instead,
farmers received farm size-based direct payments,
primarily intended as income support, which are the
first pillar of the CAP. The second pillar comprises
specific support programmes for sustainable and environmentally friendly farming and rural development.
With an annual average total of 4.85 billion euros
(2014-2020), the focus is on the first pillar, accounting
for almost 80 per cent of the total CAP subsidy budget.
The second cornerstone of CAP is financed via the
“European Agricultural Fund for Rural Development“,
via which, among other things, voluntary agri-environment-climate measures (AEM) at the State level, are
supported.49
In addition to this, the switch to ecological farming is
primarily funded via subsidy programmes from the
second CAP cornerstone. The most important subsidy
for ecological farming at a state level is embedded in
the framework plan for the Joint Task “Improvement
of the Agricultural Structure and Coastal Protection”.
The bonuses for maintaining or switching to ecological farming are defined by the states, depending
on the political priorities for support and on the
state funds available.50 The “Federal Programme for
Ecological Farming and other Forms of Sustainable
Agriculture” is another funding programme, currently
resourced with 17 million euros. The German Fertiliser
Ordinance (DüV) defines the requirements for good
practice in fertilisation in greater detail. An amendment to the DüV, which is currently being coordinated,
aims to improve the nitrogen use among other things,
and the reduction of surplus nitrogen and contributes
in this way to further necessary reduction of the N2O
emissions.
4.9 Land use,
land use change and
forestry (LULUCF)
Emission developments
The LULUCF sector reduced the overall emissions in
2014 by 14.98 million tonnes of CO2 equivalents net,
making it a CO2 sink in Germany. In 2014, timber products and forests stored approximately 60.14 million
tonnes of CO2 equivalents. At the same time, intensive
use emitted 45.16 million tonnes of CO2 equivalents
(1.79 million tonnes of CO2 equivalents more than in
2013); 30.43 million tonnes of this came from converted grassland, settlements, wetlands and liming of forest
soils (“Other”, Figure 34). The agricultural use of arable
land released around a further 14.73 million tonnes of
CO2 equivalents (Figure 33).
1990 and
and2014,
2014,the
thesink
sinkfunction
functionofof
Between 1990
agricultural soils
soilsand
andforestry
forestrydecreased
decreasedover
over52
agricultural
52 per
cent,
significant
fluctuations.
per
cent,
butbut
withwith
significant
fluctuations.
Land use, land use change and forestry can be both
a source of emissions and absorb greenhouse gases
(sink). Soils and vegetation are natural storage vessels for
carbon and carbon compounds. However, with intensive
use, the CO2 stored there in particular is released. For example, this occurs when grassland is converted to arable
land (conversion). Accordingly, land use turns natural
storage vessels into sources of greenhouse gas emissions.
Sustainable forestry and extensive grassland use can
reduce the release of stored CO2.
Special aspects
Greenhouse gas emissions from land use, land use
change and forestry have not been incorporated in
assessments on the achievement of national and European climate action targets up to now. Compared with
other sectors, emissions reporting presents methodological difficulties. The storage capacity of soils and
vegetation is susceptible to external dangers such as
LAND USE, LAND USE CHANGE AND FORESTRY | CLIMATE ACTION IN FIGURES
-18.7
-18.0
-16.3
-15.7
-14.5
-14.3
-15.0
-12.1
-12.4
-11.9
-10
-20
60
50
40
Difference:
15.0
0.1
3.5
3.9
57.8
30
22.9
20
-38.0
-33.1
-30
Figure 34: Emissions and sinks LULUCF 2014
Million tonnes of CO2 equivalents
2014
2010
2005
2000
1995
0
-31.3
Million tonnes of CO2 equivalents
1990
Figure 33: Emission developments in LULUCF
(incl. sinks)
10
-40
14.7
2.3
0
Source: UBA (2016a,
as of: March 2016)
Arable land
Wetlands
Grassland
Settlements
Others (0.1)
Timber products (sinks)
Forests (sink)
Source: UBA (2016a,
as of: March 2016)
forest fires or insect attacks, which can reduce it. Anthropogenic climate action due to forestry work is also
extremely difficult to distinguish from fluctuations in
natural storage effects.
Current political measures
There is significant greenhouse gas reduction potential in the land use, land use change and forestry
sector. As a result, it is incorporated in the Action
Programme 2020. In Germany, grassland decreased
roughly 11.3 per cent between 1991 and 2014.51 If permanent grassland is converted, more CO2 is released
faster than can be bound by creating new grassland
areas. As a result, preservation of permanent grassland
is a core element of the action programme. Preservation of permanent grassland is to be implemented in
particular via greening as part of the CAP, i.e. linking
the payment of part of the direct payments to specific
environmental achievements, and setting priorities
when structuring the agri-environmental climate
measures (see Section 4.8).
Only six per cent of the total agricultural land is peatland. In spite of this, roughly 80 per cent of emissions
from agriculturally used soil is from peatland used for
agriculture. Accordingly, the percentage of total emissions caused by peatland is disproportionately high,
accounting for roughly four per cent of nationwide
greenhouse gas emissions. As a result, protecting peatland is therefore an explicit goal of the German Federal
Government. In accordance with the Climate Action
Programme 2020, measures to increase the water level
are to be promoted, to reduce greenhouse gas emissions from dried peatlands.
53
54
CLIMATE ACTION IN FIGURES | WHAT DOES CLIMATE ACTION MEAN FOR THE ECONOMY AND SOCIETY?
5. What does climate action mean for the
economy and
for
society?
the economy and society?
German climate policy aims to reduce greenhouse
gas emissions and thus avoid climate change and its
negative effects as much as possible. At the same time,
efforts to protect the climate also offer many other
positive side-effects (co-benefits) for the economy and
society:
• Avoiding greenhouse gas emissions often also
reduces emissions of other harmful gases and
particles, improving air quality. Climate policy also
includes protection against inevitable effects of
climate change, such as droughts or floods.
• Climate action in Germany has created more jobs
than have been lost by shutting down polluting
power plants.
• Continuously increasing investments in climate
action benefits companies in green tech industry.
That impacts in particular the markets for energy
efficiency and environmentally friendly production
(including renewable energy sources), as well as storing and distributing energy (see Section 5.4).
• Technological innovations for climate action contribute to Germany’s economic success.52 Implementation of climate measures in companies and
households saves emissions and energy costs.
• Low-emission energy generation from renewable
energy sources decreases the dependency on raw
material imports, increasing the energy security in
Germany.
• Climate action offers diverse participation options:
citizens can influence sustainability in their area in
schools and clubs, energy cooperatives, companies
and municipalities.
IMPACT ON THE ENVIRONMENT AND HEALTH | CLIMATE ACTION IN FIGURES
5.1 Impact on the
environment and health
The effects of climate change on the environment
and human health can be seen worldwide. The effects
of climate change are particularly strong in southern
hemisphere countries, but can also already be seen in
Germany today. They include increased illnesses and
fatalities due to heat waves, agriculture adversely affected by extended dry periods, heavy rains and floods,
and the spread of non-indigenous flora and fauna (see
Section 2.1).
Climate action helps restrict these effects, both by
avoiding them and by adapting to them. Non-renewable raw materials are preserved and natural habitats
are secured. If we burn all fossil fuels documented,
that would far exceed the capacity limits of the climate
system. Researchers assume that roughly four fifths of
fossil fuels documented must stay in the earth to stay
within the 2 °C cap. Specific climate action measures
can promote sustainable management and preservation of natural resources. At the same time, this contributes to preserving diversity, by protecting natural
habitats for animals and plants.
i
“Transient climate-relevant pollutants”
Transient climate-relevant pollutants
include methane, tropospheric ozone and
black carbon. While they have a far lower
retention time in the atmosphere than carbon dioxide (CO
(CO2),
theirgreenhouse
greenhousegas
gaspopo), their
2
tential is ten to one thousand times higher.
They occur primarily during (incomplete)
combustion processes, for example in diesel
engines and coal mines.
Avoiding emissions of transient, climate-relevant
pollutants has a direct positive influence on human
health. Transient, climate-active pollutants contribute
directly to air and environmental pollution. According
to the European Environment Agency (EEA), they are
the largest environmental health risk in Europe.53 The
World Health Organization (WHO) estimates that in
2012, roughly seven million early deaths were caused
by air pollution.54 That is twice as much as previously
assumed, and represents one eighth of deaths worldwide. In Germany, air pollution caused over 40,000
deaths in 2010 according to the OECD – more than any
other country in Europe, exceeded only by China, India,
the USA and Japan.55 Many climate action measures
not only reduce greenhouse gas emissions, they also
restrict transient climate-impacting pollutants like
black carbon (see information box) and thus have a direct positive influence on air quality. Figure 35 gives an
overview of different positive (side) effects of climate
action.
5.2 Job creation
Companies from the environmental technology and
resource efficiency sectors employ an estimated 1.5
million people in Germany. With over 350,00056 jobs in
2014, renewable energy sources are an important driver
for the German economy. In particular, the number of
employees in the wind power sector has grown continuously due to the increasing investments. Energy
efficiency technologies, such as efficiency measures for
new buildings and renovations have a positive effect
on employment in Germany. For 2013, the estimated
number of employees in the energy efficiency market is
between 510,000 and 850,000.57
Climate action in Germany has created more jobs
than have been lost by shutting down polluting power
plants.58 Both environmental and efficiency technologies, and renewable energy have significantly surpassed
the conventional energy industry, which provided just
under 213,000 jobs in 2013.59 Since the early 1990s,
the number of employees in the conventional energy sector has more than halved. At the same time,
the numbers of employees in the renewable energy
environment have risen, and, in spite of the decline in
employment in recent years, they are more than twice
the figures ten years ago, at 355,400 employees in 2014
(Figure 36).
55
56
CLIMATE ACTION IN FIGURES | JOB CREATION
Figure 35: Positive effects due to climate action
Investments and technological
innovations
Preservation of non-sustainable raw
materials and vulnerable landscapes,
Damage avoided in agriculture,
forestry and water management
Avoidance of air pollution and
improving the air quality
Increased energy security
Species protection, preservation of
biodiversity
Damage avoided in the insurance
industry
ECONOMIC
ECOLOGICAL
POSITIVE EFFECTS
DUE TO CLIMATE
ACTION
SOCIAL
Health
Society
Lower output of harmful pollutants
Ways for consumers and municipalities
to participate
Reduced propagation of pathogens
Damage avoided through extreme
weather events
Source: Own diagram
5.3 Investments in
climate action
In 2015, 12.7 billion euros was invested in expanding
renewable energies. Accordingly, the total investment
in 2015 is significantly lower than in the previous year
(2014: 18.9 billion euros). This is not due to decreasing expansion figures, but largely down to decreasing costs: although 2015 was the second-strongest
wind expansion year, investments in wind turbines
decreased by two billion euros (Figure 37). A similar
decline in costs was apparent in the development
of photovoltaic systems in 2011. At 9.7 billion euros,
wind power (offshore and on land) tops the list of
investments in 2015, currently accounting for two
thirds of all investments in renewable energy sources
in Germany.60
The energy efficiency requirements in the building
sector create a strong investment effect, as promotion
of efficiency measures also stimulates further investments in the construction industry. In recent years,
INVESTMENTS IN CLIMATE ACTION | CLIMATE ACTION IN FIGURES
Figure 36: Development of gross employment due to renewable energy sources in Germany
399.8
300
355.4
350
367.4
in thousands
400
250
200
2004
2010
2012
Biomass
2014
Hydropower
Geothermal
energy
3.4
7.5
7.3
8.0
120.9
113.9
49.3
Solar energy
1.8
13.3
16.4
17.2
Wind energy
7.6
9.5
12.9
11.8
Total
56.8
63.59
50
25.1
96.1
100
122.0
127.5
119.9
121.8
149.2
160.5
150
Publicly
funded
research/
administration
Source: BMWi (2015a)
the development bank Kreditanstalt für Wiederaufbau
(KfW) assumed a multiplier of 1:13 – that means that
for every euro of KfW-funded efficiency investments,
13 euros of additional investments were made. The
energy relevant costs for investments in the building
stock were estimated at 52.3 billion euros for 2014. In
recent years, the high sales figures for insulation and
modern windows indicate increased energy refurbishment activities. However, refurbishment work should
always be socially compatible, to ensure that energy
refurbished residences remain affordable, even for
households with low and medium incomes.
Investments in the expansion of renewable energy lead
to investments in the energy system. The electricity
grid infrastructure will be adapted to the changed requirements of an increased share of renewable energies
in the system. In 2014, roughly 4.7 billion euros was
invested in the construction of new infrastructure and
enhancing electricity grids in Germany.
Investments by German companies in climate-friendly products and markets are stable. According to the
GreenTech Atlas (environmental technology atlas for
Germany), the average percentage of turnover for
57
CLIMATE ACTION IN FIGURES | INVESTMENTS IN CLIMATE ACTION
research and development expenditure of over 2,000
surveyed Germany companies in the environmental
technology and resource efficiency sectors is three per
cent.61
Investments in the production sector in environmental
and climate action have increased steadily since 2009
(Figure 37). In 2013, investments by companies totalled
7.51 billion euros. The largest share of investments
Figure 37: Selected investments in climate and environmental action
30
Billions of euros
58
25
1
2.6
1.2
1.1
20
3
3.1
1.1
19.4
15
15
1.2
10
1.1
13.6
2.5
8
4.37
0.3
1.2
1.62
2008
0.5
2.5
4.15
3.95
1.63
2009
1.88
2
2010
4.93
4.2
0.3
0.3
12.3
9.7
4.76
4.72
1
6.6
11.2
5
0
1
3.9
2.3
2.38
0.3
1.6
2011
Investments by manufacturing industry in environmental action
(excluding climate action)
2.46
2012
0.3
1.4
2.58
2013
2.3
0.1
1.3
2014
0.5
1.5
0.1
2015
Investments by manufacturing industry in
climate and environmental action
Investments by manufacturing industry in climate action
Total investments in geothermal energy
Total investments in wind energy
Total investments in photovoltaic energy
Total investments in hydroelectric power
Total investments in biomass electricity
Investments in renewable energy sources
nationwide
INVESTMENTS IN CLIMATE ACTION | CLIMATE ACTION IN FIGURES
was incurred for wastewater disposal, at almost two
billion euros, followed by investments in the energy
sector, primarily in renewable energy sources.62 As the
data on investments in the production sector is always
published with a two-year delay, the data in Figure 37
only covers the period up to 2013.
The German Federal Ministry for the Environment,
Nature Conservation, Building and Nuclear Safety
(BMUB) promotes exchanges between companies in
learning energy efficiency networks. Since August
2014, participating companies have received free information and tools to help them plan and implement
efficiency measures. That enables them to save energy
effectively and reduce costs. According to the BMUB,
i
KfWsubsidy
subsidyprogrammes
programmes
KfW
TheGerman
GermanGovernment’s
Government’sdevelopment
developmentbank,
The
bank, Kreditanstalt
für Wiederaufbau
Kreditanstalt
für Wiederaufbau
(KfW),(KfW),
offers
a variety
of subsidy
programmes
aoffers
variety
of subsidy
programmes
for energy
for energyadapted
efficiency,
adapted to
different
efficiency,
to different
activities
and
activities
and Subsidies
target groups.
Subsidiesoffered
are
target
groups.
are generally
as
generally offered
low-interest
loans
low-interest
loansas
and
a repayment
bonus. The
and aEnergy
repayment
bonus.
The KfW Energy
KfW
Efficiency
Programme
supports
Efficiency
Programme supports
small
small
and medium-sized
companies
inand
commedium-sized
companies
in commercial
mercial
efficiency
measures.
efficiency measures.
• Energy-efficient construction supports priindividuals when
purchasing
or build• vate
Energy-efficient
construction
supports
ing
an efficient
residence.
more efficient
private
individuals
when The
purchasing
or
the
building,
the better
the conditions.
building
an efficient
residence.
The more
efficient
the building,refurbishment
the better the
• The
Energy-efficient
conditions. subsidises the energy refurprogramme
of residences
in existing build• bishment
The Energy-efficient
refurbishment
proings.
Untilsubsidises
recently, roughly
70 per
cent of
gramme
the energy
refurbishbuildings
constructed
1979
had no
ment of residences
in before
existing
buildings.
insulation.
However,
this70can
changed
Until recently,
roughly
perbecent
of
with
the programme.
buildings
constructed before 1979 had
no insulation. However, this can be
changed
the programme.
Source:
KfWwith
Website
(2016)
participating can reduce “their emissions after four
years by an average of 1,000 tonnes of CO2 per company, and increase their energy efficiency twice as quickly
as the average in the industry – and thus also their
competitiveness.”63
Globally, investments in renewable energy sources
have increased significantly. Since 2013, the new
generation capacity installed in renewable energy has
exceeded that of conventional power plants. In 2015,
286 billion US dollars were invested worldwide in
renewable energy generation capacities. For the first
time, investments by developing countries (156 billion
US dollars) were slightly higher than those by industrialised countries (130 billion US dollars).64
5.4 Opportunities for
innovative companies
Climate action makes business sense for companies.
Many companies make sustainability part of their
corporate targets. For companies, this leads to savings
opportunities with increased material and energy
efficiency, and a lower resource consumption. Company
environmental management systems support more
efficient use of natural resources like water, energy and
other raw materials during the production and service
processes. This can impact the entire supply chain. The
best known international standard for environmental
management is ISO 14001. In addition to this, EMAS, the
EU Eco-Management and Audit Scheme, is becoming
increasingly popular in Europe. In recent years, almost
2,000 sites in Germany were EMAS-validated. In the
energy management sector, introduction of a management system in accordance with the ISO 50001 standard
or regular energy audits for all companies other than
small and medium-sized companies became mandatory
as part of the European Energy Services Directive in
2015.
The German Federal Government assumes that the
market volume of environmental and energy efficiency
technologies will grow to at least five trillion euros by
2025.65
Source: KfW Website (2016)
Germany’s pioneering role in climate action, supported
by ambitious climate action goals and corresponding legislation (see Section 3.3), mean that German
59
60
CLIMATE ACTION IN FIGURES | OPPORTUNITIES FOR INNOVATIVE COMPANIES
Figure 38: Percentage of German GDP from environmental and resource technology
Environmental technology and
Environmentally
friendly generation.
Storage and
distribution of
energy
German GDP
without clean
technology
Sustainable
mobility
Recycling
management
13 %
Raw material and
Sustainable water
management
7%
Target for 2025: growing percentage of
environmental technology and resource
Source: Own diagram based on BMUB (2014b)
companies are well positioned on the global market for
climate products. Whereas environmental technologies
and resource efficiency only accounted for three per
cent of added value worldwide in 2013, it had already
reached 13 per cent in Germany, with the target of an
increase to over 20 per cent by 2025 (Figure 38).66
Digitisation and the development of innovative
technologies link various sectors with one another.
Climate-relevant innovations, e.g. in storage, are being
produced both in the transport sector and automotive
industry, as well as in the energy sector, and are being
advanced there. The increasing digitisation will further boost this development. Industry is increasingly
working to digitise value added processes (see section
4.3, “Industry 4.0”) and develop “intelligent products”.
Companies, universities and scientific institutions are
involved in research and development.
5.5 Increased energy
security
The expansion of renewable energy sources, reduced
use of fossil fuels and increasing energy efficiency contribute to energy security. The term energy
security includes the availability of the energy sources
required, as well as their affordability. The availability of energy increases as national energy generation
with renewable energy sources increases and energy
demand is lower due to energy efficiency measures. At
the same time, dependency on fluctuating oil and gas
prices is reduced.
Overall, roughly two thirds of the fossil fuels used here
(oil, gas and hard coal) are imported from other countries. For instance, one third of the oil and gas resources
consumed in Germany and one quarter of the hard coal
come from Russia; some of the oil imports are sourced
from the Middle East.
INCREASED SECURITY OF ENERGY | CLIMATE ACTION IN FIGURES
2013, fossil-based energy imports totalled 93.9 billion
euros, or 3.3 per cent of the total German GDP in that
year.68 These savings cannot be explained exclusively through energy efficiency and renewable energy
sources – the decreasing oil price has also contributed
to this. In spite of this, a correlation is apparent, as
the energy consumption in Germany in 2014 dropped
roughly five per cent compared to the previous
year and the share of primary energy consumption
accounted for by renewable energy sources increased
just under one per cent at the same time.
Germany currently depends on energy imports
for almost 65 per cent of primary energy consumption.67 67
consumption.
In 2014, the expenditures on fossil-based energy
imports in Germany amounted to 80.5 billion euros
(2.7 per cent of the GDP). That means a saving of
roughly 14 per cent compared with the previous
year. Annual savings are depicted in Figure 39. In
Billions of euros
Figure 39:
35
26
25
30
24
25
22
19
20
15
10
8
6
5
1
2
2
2
3
6
10
6
4
7
9
9
7
0
2000
2001 2002
2003 2004
2005
2006 2007
Import costs saved thanks to renewable energy
Source: Own diagram based on BMWi (2014b)
2008
2009
2010 2011
2012 2013
2014
61
62
CLIMATE ACTION IN FIGURES | CONTRIBUTION OF SOCIAL STAKEHOLDERS TO CLIMATE ACTION
5.6 Contribution of
social stakeholders to
climate action
Climate action is an interdisciplinary area that
concerns all sectors of the economy and levels of
society. The German Federal Government supports
climate-friendly consumption with various initiatives,
which are based both on information campaigns and
on financing climate action projects. In February 2016,
the German Federal Government passed the “National Programme for Sustainable Consumption”, which
aims to help consumers choose environmentally and
climate-friendly products and services and make sustainable consumption mainstream. The programme is
not only aimed at consumers, but also at all relevant
stakeholders, like business, civil society or science.
Private stakeholders can influence companies with
their purchasing power. The environmental and
health consciousness of German consumers has greatly boosted the production and sales of green products
in recent years. For instance, consumption of regional
and seasonal vegetables and fruit shortens transport
routes and cooling periods, reducing emissions. Various labels support sustainable consumer behaviour,
by identifying environmentally friendly products. One
of the best-known labels is the “Blauer Engel” (Blue
Angel), the German Federal Government’s environmental label to protect people and the environment
that recognises over 12,000 environmentally and
climate-friendly products and services in areas like
households, offices and gardens. Examples of environmentally aware purchase and financing decisions of
the population are shown in Figure 40.
Municipalities now play a key role in climate action.
This is true especially in the cases of energy supply,
municipal buildings, transport and mobility, water,
sewage and management of municipal enterprises.
Municipalities can save emissions in all of these areas.
Municipalities also act as role models for citizens.
Municipalities can shape climate action actively with
measures in the named areas, as well as with information, advice and participation services. In Germany,
they are supported by the German Federal Government’s National Climate Initiative (NKI), which has
already supported over 8,000 projects in roughly 3,500
municipalities since 2008. In total, NKI has supported
over 19,000 projects with approximately 555 million
euros between 2008 and 2014 in the municipalities,
companies and private households target groups.
Education helps protect the climate. With the NKI,
the German Federal Ministry for the Environment,
Nature Conservation, Building and Nuclear Safety
(BMUB) has been initiating and promoting climate
projects in schools and other educational institutions
i
Role of cities and municipalities in
climate action worldwide
Cities and municipalities
municipalities play
play an
an important
important
role in international
international climate
climate action.
action.Today
Today
already, half of the world
world population
populationlives
livesin
urban
regions,
andand
that
figure
is rising.
This
in urban
regions,
that
figure
is rising.
includes
adapting
to climate
change.
This includes
adapting
to climate
change.
Multiple international initiatives network mayors and other local and regional
stakeholders and honour the importance
of measures for local climate action and
adaptation.
• The Covenant of Mayors was initiated
initiatby
thethe
European
Commission
andand
unites
ed by
European
Commission
over
6,000
who commit
unites
oversignatories,
6,000 signatories,
who
to
CO2 reduction
commit
to CO2 reduction
In the
targets. Intargets.
the newly
newly established
Covenant,
cities
also
established
Covenant,
cities also
commit
commit
to to
prepare
tochange,
climate in
to
prepare
adapt to
to adapt
climate
change, in
a 40
per cent gas
addition
toaddition
a 40 per to
cent
greenhouse
greenhouse
reduction by 2030.
reduction
bygas
2030.
• The Compact of Mayors was initiated
in 2014 at the UN Climate Summit, and
now has over 400 members.
CONTRIBUTION OF SOCIAL STAKEHOLDERS TO CLIMATE ACTION | CLIMATE ACTION IN FIGURES
since 2008. The projects boost awareness of climate action among children, young people and young adults,
and promote participation opportunities in climate
action. The projects encourage schools to generate
specific ideas for climate action, thus contributing to
reducing CO2 emissions, in a wide range of areas: in ad-
dition to mobile learning services, for example energy
saving measures are implemented in school buildings
and art installations on climate action are organised.
The online portal www.klimaschutzschulenatlas.de
now shows over 3,430 schools committed to climate
action.
Figure 40: Climate action in society 2014
3%
n/a*
9%
n/a*
39 %
already
sourced
16 %
no / n/a*
84 %
yes
19 %
never
78 %
yes
52 %
never
Sourcing green electricity
consumption labels**
in the home***
*n/a = no data provided
*** Participants were asked about measures taken to make their home heating environmentally friendly
Source: Own diagram based on BMUB (2015a)
63
64
CLIMATE ACTION IN FIGURES | GLOSSARY
6. Glossary
Biofuel
Liquid or gaseous fuels produced from biomass.
Examples include biodiesel, bioethanol and
biogas.
Biogenic proportion of waste
The proportion of waste that can be composted
under anaerobic or aerobic conditions, and arises
in agriculture, fisheries and forestry, in industry,
and in private households. Examples include
residual wood, straw, garden waste, slurry, biowaste and fatty waste.
Carbon dioxide
Also CO2: colourless and odourless gas that is a
natural part of the atmosphere. As a by-product
of energy generation, carbon dioxide occurs
primarily when burning fuels containing carbon.
Carbon dioxide is the most important of the
climate-relevant atmospheric trace gases.
Cause principle
Allocation of emissions to the point of origin.
CO2 equivalent
Unit for the greenhouse warming potential of a
gas. CO2 equivalents show the quantity of a gas
that would have the same effect as CO2 over a
100-year period.
Combined Heat and Power generation
Simultaneous generation of electricity and heat
in one plant.
Decarbonisation
Increasing use of low-carbon sources of energy
for economic action. In the context of this report:
phasing out the use of fossil fuels, replacing them
with renewable energy sources and increased
energy efficiency.
Direct marketing
Sale of electricity from renewable energy sources
to wholesale buyers or on the electricity exchange
(for example at EEX in Leipzig). With subsidised
direct marketing, plant operators also receive a
market bonus in addition to the sales revenue.
Direct/indirect emissions
Definition based on EU standard ISO 140641:2006: direct emissions are produced on the
company premises, indirect emissions occur in
the value chain outside the company in question.
Effort sharing
Binding emission targets in the individual
Member States for sectors which are not covered under EU emissions trading, in particular
transport, households, commerce, trade, services
and agriculture. The reduction targets are broken
down based on the economic performance of the
Member States.
Electricity Market White Paper / Electricity
Market 2.0
Publication by the German Federal Ministry for
Economic Affairs and Energy (BMWi) on changes
in the electricity market design.
Emission certificate
Certified right to emit a certain quantity of a
pollutant in a specific period. The Kyoto Protocol
defines emission certificate trading as a tool to
restrict the output of greenhouse gases. The EU
emissions trading system implements emission
certificate trading (allowances, EUA).
Energy efficiency
Ratio of benefit to the energy required.
Energy intensity
Ratio of primary energy consumption to the gross
domestic product of an economy.
Energy productivity
Ratio of the overall macroeconomic performance
to the energy used (inverse of energy intensity).
GLOSSARY | CLIMATE ACTION IN FIGURES
Energy-intensive industry
Operational units in which either the energy and
electricity purchasing costs total at least three
per cent of the production value, or the national
energy tax to be paid is at least 0.5 per cent of
the added value (definition per EU Energy Tax
Directive).
EU White Paper
Publication of the European Commission on
strategic proposals and options for action.
European emissions trading system (EU ETS)
The Kyoto Protocol requires multiple flexible mechanisms, including emissions trading
between states. European emissions trading
incorporates emitters in the energy and industrial sectors, which can trade emission certificates
among one another. An EU directive (EHRL) has
governed the procedure since its inception on 1
January 2005.
Forecast report
Two-year report by the European Member States
on estimates of how the respective greenhouse
gas emissions are predicted to develop in the
roughly 20 years to come.
Fossil fuels
Energy raw materials produced from biomass
over millions of years, and consisting of carbon
compounds of different lengths: oils, coals, gases.
Green technologies
Environmentally friendly, sustainable, resourceand energy-saving technologies.
Greenhouse gas neutrality
Total anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions
(for example by burning fuels) and absorption
(for example by natural sinks, future technologies) of human-made greenhouse gas emissions
is zero.
External costs
Costs (in particular from environmental damage),
which are incurred when producing economic
assets, but are not borne by the producer.
Greenhouse gas potential
Potential contribution of a material to heating
the layers of air close to the ground.
F gases
Fluorinated greenhouse gases used as refrigerants in cooling and air conditioning systems, as
propellants in sprays, as propellants in foams and
insulation and as a fire extinguishing agent.
Greenhouse gases
Atmospheric trace gases that contribute to the
greenhouse effect and can be both natural and
anthropogenic, e.g. carbon dioxide (CO2), methane (CH4), nitrous oxide (N2O), sulphur hexafluoride (SF6), hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs) and
perfluorinated hydrocarbons (PFCs).
Feed-in tariff
State-defined remuneration for electricity from
renewable energy sources, incorporated in law in
the Renewable Energy Sources Act (EEG).
Final energy
Part of primary energy that reaches consumers
after deduction of transmission and conversion
losses. Forms of final energy include district heat,
electric current, liquid hydrocarbons such as
petrol, kerosene and heating oil, as well as various
gases such as natural gas, biogas and hydrogen.
Gross electricity consumption
Total of domestic electricity generation and flows
of electricity from overseas, less flows of electricity to other countries.
Gross final energy consumption
Total of final energy consumption, conversion
losses, transmission and distribution losses.
Internalisation
Pricing and allocation of external costs to the
originator.
65
66
CLIMATE ACTION IN FIGURES | GLOSSARY
IPCC
The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change
(IPCC) is an international council of experts on
climate matters, which has been operating under
the patronage of the United Nations since 1988.
Methane
Also CH4: non-toxic, colourless and odourless gas.
After carbon dioxide (CO2), it is the second most
important greenhouse gas emitted by humans.
National Climate Initiative (NKI)
Support programme for climate activities, from
development of long-term strategies to specific
aids and investment.
Nitrous oxide
Also called N2O or laughing gas: colourless gas
from the nitrogen oxide group with a direct
impact on the climate, primarily emitted through
agricultural use of nitrogen fertilisers.
Primary energy
Mathematically useful energy content of a naturally occurring energy source, before it is converted into another form of energy.
Primary energy consumption
Total of energy sources used, including changes in
stock and the balance of purchases and deliveries.
Renewable energies
Energy sources that, according to human measures of time, are available for ever. The three
original sources are: solar irradiation, geothermal
energy and tidal energy. They can be used either
directly or indirectly in the form of biomass, wind,
hydropower, ambient heat and wave energy.
Renewable Energies Heat Act (Erneuerbare-Energien-Wärmegesetz, EEWärmeG)
The “Law Promoting Renewable Energy in the
Heating Sector” (abbreviated to Renewable Energies Heat Act, EEWärmeG) is from 2009. It obliges
the owners of new buildings to meet part of
their heating and cooling needs from renewable
energy sources. The first amendment of the act
entered into force on 1 May 2011.
Renewable Energy Sources Act (Erneuerbare-Energien-Gesetz, EEG)
The 2000 Act Prioritising Renewable Energy
Sources (abbreviated to Renewable Energy Sources
Act [EEG]) contains the priority purchase obligation of renewable energy sources by grid operators. It also governs the (decreasing) remuneration
rates for individual generation types and the
process of allocating the resulting additional costs
to all electricity buyers. Amendments to the act
entered into force in 2004, 2009, on 1 January 2012
and most recently retroactively on 1 April 2012.
Sink
Reduction of emissions by absorbing and storing
CO2 in plants and soil.
Source principle
Allocation of emissions to the point of origin.
United Nations Framework Convention on
Climate Change (UNFCCC)
First international agreement that refers to climate change as a serious problem and obliges the
community of states to take action. The Climate
Framework Convention was adopted at the 1992
United Nations Conference on Environment and
Development, and has been ratified by 194 states
since then. It entered into force in 1994.
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS | CLIMATE ACTION IN FIGURES
7. List of abbreviations
Working Group on Energy Balances
(Arbeitsgemeinschaft Energiebilanzen)
AGEE
Working Group on Renewable Energy
(Arbeitsgruppe Erneuerbare Energien)
BMEL
German Federal Ministry of Food and
Agriculture (Bundesministerium für
Ernährung und Landwirtschaft)
BMUB
German Federal Ministry for the
Environment, Nature Conservation,
Building and Nuclear Safety (Bundesministerium für Umwelt, Naturschutz,
Bau und Reaktorsicherheit)
BMWi
German Federal Ministry of Economic
Affairs and Energy (Bundesministerium
für Wirtschaft und Energie)
CCS
Carbon capture and storage
CH4
Methane
CHP
Combined Heat and Power
CO2
Carbon dioxide
COP
Conference of the Parties
CTS
Commerce / trade / services
DeHSt
German Emissions Trading Authority
(Deutsche Emissionshandelsstelle)
DENEFF
German Energy Efficiency Business
Initiative (Deutsche Unternehmensinitiative Energieeffizienz)
DüV
German Fertiliser Ordinance
(Düngerverordnung)
EDGAR
Emission Database for
Global Atmospheric Research
EEA
European Environmental Agency
EED
Energy Efficiency Directive
EEG
Renewable Energy Sources Act
(Erneuerbare-Energien-Gesetz)
EEV
Final Energy Consumption
(Endenergieverbrauch)
EEWärmeG Renewable Energy Heat Act
(Erneuerbare-Energien-Wärmegesetz)
EMAS
Eco-Management and Audit Scheme
EnEV
Energy Savings Ordinance
(Energieeinsparverordnung)
EPBD
Energy Performance of Buildings Directive
EU-ETS
EU Emissions Trading System
EU28
28 Member States of the European Union
F-gas
Fluorinated greenhouse gases
g
Gram
GDP
Gross Domestic Product
GFEC
GHD
AGEB
GHG
GJ
GWP
ICAO
INDCs
IPCC
ISO
k
KfW
kWh
LULUCF
MAP
MJ
NAPE
N 2O
NKI
OECD
PJ
ppm
RWI
SME
t
TWh
UBA
UNFCCC
UNEP
WHO
WRI
ZIV
Gross Final Energy Consumption
Commerce, trade and services sector
(Gewerbe, Handel und Dienstleistungen
Sektor)
Greenhouse Gas
Gigajoule
Global Warming Potential
International Civil Aviation Organization
Intended Nationally Determined
Contributions
Intergovernmental Panel on
Climate Change
International Organization for
Standardization
Thousand
German National Development Bank
(Kreditanstalt für Wiederaufbau)
Kilowatt hour
Land Use, Land Use Change and Forestry
Market incentive programme for the use
of renewable energy sources
(Marktanreizprogramm)
Megajoule
National Action Plan for Energy
Efficiency (Nationaler Aktionsplan
Energieeffizienz)
Nitrous oxide (laughing gas)
National Climate Initiative (Nationale
Klimaschutz Initiative)
Organisation for Economic Co-operation
and Development
Petajoule
Parts per million
Rhineland-Westfalen Economic
Development Agency (RheinischWestfälisches Institut für Wirtschaftsforschung)
Small and Medium-sized Enterprise
Tonnes
terawatt hour
Federal Environment Agency
(Umweltbundesamt)
United Nations Framework Convention
on Climate Change
United Nations Environment Programme
World Health Organization
World Resources Institute
Bicycle Industry Association
(Zweirad-Industrie-Verband)
67
68
CLIMATE ACTION IN FIGURES | ENDNOTES
8. Endnotes
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
20.
21.
22.
23.
24.
25.
26.
27.
28.
29.
IPCC (2013). Citation 1, P.2; Citation 2, P.9
IPCC (2013)
For the Fifth IPCC Assessment Report, the scientific community defined a set of four new scenarios,
called representative concentration paths (RCPs).
They are characterised by their approximate total
radiative forcing in 2100 relative to 1750: 2.6 W/
m2 for RCP2.6, 4.5 W/m2 for RCP4.5, 6.0 W/m2 for
RCP6.0 and 8.5 W/m2 for RCP8.5. (Cf. IPCC (2013),
P. 28)
IPCC (2013), P. 22 and 29
Cf. Endnote 3 on RCP in IPCC (2013), P.29. In the
RCP2.6 Scenario, the level of radiative forcing
reaches its peak before 2100 and then drops. In the
RCP8.5 Scenario, radiative forcing does not peak
until after 2100
UNEP, GRID Europe (2004) P. 11
UBA (2015c), P. 92, P. 152
UBA (2015c), P. 28-29
UNEP, GRID Europe (2004)
German Weather Service (27/08/2015)
adelphi / PRC / EURAC (2015). P. 607
GDV (German Insurance Association) (2013)
EDGAR (2015)
UBA (2016b): Short-term forecast for 2015: 27.2 per
cent
AGEE-Stat (2016), Table 2
German Federal Statistical Office (2016): Population in millions: 1990 - 79.75, 2015 - 81.5
AGEB (2016b): Primary energy consumption in PJ:
1990: 14,905; 2015: 13,306 → Per capita consumption 1990 186.9 GJ; 2015 163.3 GJ.
BMZ (2015)
German Federal Government (2015)
BMWi (2015c)
UBA (2016b)
BMWi (2016a), Table 21
A very small percentage is caused by the combustion facilities for gas transport, which is only
mentioned here for the sake of completeness
Data: BMWi (2015a)
UBA (2016c)
BMWi (2015b)
UBA (2015b), P. 9
BMUB (2013)
Fraunhofer ISE (2015)
BMUB (2015b)
30. BMWi (2015d)
31. LAK (Federal State Working Group on Energy
Balances) (2015)
32. See UBA (2016d)
33. See DEHSt (2016)
34. UBA (2015c)
35. UBA (2016e)
36. Fraunhofer ISE (2013)
37. BMWi (2016c)
38. KBA (Federal Motor Transport Authority) (2016),
Statista (2016)
39. ZIV (2015)
40. KBA (Federal Motor Transport Authority) (2015)
41. BMUB (2015c)
42. From an emissions perspective, the source principle also applies for the products named here,
which allows the emissions incurred due to electricity consumption to be attributed to the energy
industry sector
43. AGEB (2015)
44. BMWi (2014)
45. AGEB (2015)
46. BMWi (2016d)
47. BMWi (2016e)
48. UBA (2015d)
49. BMEL (2016a)
50. BMEL (2016b)
51. UBA (2015e)
52. BMWi (2015a)
53. EEA (2015c)
54. WHO (2014)
55. OECD (2014)
56. BMWi (2015a)
57. DENEFF (2015)
58. See Section 6.2 and BMWi (2016f)
59. BMWi (2016f)
60. BMWi (2016b)
61. BMUB (2014b)
62. Total investments in 2013: 72.95 billion euros according to Destatis Federal Statistical Office (2015),
P. 5
63. BMUB (2015d)
64. Frankfurt School – UNEP Centre/ BNEF (2016)
65. BMUB (2015e)
66. BMUB (2014b)
67. Enerdata (2016): Germany: Primary energy consumption 2014: 12,818; Total imports 9,907 – Exports 1,765 = Net 8,142; Net imports as percentage
of consumption: 63.5 per cent.
68. BMWi (2015e), UBA (2016f)
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71
CLIMATE ACTION IN FIGURES | 5.6 CONTRIBUTION OF SOCIAL STAKEHOLDERS TO CLIMATE ACTION
www.bmub.bund.de