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PSY 111 Exam 5 Reading Guide
What is a system or process by which the products or results of learning are stored
for future use?
__________ are stimuli used to study memory; typically composed of a consonantvowel-consonant sequence.
What is a learning procedure in which the material that has been learned must be
repeated in the order in which it was presented?
__________ is a learning procedure in which material that has been learned may be
repeated in any order.
What is the tendency for items at the beginning and end of a list to be learned better
than items in the middle?
___________________________ is a learning procedure in which items to be recalled are
learned in pairs. During recall, one member of the pair is presented and the other is
to be recalled.
______________ is a test in which retention is measured by the ability to pick out
previously learned items from a list that also contains unfamiliar items.
What is a test of retention that compares the time or trials required to learn
material a second time with the time or trials required to learn the material the first
time?
____________ is a difference between the time or trials originally required to learn
material and the time or trials required to relearn the material; also known as
“relearning score.”
______________ is the first stage of the memory process; in it, information is
transformed or coded (a transduction process) into a form that can be processed
further and stored.
______________ is the second stage of the memory process; in it, information is placed
in the memory system. This stage may involve either brief or long-term storage of
memories.
What is the third stage of the memory process; in it, stored memories are brought
into consciousness?
__________________ is a form of memory, often called photographic memory, that
consists of especially visual recollections of material.
________________ is the very brief (1/2- 1 seconds for visual and 2-3 seconds for
auditory stimuli) but extensive memory for sensory events
What is the memory stage in which information is held in consciousness for 10 to 20
seconds?
________________ is the second stage of short-term memory; in it, attention and
conscious effort are brought to bear on material.
What is the memory stage that has a very large capacity and the capability to store
information relatively permanently?
What is rehearsal used when we want to save or maintain information for a
specified period of time?
__________________________ is rehearsal in which meaning is added to the material to be
remembered.
__________________ is the situation in which previously learned information hinders the
recall of information learned more recently.
What is the situation in which information learned more recently hinders the recall
of information learned previously?
_____________ is the theory stating that deeper processing of information increases the
likelihood that the information will be recalled.
What are memories that we are consciously aware of, such as facts or personal
events; can be subdivided into sematic and episodic memory?
____________________ are memories that we are not consciously aware of but can still
influence our behavior and mental processes; can be subdivided into priming and
procedural memory.
_____________ is memory for general knowledge.
What is the condition of being almost, but not quite, able to remember something;
used to investigate the nature of semantic memory?
_____________ is a memory of one’s personal experiences.
____________________ is a very detailed memory of an arousing, surprising or emotional
situation.
______________ is unconscious memory processing in which prior exposure to stimulus
items may aid subsequent learning.
What is a memory for making responses and performing skilled actions?
What is a semantic network?
What is a schema?
_____________ is the theory stating that the effectiveness of memory retrieval is
directly related to the similarity of the cues present when the memory was encoded
and when it is retrieved.
___________ is a theory stating that when we learn something while in a specific
physiological state, our recall of that information will be better when we are in the
same physiological state.
__________________ are procedures for associating new information with previously
stored memories.
______________ is the use of familiar locations as cues to recall items that have been
associated with them.
What is the use of familiar words or names as cues to recall items that have been
associated with them?
________________ is a word formed by the initial letters of the items to be remembered.
What is a verse or saying in which the first letter(s) of each word stands for a bit of
information?
___________ is the loss of memory that occurs as a result of physical or psychological
trauma
What is anterograde amnesia?
_____________ is the loss of memories that were stored before a traumatic event.
What is the hypothesis that memories must be consolidated or set before they can
be stored?
_______________ is a relatively permanent change in behavior or the potential to make a
response that occurs as a result of experience.
What is maturation?
What is learning that occurs when two stimuli- a conditioned stimulus (originally a
neutral stimulus) and an unconditioned stimulus- are paired and become associated
with each other?
_________________ is also called Pavlovian conditioning.
__________________ is the stimulus that, before conditioning, does not elicit a particular
response.
What is the stimulus that automatically produces a response without any previous
training?
______________ is the neutral stimulus that acquires the ability to elicit a conditioned
response after being paired with an unconditioned stimulus.
What is the reaction that is automatically produced when an unconditioned
stimulus is presented?
____________________________ is a response elicited by a conditioned stimulus that has
been paired with an unconditioned stimulus; is similar to the unconditioned
response.
_________________________ is the reappearance of an extinguished CR after the passage of
time.
Generalization is ___________________________________________________________________________.
What is discrimination?
_____________ is the irrational fear of an activity, object, or situation that is out of
proportion to the actual danger posed.
What is a situation in which the conditionability of a CS is weakened when it is
paired with a UCS that has previously been paired with another CS?
___________________ is the development of a dislike of or aversion to a flavor or food
that has been paired with illness.
What is Thorndike’s view that reinforcers promote learning, whereas punishers
lead to the unlearning of responses?
_____________ is an event or stimulus that increases the frequency of the response that
it follows.
__________________ is an event or stimulus presented after the target response that
increases the likelihood that this response will occur again.
What is an event or stimulus removed after the target response, thereby increasing
the likelihood that this response will occur again?
___________________ is an increase in the frequency of a target behavior (response) that
occurs when a behavior is followed by the presentation of a positive reinforcer.
____________ is an increase in the frequency of a target behavior (response) that
occurs when a negative reinforcer is removed or terminated; escape conditioning
and avoidance conditioning are examples.
A primary reinforcer is ________________________________________________________________.
What is a stimulus that acquires reinforcing properties by being associated with a
primary reinforcer?
___________ is a form of operant conditioning in which a desired response is taught by
reinforcement of successive responses that more closely resemble the target
response.
What is a general term for the reduction and elimination of behaviors; in classical
conditioning, extinction occurs when repeated presentation of the CS alone leads to
a reduction in the strength of the CR?
What is a stimulus or signal telling the participant that responding will be
reinforced?
_____________ are the results of a series of operant conditioning trials, shown as rate of
responding.
A schedule of reinforcement is ______________________________________________________.
What is continuous reinforcement?
_____________________ is reinforcement that does not follow every target response.
What is a reinforcement schedule in which reinforcement is based on the number of
responses; the number may be set (FR schedule) or may vary from one
reinforcement to the next (VR schedule)?
________________ is a reinforcement schedule based on the passage of time and in
which a single response at the end of the designated interval is reinforced; intervals
may be set (FI schedule) or may vary from one reinforcement to the next (VI
schedule).
What is a phenomenon in which extinction of an operant response following partial
or intermittent reinforcement takes linger than extinction following continuous
reinforcement?
______________ is a stimulus that produces a decrease in responding may take the form
of presentation of a stimulus or termination of a stimulus.
What is the process of using a punisher to decrease the response rate?
What is a therapeutic approach that uses the concepts of operant conditioning to
modify behaviors. Most often used in the treatment of pervasive developmental
disorders in children, including the treatment of autism?
_____________________ is a component of applied behavioral analysis that identifies a
specific behavior to modify and then uses specific antecedents and reinforcements
to successively shape the desired behavior.
_____________ is a therapeutic approach used in the treatment of drug addiction that
works to reduce the use of drugs through a highly structured reinforcement and
punishment program.
What is the sudden grasp of a concept or the solution to a problem that results from
perceptual restructuring; typically characterized by an immediate change in
behavior?
What is latent learning?
_____________________ is learning that occurs through watching and imitating the
behaviors of others.