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Advanced Higher Physics learning outcomes Electrical Phenomena 2.1 Electric Fields Carry out calculations involving Coulomb’s law for the electrostatic force between point charges. Describe how the concept of an electric field is used to explain the forces that charged particles at rest exert on each other. State that the electric field strength at any point is the force per unit positive charge placed at that point. State that the units of electric field strength are Newton per coulomb. Carry out calculations involving the electric fields due to point charges. Derive the expression V=Ed for a uniform electric field. Carry out calculations involving uniform electric fields. Describe what happens during the process of charging by induction. 2.1 Electric fields (cont) Describe the effect of placing a conducting shape in an electric field: the induced charge resides on the surface of the conductor, inside the shape the electric field is zero, and outside the shape the electric field is perpendicular to the surface of the conductor. State that the electrostatic potential at a point is the work done by the external forces in bringing unit positive charge from infinity to that point. Carry out calculations involving potentials due to point charges Describe the motion of charged particles in uniform electric fields. Carry out calculations concerning the motion of charged particles in uniform electric fields. State that relativistic effects must be considered when the velocity of a charged particle is more than 10% of the velocity of light. Carry out calculations involving the head-on collision of a charged particle with a fixed nucleus. Explain how the results of Millikan’s experiment lead to the idea of quantisation of charge. 2.2 Electromagnetism State that a magnetic field exists around a moving charge in addition to its electric field. State that a charged particle moving across a magnetic field experiences a force. Describe how the concept of a magnetic field is used to explain the magnetic force exerted by current-carrying conductors on each other. State that one tesla is the magnetic induction of a magnetic field in which a conductor of length one metre, carrying a current of one ampere perpendicular to the field is acted an by a force of one Newton. Carry out calculations involving current carrying conductors in magnetic fields. State the relative directions of current, magnetic field and force for a current-carrying conductor in a magnetic field. Carry out calculations involving the magnetic fields around “infinite” straight current carrying conductors Derive the expression: F = I1 I2 l 2πr for the force per unit length between two parallel current carrying wires a distance of r apart. 2.3 Motion in a magnetic field Derive the relationship F=qvB for the magnitude of the force acting on a charge q moving with speed v perpendicular to a magnetic field B, using the relationship F=IlBsin . State that if the charge’s velocity vector is not perpendicular to the field, then the component of v perpendicular to the field v must be used in the above equation. State the relative directions of magnetic field, velocity and force for positive and negative charges. Explain how the helical movement of a charge particle in a magnetic field arises. Carry out calculations on the motion of charged particles moving with non-relativistic velocities in uniform magnetic fields. Describe the principles of J.J Thomson’s method for measuring the charge to mass ratio (specific charge) of the electron. 2.4 Self-inductance Sketch qualitative graphs of the growth and decay of current in a d.c. circuit containing an inductor. Describe the principles of a method to illustrate the growth of current in a d.c. circuit. State that an e.m.f is induced across a coil when current through the coil is varying. Explain the production of the induced e.m.f across a coil. Explain the direction of the induced e.m.f in terms of energy. State that the inductance of an inductor is one henry if an e.m.f of one volt is induced when the current changes at a rate of one ampere per second. Carry out calculations involving the relationship between self-induced e.m.f in a coil, self inductance and the rate of change of current. Explain that the work done in building up the current in an inductor is stored in the magnetic field of the inductor. 2.4 Self-inductance Explain that the energy stored in the magnetic field of an inductor may be a source of e.m.f. Carry out calculations involving the relationship between energy stored in an inductor, self inductance and current. Describe the principles of a method to show how the current varies with frequency in an inductive circuit. Describe and explain the possible functions of an inductor – sources of a high e.m.f., blocking a.c. signals while transmitting d.c. signals. Compare the dependence of frequency of the capacitive and inductive reactances. (No numerical calculations required.) 2.5 Forces of nature State that nuclear particles attract each other with a force called the strong force. State that the strong force has a short range < 10-14m. State that the weak force is associated with beta decay. State that there are a number of “elementary” particles. State that neutrons and protons can be considered to be composed of quarks.