Download Activity 4.1/5.1 How can you identify organic macromolecules?

Name
Course/Section
Date
Professor/TA_____
Activity 4.1/5.1 How can you identify organic
macromolecules?
Refer to the figure (Some Simple Chemistry) on the next page when doing this activity.
Part A. Answer the questions. Then use your answers to develop simple rules for
identifying carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids.
1. What is the approximate C:H:O ratio in each of the following types of
macromolecules?
2. Which of the compounds listed in question 1 can often be composed of C, H, and 0
alone?
3. Which of the compounds can be identified by looking at the C:H:O ratios alone?
4. What other elements are commonly associated with each of these four types of
macromolecules?
Carbohydrates
Lipids
Proteins
Nucleic acids
Always contain P
Generally contain
no P
Always contain N
Generally contain
noN
Frequently
contain S
Generally contain
noS
Activity 4.1/5. 1
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7
9
5
Compound
CarL’ohydraa
.
boars’tarches
gtyc qc.n
°‘
cilon
I
-.
.
LpLds:
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Ftsc
c’
C’
WdXfl,
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.
-
-
-.
-:
I-
I-..—,
3
&oteins:
,
to-’
yrve’
S
-
-.
0
r teine
4
Nucleic acids:
1
-
£
R4
‘3
4,
t
r
a.
.1’
f
..
F
S
-
Activity4.1/5J
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Name__________________________
Course/Section________________________
5. Functional groups can modify the properties of organic molecules, In the following
table, indicate whether each functional group is polar or nonpolar and hydrophobic
or hydrophilic. Which of these functional groups are found in proteins and lipids?
Functional
group
—OH
Polar or
nonpolar
Hydrophobic
or hydrophilic
Found in all
proteins
Found in
many
proteins
Found in
many lipids
2
—CH
—COOH
2
—NH
—SH
4
—P0
6. You want to use a radioactive tracer that will label only the protein in an RNA virus.
Assume the virus is composed of only a protein coat and an RNA core. Which of the
9 Be sure to explain your answer.
following would you use
a. Radioactive P
b. Radioactive N
c. Radioactive S
d. Radioactive C
7. Closely related macromolecules often have many characteristics in common. For
example, they share many of the same chemical elements and functional groups.
Therefore, to separate or distinguish closely related macromolecules, you need to
determine how they differ and then target or label that difference,
a. What makes RNA different from DNA?
b. If you wanted to use a radioactive or fluorescent tag to label only the RNA in
a cell and not the DNA. what compound(s) could you label that is/are specific
for RNA?
c. If you wanted to label only’ the DNA. what compound(s) could you label?
Activity 4.l/5l
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9
8. Based on your answers to questions 1—7, what simple rule(s) can you use to identify
the following macromolecules?
Carbohydrates
Lipids
Proteins
Nucleic acids
DNA versus RNA
Part B. Carbohydrate, lipid, protein, or nucleic acid? Name that structure!
Based on the rules you developed in Part A, identify the compounds below (and on the
following page) as carbohydrates, lipids, amino acids, polypeptides, or nucleic acids, In
addition, indicate whether each is likely to be polar or nonpolar, hydrophilic or
hydrophobic.
0
H
1)
OH
H
H
C
—
0
L,.7fI5
H
Ho!
0\
÷
OH
H COH
17
C
3
H
HO
0
35
H
7
C—C
HO
—
‘)
C
r1
7
C
0
C
0
17
C
H
H-C
0
C
H,
7
C
H
1:1
HC —N
CH
/
C—N
H
CH!
2)
HN—CC-O
3
OHCH
-I
3)
H--N
H
--
H
C—
II
HO
10
CH
H
9
2
CH
C C—N—C—C-
II
HO
H
I
HO
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Name
Course/Section
Part B. Continued
4)
OH
2
CH
/H0
H
6ase
O%O
20
H0CH
H
HOO ‘OCHOH
OH
H
2
CF!
H
OH
E3aee
H
O’
2
CH
E3aae
0
H
OH
N
H
0
6) 2
CH
—CH
-CH
C
3
H
—
4,
OH
ç
HO—P—O—CH
7) 2
/N
&:
tH1
0
c=O
6) NH
—C—NH 2
2
—CHCH
—CH
—
CH
NH
OH
2
CH
OH
3
CH
OH
2
CH
OH
2
CH
HHHH
i.\
9)
Q “t_?”o
4
Hd’
OH
OH
Activity 4.1/5.1
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‘QL?’o
OH
/<tOH
OH
10) H -C—C—C—C—C
I
I
‘4
/
I
OH OH OH OH
11
L4.115.1
Test Your Understanding
A student, Mary, is given four samples and told they are lysine (an amino acid),
lactose (a disaccharide), insulin (a protein hormone), and RNA. The samples are in test
tubes marked 1. 2, 3, and 4, but Mary doesn’t know which compound is in which tube.
She is instructed to identify the contents of each tube,
a. In her first test, she tries to hydrolyze a portion of the contents of each tube.
Hydrolysis occurs in all tubes except tube 3.
b. In Mary’s next test, she finds that tubes 1, 2, and 3 are positive for nitrogen but only
tube 2 gives a positive result for the presence of sulfur.
c. The last test Mary performs shows that the compound in tube 1 contains a high
percentage of phosphate.
Based on these data, fill in the following table and explain your answers.
Tube
number
Contents
Explanation
2
3
4
12
viy4/
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Name________________________
Course/Section________________________
Date________________________
Professor/TA_________________________
Activity 4.2/5.2 What predictions can you make about the
behavior of organic macromolecules if you know their structure?
1. Twenty amino acids are commonly utilized in the synthesis of proteins. These amino
acids differ in the chemical properties of their side chains (also called R groups).
What properties does each of the following R groups have? (Note: A side chain may
display more than one of these properties.)
R group
Basic, acidic, or
neutral
Polar or nonpolar
Hydrophilic or
hydrophobic
a.
CH
CH
—
CH,, Cf-I,
‘_%
b.
CH2
o-C,o
C.
2
CH
CH2
CII2
CH2
t4H,
d.
CHc
OH
Activity 4.2/5.2
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2. Polypeptides and proee’ns are made up of linear sequences of amino acids, In its
functional form, each piotern has a specific threedimensiona1 structure or shape.
Interactions among the individual amino acids and their side chains play a major
role in determining thi shape
a. How are amino acids linked together to form polypeptides or proteins? What is
this type of bond called
What kinds of bonds hold each of these
structures together?
b. Define the
Primary:
Secondary’
Tertiary:
Quaternary:
3. Lipids as a group are defined as be ng hydrophobic, or insoluble in water. As a
result, this group includes fairly ide r’ nge of compoundsfor example fats, oils,
waxes, and steroids like
a. How are fatty aciu
id glycei
i
ked together to form fats (triglycerides)?
b. What functions do I
e. How do phospho
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i
—
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L4.215.2_Test Your Understanding
Use your understanding of the chemical characteristics of the four major
types of macromolecules in living organisms to predict the outcome of the following
experiments. Be sure to explain your reasoning.
Experiment 1: You stir 10 g of glucose and 10 mL of phospholipids in a 500-mL beaker
that contains 200 mL of distilled water, Draw a diagram to show where and how the
glucose and phospholipids wuuld be distributed aftei you let the mixture settle for about
30 minutes.
Experiment 2: You repeat Experiment I again, but this time you stir 10 g of glucose and
10 mL of phospholipids in a different 500mL beaker that contains 200 mL of distilled water
and 100 mL of oil. Draw a diagram to show where and how the glucose, phospholipids, and
oil would be distributed after you let the solution settle for about 30 minutes
Experiment 3: To completely fill a sealed 500mL glass container that contains 490 mL
of distilled water, you inJect 10 mL of phospholipids into it. (A small gasket allows the air
to leave as you inject the phospho1ipids) You shake this mixture vigorously and then let
it settle for an hour or morc Draw a diagram to show how the phospholipids would be
distributed in the container
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Experiment 4: A globular protein that is ordinarily found in aqueous solution has these
amino acids in its primary structure: glutamic acid, lysine, leucine, and tryptophan.
Predict where you would find each amino acid: in the interior portion of the protein
(away from water) or on the outside of the protein (facing water). (Refer to Figure 5.16,
page 79.)
Experiment 5: Drawn below is part of the tertiary structure of a protein showing the
positions of two amino acids (aspartic acid and lysine), Replacing lysine with another
amino acid in the protein may change the shape and function of the protein. Replacing
lysine with which type(s) of amino acid(s) would lead to the least amount of change in
the tertiary structure of this protein? (Refer to Figure 5.16, page 79,)
Ionic bond
I
Q
CH CH
YjCH
2
2 -CH4NH O}cH
2
Lyirc
16
Aipartic
acid
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