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Transcript
Chapter Five Learning Learning Relatively enduring change in behavior or knowledge as a result of past experience (not just classroom learning, but also behaviors). Classical Conditioning Behaviorism Operant Conditioning Observational Learning Conditioning Process of learning associations between environmental influences and behavioral responses. Classical Conditioning Basic learning process that involves repeatedly pairing a neutral stimulus with a responseproducing stimulus until the neutral stimulus elicits the same response. Ivan Pavlov Was a scientist who was studying digestion in dogs. Neutral Stimulus (NS) Does not normally elicit a response or reflex action by itself a bell ringing Unconditioned Stimulus (UCS) Always elicits a reflex action: an unconditioned response food Unconditioned Response (UCR) A response to an unconditioned stimulus – naturally occurring Salivation at smell of food Conditioned Stimulus (CS) The stimulus that was originally neutral but that becomes conditioned after it has been paired with the unconditioned stimulus. Will eventually cause the unconditioned response by itself. Conditioned Response The original unconditioned response becomes conditioned after it has been caused by the neutral stimulus. Pavlov’s Salivation Study Stimulus – Bell Unconditioned Stimulus – Food Unconditioned Response – Salivation Conditioned Stimulus – Bell Conditioned Response – Salivation Neutral Conditioning is most effective when the CS is presented immediately before the UCS and when the CS and UCS are paired more frequently. Office and 70’s Show Clips (1 min each) Classical Conditioning Concepts Generalization – occurrence of a learned response, not only to the original stimuli, but to other, similar stimuli as well. (ex./ other sounding bells) Stimulus Discrimination – occurrence of a learned response to a specific stimulus, but not to other, similar stimuli. (ex./ distinguishing between high/low bells) Stimulus Classical Conditioning Concepts – gradual weakening and disappearance of conditioned behavior (occurs when CS is repeatedly presented w/out the UCS). Spontaneous Recovery – Reappearance of a previously extinguished CR after a period of time w/out exposure to the CS. Extinction Classroom example Video 3min http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EYxUd Pj-EEY Behaviorism The attempt to understand observable activity in terms of observable stimuli and observable responses. John B. Watson (1913) B. F. Skinner (1938) John B. Watson and Little Albert Ethics of “Baby Albert” Study Watson did not extinguish Baby Albert’s fear of furry animals and objects experiment today would be considered unethical Article: what ever happened to Baby Albert? Classical Conditioning & Drug Use Caffeine in coffee takes about 20 minutes to reach significant levels in our bloodstream – However, just a few sips can make someone feel immediately alert and awake. Hmmm… Conditioned response to sight, smell, and taste of coffee. Can even work if person switches to decaf coffee. Placebo Response A persons psychological and physiological response to what is actually a fake treatment or drug (aka placebo effect). Ex. - High blood pressure patients who are repeatedly given anti-hypertension medication to reduced blood pressure who are then given a placebo, also see reduced blood pressure. Taste Aversions a classically conditioned dislike and avoidance of a particular food that you have become ill after eating Phobias Some phobias we seem biologically prepared to develop, such as snakes, spiders, heights because these things have posed a threat to humans’ evolutionary ancestors. Other fears may be classically conditioned or learned through observational learning. Classical Conditioning Video (10min) Commercial Assignment Describe a commercial. Label AND Describe the following in the commercial: NS UCS UCR CS CR Examples 2 Soccer ads MJ Commercial shampoo Soccer Commercials UCS: Famous Soccer players UCR: desire or inspiration NS: Nike CS: Nike CR: desire or ispiration MJ Commercial UCS: Michael Jordan UCR: inspiration NS: Gatorade CS: Gatorade CR: inspiration Shampoo Commercial UCS: beautiful girl and hair UCR: desire NS: shampoo CS: shampoo CR: desire B. F. Skinner Skinner acknowledged classical conditioning could explain reflexive behaviors, but what about voluntary behaviors? Operant – Skinner’s term for voluntary behaviors that operate on the environment to produce consequences. Operant Conditioning (Skinner) Basic learning process that involves changing the probability of a response being repeated by manipulating the consequences of that response. (basically, behavior is shaped and maintained by consequences). Shaping Clapping trick Reinforcement The occurrence of a stimulus or event following a response, that increases the likelihood of that response being repeated. Positive Reinforcement following an operant with the addition of a reinforcing stimulus [ex./ hitting a vending machine (operant) and a soda comes out (positive reinforcing stimulus)] not always a positive or desirable thing – ex./ teacher attention – scolding INCREASES the likelihood of behavior being repeated. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=AK32448C gKE 3min Big Bang Theory (20 min) http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Q2v3Q0 osmoE 7min http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=AK3244 8CgKE 3min Negative Reinforcement the removal of an unpleasant stimulus, thereby strengthening future occurrences of the behavior that brings this removal. ex./ take 2 aspirin (operant) to remove a headache (negative reinforcing stimulus) increases the likelihood of behavior being repeated. Types of Negative Reinforcement Escape aversive stimuli that are already present (ex./ take aspirin to escape the headache) or put up the umbrella to avoid escape the current rain shower). OR Avoidance aversive stimuli before they occur (ex./ return books on time to avoid library fines) or take the aspirin to avoid the headache or umbrella up at the sight of a coming storm. Primary vs. Conditioned Reinforcers Reinforcers – a stimulus that is naturally reinforcing for a species (biological necessities) such as food and water. Primary Reinforcers – money, frequent flyer miles, college degrees, etc. Conditioned Punishment Presentation of a stimulus or event following a behavior that acts to DECREASE the likelihood of the behavior being repeated. ex./ touch hot pan (operant), get burned (punishment) Types of Punishment by Application – presentation of punishing stimulus. Punishment ex./ reprimand for tardiness Punishment by Removal – loss or withdrawal of reinforcing stimulus. ex./ suspended drivers license for reckless driving Problems with Punishment may decrease response, but does not teach or promote a more appropriate response. may cause passivity, fear, anxiety, or hostility. effects are temporary. may model aggressive behaviors. What do think works better: Positive Reinforcement or Punishment? “Carrot or Stick”? Discuss punishment around the world. REMEMBER… Reinforcement INCREASES the likelihood of the behavior. Punishment DECREASES the likelihood of the behavior. Scenario… Decide if the following is Reinforcement or Punishment: “If you clean your room, you will no longer have to stay inside.” Negative Reinforcement – it takes away a unfavorable stimulus. “Because you did not clean your room, you will have to stay inside today.” Punishment – It adds an unfavorable stimulus. 3 Components of Operant Conditioning 1. Specific Discriminative Stimuli 2. Operant Response 3. Consequence Discriminative Stimuli The environmental stimulus that precedes a operant response. ex./ ringing phone is discriminative stimulus, response is picking it up and saying hello Skinner Box & operant Conditioning https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=D- RS80DVvrg 4:30min Reinforcement Schedules Continuous—every correct response is reinforced; good way to get a low frequency behavior to occur. Partial—only some correct responses are reinforced; good way to make a behavior resistant to extinction. Partial Schedules—Ratio Ratio schedules are based on number of responses produced. Fixed ratio (FR)—a reinforcer is delivered after a certain (fixed) number of correct responses. Variable ratio (VR)—a reinforcer is delivered after an average number of responses, but varies from trial to trial. Partial Schedules—Interval Interval schedules are based on time. Fixed interval (FI)—reinforcer is delivered for the first response after a fixed period of time has elapsed. Variable interval (VI)—reinforcer is delivered for the first response after an average time has elapsed, differs between trials. Mental Aspects of Operant Conditioning Learned helplessness—phenomenon where exposure to inescapable and uncontrollable negative events produces passive behavior. Ex./ routinely doing poor in school causes one to not care anymore and fail. Classical Conditioning vs. Operant Conditioning Differences between Classical and Operant conditioning Video 4:30min http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=H6LEc M0E0io Video on Operant Conditioning (10min) Observation Learning Observation Modeling Imitation Albert Bandura and the Bobo doll study Read p. 229-230 about the Bobo doll study http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kJppnQsB Nzs (5min) 2 Video clips on observational learning (Real Player) Research on Violence in Media Does “Reel” Violence Cause Aggressive Behavior? and answer critical thinking questions. – pp. 232-233. Read Practice test