Download Ques#on of the Day: How do you acquire energy?

  Ques%on of the Day: How do you acquire energy? 2
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Short wave
Long wave
(more energy)
(less energy)
When does it occur?   Process begins when pigments absorb light.   Pigment: compounds in chlorplasts that absorb light energy (chlorophyll a & b).   Different pigments absorb different wavelengths of light across the light spectrum.   Some pigments absorb colors more strongly than others (chlorophyll a DOES NOT absorb GREEN light).   REMINDER… the “colors” we see are those NOT being absorbed.   Pigments are organized in plants in clusters called Photosystems. 7
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  Sunlight is the ULTIMATE
energy for all life on Earth
  Plants store energy in the
chemical bonds of sugars
  Chemical energy is released
as ATP during cellular
respiration
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  ATP stands for adenosine triphosphate
  It is composed of the nitrogen base ADENINE,
the pentose (5C) sugar RIBOSE, and three
PHOSPHATE groups
  The LAST phosphate group is bonded with a
HIGH ENERGY chemical bond
  This bond can be BROKEN to release ENERGY for
CELLS to use
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Breaking the LAST PHOSPHATE bond from ATP,
will --  Release ENERGY for cells to use
  Form ADP
  Produce a FREE PHOSPHATE GROUP
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Energy In Plants and Animals – “It’s all about the ATP”
Animals – heterotroph Animals eat food.
Fermentation (anaerobic)
Animals get glucose(stored energy) from the food.
Plants – autotroph Photosynthesis – Location: Chloroplast
Light Energy
OXYGEN NOT PRESENT
Plants and Animals
Cellular Respiration –Location: mitochondria
cells need energy
Glucose
Glucose = stored energy – “potential”
Step #1
Light Reactions
Glycolysis
OXYGEN PRESENT
ATP and NADPH
“Energy molecules”
Aerobic Respiration
has two steps:
Step 1: Kreb’s Cycle
Step 2: The Electron Transport Chain
Step #2
Dark Reactions - Calvin Cycle
From start to finish, Glucose to the “ETC” creates 38 ATP (kinetic) for the cell
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Mesophyll
Cell
Chloroplast
Stoma
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Stroma
Outer Membrane
Inner Membrane
Thylakoid
Granum
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  Sunlight is the ULTIMATE
energy for all life on Earth
  Plants store energy in the
chemical bonds of sugars
When does it occur?   Process begins when pigments absorb light.   Pigment: compounds in chlorplasts that absorb light energy (chlorophyll a & b).   Different pigments absorb different wavelengths of light across the light spectrum.   Some pigments absorb colors more strongly than others (chlorophyll a DOES NOT absorb GREEN light).   REMINDER… the “colors” we see are those NOT being absorbed.   Pigments are organized in plants in clusters called Photosystems. 22
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SUN
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Light Reactions Light Reactions
Overall Reaction: Light energy  NADPH and ATP
Light reactions take place in the thylakoid membrane.
Step 1! Absorbing Light
Absorbing Light Different pigments in the chloroplast can absorb different types of light
Chlorophyll a -Absorbs mostly red light
Chlorophyll b - absorbs mostly blue light
Carotenoids - some green, yellow, and orange Step 2: Exciting Electrons These excited electrons and water are used to fuel two biochemical pathways. 1. Electron Transport Chain -­‐Every cycle produces one NADPH 2. Chemiosmosis -­‐Produces ATP Photosystems in the light reactions   Pigments are arranged in clusters in the thylakoid membranes; called Photosystems (I & II).   When a photon of light strikes a photosynthe%c pigment, an electron becomes “boosted” to a higher energy level. Light Reactions   The excited (energized) electron passes out of Photosystem II and into the electron transport chain   As electrons flow through chain, energy they release is used to produce ATP and, in some cases, NADPH   How are electrons replaced in Photosystem II aXer electrons enter the electron transport chain? Replacing Electrons   Pigments that gave up electrons get replacements …from?   Water molecules are split and oxygen is released to the atmosphere.   H+ go inside the thylakoid membrane and electrons are replaced in photosystem II Chemiosmosis SUN
(Proton Pumping)
H+
H+
E
T
PS II
PS I
C
H+
H+
H+
H+
H
+
ADP + P
H
+
H+
H+
ATP
Synthase
ATP
Overall The absorbed light is used to excite electrons.
These excited electrons and water are used in two
biochemical pathways.
Electron Transport
Every Cycle produces one NADPH
Chemiosmosis
Produces ATP
The biproduct of these reactions is oxygen, which is
released back into the atmosphere.
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SUN
H+ H+
E
PS II
(Proton Pumping)
T
C
PS I
H+ H+
H+ H+
H+ H+
H+
ADP + P
H+
ATP Synthase
ATP
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STROMA– where Calvin Cycle occurs
Outer Membrane
Inner Membrane
Thylakoid
Granum
Step 2: Dark Reactions Known also as the Calvin Cycle
The chloroplast now takes the ATP and
NADPH from the Light reactions and
uses it to make glucose
XIII. How?…Continued C. Calvin Cycle: 1. 
CO2 enters plant through stomata; moves into stroma. CO2 + ribulose bisphosphate (RuBP) = 2 phosphoglycerate (PGA) 2. 
PGA + P (from ATP) + H from NADPH= 2 glyceraldehyde phosphate (PGAL). 3. 
PGAL + P (from 2nd ATP)= RuBP. Some PGAL leaves to form organic molecules (glucose) ***The produc%on of each 2 PGAL requires 6 turns of the Calvin Cycle, 18 molecules of ATP, and 12 molecules of NADPH. Overall Reactions: The Calvin Cycle – NADPH and ATP  Glucose
The chloroplast now takes the ATP and NADPH from the Light reactions and uses it to make
glucose/organic compounds.
CO2
Dark Reactions
ATP
NADPH
H 2O
+
CO2
Sugars
Light Reactions
O2
Photosythesis Equation Overview:
a. General Equations of Photosynthesis
Memorize:6CO2 + 6H2O + light energy (yields/makes) C6H12O6 + 6O2
GLUCOSE! a.
C6H12O6 is the formula for GLUCOSE!
b.
Glucose is a monosaccharide! It is a sugar! It
is the energy of the cell! You just went from Light
energy, water , and carbon dioxide to STORED
ENERGY (Glucose).
The Cell’s Energy a.
Now glucose can be used to make ATP when the
plant needs energy.
b.
Note:
i. Glucose – stored energy – “potential”
ii. ATP – energy being used – “kinetic”
Overview Photosynthesis
includes
Lightdependent
reactions
Calvin cycle
use
take place in
Energy from
sunlight
Thylakoid
membranes
to produce
ATP
NADPH
O2
takes place in
Stroma
uses
ATP
NADPH
of
to produce
Chloroplasts
High-energy
sugars
Overview Photosynthesis
includes
Lightdependent
reactions
Calvin cycle
use
take place in
Energy from
sunlight
Thylakoid
membranes
to produce
ATP
NADPH
O2
takes place in
Stroma
uses
ATP
NADPH
of
to produce
Chloroplasts
High-energy
sugars
Harvesting Chemical Energy   So we see how energy enters food chains (via autotrophs) we can look at how organisms use that energy to fuel their bodies.   Plants and animals both use products of photosynthesis (glucose) for metabolic fuel   Heterotrophs: must take in energy from outside sources, cannot make their own e.g. animals   When we take in glucose (or other carbs), proteins, and fats-­‐these foods don’t come to us the way our cells can use them III. Energy Flow:   Biochemical Pathways: series of chemical reac%ons that changes the form of energy so that it can be used by organisms.   Organisms use energy in the form of ATP to carry out cellular processes. Energy In Plants and Animals – “It’s all about the ATP”
Animals – heterotroph Animals eat food.
Fermentation (anaerobic)
Animals get glucose(stored energy) from the food.
Plants – autotroph Photosynthesis – Location: Chloroplast
Light Energy
OXYGEN NOT PRESENT
Plants and Animals
Cellular Respiration –Location: mitochondria
cells need energy
Glucose
Glucose = stored energy – “potential”
Step #1
Light Reactions
Glycolysis
OXYGEN PRESENT
ATP and NADPH
“Energy molecules”
Aerobic Respiration
has two steps:
Step 1: Kreb’s Cycle
Step 2: The Electron Transport Chain
Step #2
Dark Reactions - Calvin Cycle
From start to finish, Glucose to the “ETC” creates 38 ATP (kinetic) for the cell
Chemical Structure of ATP Adenine Base
3 Phosphates
Copyright Cmassengale
Ribose Sugar
What Does ATP Do for You? Copyright Cmassengale
How Do We Get Energy From ATP? Copyright Cmassengale
IV. Cellular Respiration  
Series of biochemical pathways; cells make ATP by breaking down glucose  
Organisms break down stored organic molecules (i.e. glucose) into ATP for life processes. Chemical Equa%on: C6H12O6 + 6O2  6CO2 + 6H2O + energy “Appears” to be the reverse of photosynthesis
V. Summary of Cell Respiration: 1. 
Glycolysis: Glucose > 2 Pyruvic Acid; NET yield of 2 ATP and 2 NADH 2. 
Aerobic Respira>on (IF O2 is present) OR 1) 
Anaerobic Respira>on (IF NO O2 is present)
* Can be Lac%c Acid Fermenta%on or Alcoholic Fermenta%on VI. Where does glycolysis occur?   Glycolysis: Cytosol of the cell V. Summary of Cell Respiration: Step 1: Glycolysis: Glucose > 2 Pyruvic Acid; NET yield of 2 ATP and 2 NADH REMEMBER!   Glycolysis takes Glucose and turns in into two moleules of pyruvic acids. Anaerobic Cellular Respiration   Some organisms thrive in environments with ligle or no oxygen   Marshes, bogs, gut of animals, sewage treatment ponds   No oxygen used= ‘an’aerobic   Results in no more ATP, final steps in these pathways serve ONLY to regenerate NAD+ so it can return to pick up more electrons and hydrogens in glycolysis.   End products such as ethanol and CO2 (single cell fungi (yeast) in beer/bread) or lac%c acid (muscle cells) Energy In Plants and Animals – “It’s all about the ATP”
Animals – heterotroph Animals eat food.
Fermentation (anaerobic)
Animals get glucose(stored energy) from the food.
Plants – autotroph Photosynthesis – Location: Chloroplast
Light Energy
OXYGEN NOT PRESENT
Plants and Animals
Cellular Respiration –Location: mitochondria
cells need energy
Glucose
Glucose = stored energy – “potential”
Step #1
Light Reactions
Glycolysis
OXYGEN PRESENT
ATP and NADPH
“Energy molecules”
Aerobic Respiration
has two steps:
Step 1: Kreb’s Cycle
Step 2: The Electron Transport Chain
Step #2
Dark Reactions - Calvin Cycle
From start to finish, Glucose to the “ETC” creates 38 ATP (kinetic) for the cell
Aerobic Respiration: O2 present   Before Aerobic Respira%on these pyruvic acids must be changed to a molecule known as Acetyl CoA. What Carries the Electrons? Copyright Cmassengale
VI. Where does the Krebs cycle occur?   Krebs Cycle: Mitochondrial Matrix Another take on Kreb’s Cycle Another take on Kreb’s Cycle V. Summary of Cell Respiration: Step 1: Glycolysis: Glucose > 2 Pyruvic Acid; NET yield of 2 ATP and 2 NADH 1. 
2 Pyruvic Acid > 2 Acetyl CoA ; release CO2 and makes 2 NADH 2. 
Aerobic Respira>on (IF O2 is present) STEP 2: Krebs Cycle: Acetyl CoA > CO2, H+, and ATP; 2 turns produce 6 NADH, 2, FADH2, 2 ATP, and 4 CO2. STEP 3: ETC: 10 NADH & 2 FADH2 > 34 ATP OR 1) 
Anaerobic Respira>on (IF NO O2 is present) * Can be Lac%c Acid Fermenta%on or Alcoholic Fermenta%on VI. Where does electron transport occur?   ETC: Inner Membrane of Mitochondria (Cristae). Electron Transport Chain   NADH and FADH2 release electrons into the ETC and pump H+ across the mitochondrial matrix. Electron Transport Chain   This creates more protons (H+) on one side of the membrane than the other side of the membrane.   The proton gradient now helps produce ATP! It’s all about the ATP   38 ATP from glucose to end! ATP   Glycolysis = 2 ATP   Aerobic Respira%on/Cell Respira%on (Krebs cycle: 2 ATP/Electron Transport: 34 ATP)= 36 ATP