* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
Download Ques#on of the Day: How do you acquire energy?
Survey
Document related concepts
Basal metabolic rate wikipedia , lookup
Electron transport chain wikipedia , lookup
Microbial metabolism wikipedia , lookup
Evolution of metal ions in biological systems wikipedia , lookup
Adenosine triphosphate wikipedia , lookup
Citric acid cycle wikipedia , lookup
Photosynthetic reaction centre wikipedia , lookup
Biochemistry wikipedia , lookup
Photosynthesis wikipedia , lookup
Transcript
Ques%on of the Day: How do you acquire energy? 2 3 4 Short wave Long wave (more energy) (less energy) When does it occur? Process begins when pigments absorb light. Pigment: compounds in chlorplasts that absorb light energy (chlorophyll a & b). Different pigments absorb different wavelengths of light across the light spectrum. Some pigments absorb colors more strongly than others (chlorophyll a DOES NOT absorb GREEN light). REMINDER… the “colors” we see are those NOT being absorbed. Pigments are organized in plants in clusters called Photosystems. 7 8 9 10 Sunlight is the ULTIMATE energy for all life on Earth Plants store energy in the chemical bonds of sugars Chemical energy is released as ATP during cellular respiration 12 ATP stands for adenosine triphosphate It is composed of the nitrogen base ADENINE, the pentose (5C) sugar RIBOSE, and three PHOSPHATE groups The LAST phosphate group is bonded with a HIGH ENERGY chemical bond This bond can be BROKEN to release ENERGY for CELLS to use 13 Breaking the LAST PHOSPHATE bond from ATP, will -- Release ENERGY for cells to use Form ADP Produce a FREE PHOSPHATE GROUP 14 15 Energy In Plants and Animals – “It’s all about the ATP” Animals – heterotroph Animals eat food. Fermentation (anaerobic) Animals get glucose(stored energy) from the food. Plants – autotroph Photosynthesis – Location: Chloroplast Light Energy OXYGEN NOT PRESENT Plants and Animals Cellular Respiration –Location: mitochondria cells need energy Glucose Glucose = stored energy – “potential” Step #1 Light Reactions Glycolysis OXYGEN PRESENT ATP and NADPH “Energy molecules” Aerobic Respiration has two steps: Step 1: Kreb’s Cycle Step 2: The Electron Transport Chain Step #2 Dark Reactions - Calvin Cycle From start to finish, Glucose to the “ETC” creates 38 ATP (kinetic) for the cell 17 18 Mesophyll Cell Chloroplast Stoma 19 Stroma Outer Membrane Inner Membrane Thylakoid Granum 20 Sunlight is the ULTIMATE energy for all life on Earth Plants store energy in the chemical bonds of sugars When does it occur? Process begins when pigments absorb light. Pigment: compounds in chlorplasts that absorb light energy (chlorophyll a & b). Different pigments absorb different wavelengths of light across the light spectrum. Some pigments absorb colors more strongly than others (chlorophyll a DOES NOT absorb GREEN light). REMINDER… the “colors” we see are those NOT being absorbed. Pigments are organized in plants in clusters called Photosystems. 22 23 24 SUN 25 26 Light Reactions Light Reactions Overall Reaction: Light energy NADPH and ATP Light reactions take place in the thylakoid membrane. Step 1! Absorbing Light Absorbing Light Different pigments in the chloroplast can absorb different types of light Chlorophyll a -Absorbs mostly red light Chlorophyll b - absorbs mostly blue light Carotenoids - some green, yellow, and orange Step 2: Exciting Electrons These excited electrons and water are used to fuel two biochemical pathways. 1. Electron Transport Chain -‐Every cycle produces one NADPH 2. Chemiosmosis -‐Produces ATP Photosystems in the light reactions Pigments are arranged in clusters in the thylakoid membranes; called Photosystems (I & II). When a photon of light strikes a photosynthe%c pigment, an electron becomes “boosted” to a higher energy level. Light Reactions The excited (energized) electron passes out of Photosystem II and into the electron transport chain As electrons flow through chain, energy they release is used to produce ATP and, in some cases, NADPH How are electrons replaced in Photosystem II aXer electrons enter the electron transport chain? Replacing Electrons Pigments that gave up electrons get replacements …from? Water molecules are split and oxygen is released to the atmosphere. H+ go inside the thylakoid membrane and electrons are replaced in photosystem II Chemiosmosis SUN (Proton Pumping) H+ H+ E T PS II PS I C H+ H+ H+ H+ H + ADP + P H + H+ H+ ATP Synthase ATP Overall The absorbed light is used to excite electrons. These excited electrons and water are used in two biochemical pathways. Electron Transport Every Cycle produces one NADPH Chemiosmosis Produces ATP The biproduct of these reactions is oxygen, which is released back into the atmosphere. 39 SUN H+ H+ E PS II (Proton Pumping) T C PS I H+ H+ H+ H+ H+ H+ H+ ADP + P H+ ATP Synthase ATP 42 44 STROMA– where Calvin Cycle occurs Outer Membrane Inner Membrane Thylakoid Granum Step 2: Dark Reactions Known also as the Calvin Cycle The chloroplast now takes the ATP and NADPH from the Light reactions and uses it to make glucose XIII. How?…Continued C. Calvin Cycle: 1. CO2 enters plant through stomata; moves into stroma. CO2 + ribulose bisphosphate (RuBP) = 2 phosphoglycerate (PGA) 2. PGA + P (from ATP) + H from NADPH= 2 glyceraldehyde phosphate (PGAL). 3. PGAL + P (from 2nd ATP)= RuBP. Some PGAL leaves to form organic molecules (glucose) ***The produc%on of each 2 PGAL requires 6 turns of the Calvin Cycle, 18 molecules of ATP, and 12 molecules of NADPH. Overall Reactions: The Calvin Cycle – NADPH and ATP Glucose The chloroplast now takes the ATP and NADPH from the Light reactions and uses it to make glucose/organic compounds. CO2 Dark Reactions ATP NADPH H 2O + CO2 Sugars Light Reactions O2 Photosythesis Equation Overview: a. General Equations of Photosynthesis Memorize:6CO2 + 6H2O + light energy (yields/makes) C6H12O6 + 6O2 GLUCOSE! a. C6H12O6 is the formula for GLUCOSE! b. Glucose is a monosaccharide! It is a sugar! It is the energy of the cell! You just went from Light energy, water , and carbon dioxide to STORED ENERGY (Glucose). The Cell’s Energy a. Now glucose can be used to make ATP when the plant needs energy. b. Note: i. Glucose – stored energy – “potential” ii. ATP – energy being used – “kinetic” Overview Photosynthesis includes Lightdependent reactions Calvin cycle use take place in Energy from sunlight Thylakoid membranes to produce ATP NADPH O2 takes place in Stroma uses ATP NADPH of to produce Chloroplasts High-energy sugars Overview Photosynthesis includes Lightdependent reactions Calvin cycle use take place in Energy from sunlight Thylakoid membranes to produce ATP NADPH O2 takes place in Stroma uses ATP NADPH of to produce Chloroplasts High-energy sugars Harvesting Chemical Energy So we see how energy enters food chains (via autotrophs) we can look at how organisms use that energy to fuel their bodies. Plants and animals both use products of photosynthesis (glucose) for metabolic fuel Heterotrophs: must take in energy from outside sources, cannot make their own e.g. animals When we take in glucose (or other carbs), proteins, and fats-‐these foods don’t come to us the way our cells can use them III. Energy Flow: Biochemical Pathways: series of chemical reac%ons that changes the form of energy so that it can be used by organisms. Organisms use energy in the form of ATP to carry out cellular processes. Energy In Plants and Animals – “It’s all about the ATP” Animals – heterotroph Animals eat food. Fermentation (anaerobic) Animals get glucose(stored energy) from the food. Plants – autotroph Photosynthesis – Location: Chloroplast Light Energy OXYGEN NOT PRESENT Plants and Animals Cellular Respiration –Location: mitochondria cells need energy Glucose Glucose = stored energy – “potential” Step #1 Light Reactions Glycolysis OXYGEN PRESENT ATP and NADPH “Energy molecules” Aerobic Respiration has two steps: Step 1: Kreb’s Cycle Step 2: The Electron Transport Chain Step #2 Dark Reactions - Calvin Cycle From start to finish, Glucose to the “ETC” creates 38 ATP (kinetic) for the cell Chemical Structure of ATP Adenine Base 3 Phosphates Copyright Cmassengale Ribose Sugar What Does ATP Do for You? Copyright Cmassengale How Do We Get Energy From ATP? Copyright Cmassengale IV. Cellular Respiration Series of biochemical pathways; cells make ATP by breaking down glucose Organisms break down stored organic molecules (i.e. glucose) into ATP for life processes. Chemical Equa%on: C6H12O6 + 6O2 6CO2 + 6H2O + energy “Appears” to be the reverse of photosynthesis V. Summary of Cell Respiration: 1. Glycolysis: Glucose > 2 Pyruvic Acid; NET yield of 2 ATP and 2 NADH 2. Aerobic Respira>on (IF O2 is present) OR 1) Anaerobic Respira>on (IF NO O2 is present) * Can be Lac%c Acid Fermenta%on or Alcoholic Fermenta%on VI. Where does glycolysis occur? Glycolysis: Cytosol of the cell V. Summary of Cell Respiration: Step 1: Glycolysis: Glucose > 2 Pyruvic Acid; NET yield of 2 ATP and 2 NADH REMEMBER! Glycolysis takes Glucose and turns in into two moleules of pyruvic acids. Anaerobic Cellular Respiration Some organisms thrive in environments with ligle or no oxygen Marshes, bogs, gut of animals, sewage treatment ponds No oxygen used= ‘an’aerobic Results in no more ATP, final steps in these pathways serve ONLY to regenerate NAD+ so it can return to pick up more electrons and hydrogens in glycolysis. End products such as ethanol and CO2 (single cell fungi (yeast) in beer/bread) or lac%c acid (muscle cells) Energy In Plants and Animals – “It’s all about the ATP” Animals – heterotroph Animals eat food. Fermentation (anaerobic) Animals get glucose(stored energy) from the food. Plants – autotroph Photosynthesis – Location: Chloroplast Light Energy OXYGEN NOT PRESENT Plants and Animals Cellular Respiration –Location: mitochondria cells need energy Glucose Glucose = stored energy – “potential” Step #1 Light Reactions Glycolysis OXYGEN PRESENT ATP and NADPH “Energy molecules” Aerobic Respiration has two steps: Step 1: Kreb’s Cycle Step 2: The Electron Transport Chain Step #2 Dark Reactions - Calvin Cycle From start to finish, Glucose to the “ETC” creates 38 ATP (kinetic) for the cell Aerobic Respiration: O2 present Before Aerobic Respira%on these pyruvic acids must be changed to a molecule known as Acetyl CoA. What Carries the Electrons? Copyright Cmassengale VI. Where does the Krebs cycle occur? Krebs Cycle: Mitochondrial Matrix Another take on Kreb’s Cycle Another take on Kreb’s Cycle V. Summary of Cell Respiration: Step 1: Glycolysis: Glucose > 2 Pyruvic Acid; NET yield of 2 ATP and 2 NADH 1. 2 Pyruvic Acid > 2 Acetyl CoA ; release CO2 and makes 2 NADH 2. Aerobic Respira>on (IF O2 is present) STEP 2: Krebs Cycle: Acetyl CoA > CO2, H+, and ATP; 2 turns produce 6 NADH, 2, FADH2, 2 ATP, and 4 CO2. STEP 3: ETC: 10 NADH & 2 FADH2 > 34 ATP OR 1) Anaerobic Respira>on (IF NO O2 is present) * Can be Lac%c Acid Fermenta%on or Alcoholic Fermenta%on VI. Where does electron transport occur? ETC: Inner Membrane of Mitochondria (Cristae). Electron Transport Chain NADH and FADH2 release electrons into the ETC and pump H+ across the mitochondrial matrix. Electron Transport Chain This creates more protons (H+) on one side of the membrane than the other side of the membrane. The proton gradient now helps produce ATP! It’s all about the ATP 38 ATP from glucose to end! ATP Glycolysis = 2 ATP Aerobic Respira%on/Cell Respira%on (Krebs cycle: 2 ATP/Electron Transport: 34 ATP)= 36 ATP