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Transcript
Boardworks A2 Biology Contents Guide Boardworks A2 Biology Respiration 39 slides 17 Flash activities What is respiration? • The adaptations of mitochondria Labelling structure of mitochondria Overview of the stages of respiration Key molecules for respiration Molecules • • • The structure of ATP Phosphorylation of ADP The roles of coenzymes Activity linking molecules to their roles in respiration The biochemical process • • Animation showing glycolysis Ordering the stages of glycolysis Three animations showing the possible fates of pyruvate The stages of the Krebs cycle Counting the number of carbon atoms in each compound Animation showing the electron transport chain Testing the stages that occur in the electron transport chain The efficiency of aerobic respiration Matching parts of a mitochondrion to their adaptations The evidence for chemiosmosis Studying respiration • Guide to using a respirometer Ordering the stages of a respirometer experiment Using other respiratory substrates Calculating respiratory quotient Summary activities Glossary of keywords in the presentation Identifying the correct spelling and definition of selected keywords in the presentation Multiple-choice quiz September 2009 1/16 Boardworks A2 Biology Contents Guide Photosynthesis: The Reaction 36 slides 17 Flash activities Structure of chloroplasts • Introduction to photosynthesis The different structures inside leaves Guide to the parts of a chloroplast Identifying structures from micrographs and line drawings Matching photosynthetic components to their function Molecules Molecules involved in photosynthesis Deciding how best to measure the effect of wavelength on photosynthesis Animation showing an experiment to test the effect of wavelength on photosynthesis • The structure of ATP • Photophosphorylation and hydrolysis • The structure of NADP Identifying the molecules involved in photosynthesis Light-dependent reaction • • The location of the light-dependent reaction Three animations showing the processes taking place in the light-dependent reaction Summary diagram of the light-dependent reaction The products of the light-dependent reaction Completing sentences about the light-dependent reaction Light-independent reaction • • • • The location of the light-independent reaction Animation showing the stages in the light-independent reaction Products of the light-independent reaction Synthesizing complex molecules Ordering the sequence of events in the Calvin cycle Summary diagram of photosynthesis True or false statements about photosynthesis Summary activities Glossary of keywords in the presentation Identifying the correct spelling and definition of selected keywords in the presentation Identifying the inputs and outputs of the reactions that occur in photosynthesis Multiple-choice quiz September 2009 2/16 Boardworks A2 Biology Contents Guide Photosynthesis: Limiting Factors 24 slides 12 Flash activities Introduction to limiting factors • • Overview of limiting factors Deciding how best to test the effects of various limiting factors Apparatus needed to measure the rate of photosynthesis Overview of how photosynthesis and respiration interact True or false statements about limiting factors Molecules Limiting factors • • Virtual experiment showing the effect of differing light intensity on the rate of photosynthesis Plotting light intensity Comparing different types of plants Temperature • The importance of temperature to enzyme reactions Virtual experiment showing how temperature affects the rate of photosynthesis Completing the sentences about photosynthesis Carbon dioxide concentration • Atmospheric carbon dioxide Virtual experiment showing how carbon dioxide concentration affects the rate of photosynthesis True or false statements about carbon dioxide and plants Summary activities Glossary of keywords in the presentation Identifying the correct spelling and definition of selected keywords in the presentation Quiz about limiting factors in photosynthetic reactions Multiple-choice quiz September 2009 3/16 Boardworks A2 Biology Contents Guide Gene Expression and Protein Synthesis 36 slides 14 Flash activities Controlling protein synthesis • • • • Cells • • Introducing gene expression Matching the features of genetic code to their definitions Stages involved in protein synthesis Animation showing the transcription of DNA Role of transcriptional factors The processing of mRNA to remove introns Completing sentences about transcription An animation showing translation Cracking the code – Nirenberg and Heinrich A sequence showing how small interfering RNA works Post-translational modification, including insulin Identifying the DNA and RNA sequences and the amino acids coded for Ordering the sequence of events in protein synthesis The control of protein production in prokaryotes – the lac operon gene Gene mutation • • • Guide to types of point mutation Mutagenic agents Control of cell division and role of the proto-oncogene and the tumour suppressor gene Mutations in the CFTR gene True or false statements about mutations Gene expression and development • • Overview of controlling development Guide to homeobox genes Scientist case study of a plant scientist Summary activities Glossary of keywords in the presentation Identifying the correct spelling and definition of selected keywords in the presentation Multiple-choice quiz September 2009 4/16 Boardworks A2 Biology Contents Guide Genetic Technologies 42 slides 19 Flash activities Cloning • • • • Overview of cloning Animation showing the production of animal clones using somatic cell nuclear transfer True or false activity about somatic cell nuclear transfer Natural clones in plants A sequence showing the production of plant clones using micropropagation Ordering the stages of micropropagation Disadvantages of reproductive cloning Guide to therapeutic cloning Using adult stem cells for transplants Voting activity on therapeutic cloning Cells Genetic Engineering • • • • Stages involved in genetically modifying an organism Animation showing the production of DNA copies from mRNA using reverse transcriptase Using restriction endonucleases Sorting statements referring to the use of restriction enzymes and reverse transcription Bacterial conjugation and antibiotic resistance An animation showing how plasmids are used as vectors Other genetic markers Using viruses as vectors Activity matching enzymes with the processes they catalyze True or false activity about genetic engineering Applications of genetic technology • • • • Overview of using technology to modify organisms The production of Golden Rice Using genetically modified bacteria to produce antibiotics, hormones and enzymes Pharming and the production of drugs Xenotransplantation The issues surrounding GM organisms Voting activity about GM organisms Summary activities Glossary of keywords in the presentation Identifying the correct spelling and definition of selected keywords in the presentation Multiple-choice quiz September 2009 5/16 Boardworks A2 Biology Contents Guide Studying Genomes 31 slides 15 Flash activities Locating and sequencing genes • Overview of DNA sequencing Animation showing the polymerase chain reaction Animation showing how restriction enzymes are used to map a sample of DNA Animation showing how DNA sequencing works Choosing the components needed for PCR True or false statements about DNA sequencing Matching DNA sequencing materials to their functions Understanding genomes • Cells • • • Full genome sequencing A guide to minisatellites The stages involved in genetic fingerprinting A sequence showing how a genetic fingerprint is produced Analysing genetic fingerprints The Human Genome Project Ordering the stages involved in creating a DNA profile Defective genes and gene therapy • • • • Using gene probes to locate defective genes Cystic fibrosis Introducing gene therapy Germ line and somatic cell gene therapy Vectors used in somatic cell gene therapy Genetic counselling Completing sentences about gene therapy Summary activities Glossary of keywords in the presentation Identifying the correct spelling and definition of selected keywords in the presentation Multiple-choice quiz September 2009 6/16 Boardworks A2 Biology Contents Guide Homeostasis 37 slides 17 Flash activities Introducing homeostasis • • • • Overview of homeostasis The importance of homeostasis Guide to negative feedback Overview of positive feedback Comparing nervous and endocrine control Deciding how different conditions are controlled Behavioural controls, including kineses and taxes Using graphs to visualize homeostatic mechanisms Organisms Thermoregulation • • • Overview of thermoregulation Matching methods of heat transfer with their definitions Interactive diagram showing heat transfer in animals Thermoregulation in ectotherms and endotherms. Guide to the structure of the skin Animations showing thermoregulation in humans Hyperthermia and hypothermia Identify responses to a rise or fall in temperature Identify the components of the thermoregulatory control system in humans Control of heart rate • Animation showing how the heart rate is controlled The role of adrenaline Ordering the stages involved in controlling heart rate by blood pressure Osmoregulation • • Overview of osmoregulation A diagram showing the stages of osmoregulation Identifying the components involved in the osmoregulatory control system Summary activities Glossary of keywords in the presentation Identifying the correct spelling and definition of selected keywords in the presentation Completing sentences about mammalian homeostasis Multiple-choice quiz September 2009 7/16 Boardworks A2 Biology Contents Guide Hormones 29 slides 17 Flash activities The endocrine system • • Introduction to hormones Guide to glands of the endocrine system Matching glands to the hormones they produce Overview of exocrine glands Identifying structures in the pancreas from micrographs and line drawings Sorting statements about endocrine and exocrine glands Organisms Regulating blood glucose levels • • Animation showing how blood glucose levels are controlled Completing the sentences about glucoregulation Animation showing how insulin secretion is controlled Identifying the which ion channels are open during high and low glucose concentration Hyperglycaemia and hypoglycaemia Type 1 and type 2 diabetes Testing the differences between type 1 and type 2 diabetes The role of the different areas of the adrenal glands Animation showing how adrenaline catalyzes the breakdown of glycogen True or false statements about adrenaline Controlling the menstrual cycle • Overview of the menstrual cycle Animation showing how hormones control the menstrual cycle Identifying hormones on a graph showing the changing levels of hormones Summary activities Glossary of keywords in the presentation Identifying the correct spelling and definition of selected keywords in the presentation Multiple-choice quiz September 2009 8/16 Boardworks A2 Biology Contents Guide Plant Hormones and Responses 30 slides 14 Flash activities Introduction to plant hormones Organisms • • • • Matching plant responses to the stimuli causing them Overview of plant hormones Effects of plant growth factors Different types of tropisms Difficulties studying growth factors Guide to five major groups of plant growth factor Identifying plant growth factors from animations of their effects Completing the sentences about plant growth factors Plant responses to light • • Overview of photoreceptors The role of the auxin IAA in phototrophism Five animations showing the developments of the discovery of auxin over time Investigating phototropism in the classroom True or false statements about phototropism Other plant responses • • Apical dominance An animation showing the stages of leaf abscission The effect of gibberellins on stem elongation Quiz about plant responses to different growth factors Commercial applications Guide to commercial applications of plant growth factors Animation matching growth factors and their uses Summary activities Glossary of keywords in the presentation Identifying the correct spelling and definition of selected keywords in the presentation Multiple-choice quiz September 2009 9/16 Boardworks A2 Biology Contents Guide The Nervous System 38 slides 23 Flash activities Organization • • Introduction to the nervous system Guide to the organization of the nervous system The general structure of a neurone Different types of neurone Matching the parts of the neurone to the definitions Scientist case study: a neurologist Organisms The nerve impulse • • Animation showing the events during resting potential Completing the sentences about what happens during resting potential Animation showing the stages in an action potential Identifying which ion channels are open during each stage of an action potential A graph showing how the potential difference changes at each stage Activity testing depolarization, repolarization and resting potential The ‘all or nothing’ principle A simulation showing how frequency of action potentials is affected by stimulus strength Activity showing the refractory period after an action potential The factors that affect the speed of an impulse True or false statements about action potential Sensory receptors • • Receptors of the sensory nervous system Animation showing how mechanoreceptors within the skin detect pressure Guide to the cells found in the retina How rod cells and cone cells produce impulses Sorting statements about cone and rod cells The synapse Animation showing how an action potential moves across a synapse Identifying of the main features of a synapse from micrographs and line drawings Ordering the sequence of events across a synapse Labelling the main features of a synapse Summary activities Glossary of keywords in the presentation Identifying the correct spelling and definition of selected keywords in the presentation Multiple-choice quiz September 2009 10/16 Boardworks A2 Biology Contents Guide Muscles 36 slides 17 Flash activities Types of muscles • • • Introduction to skeletal, cardiac and smooth muscle Identifying muscle types from micrographs and line drawings The role of ATP in muscle contraction Fast and slow twitch fibres Quiz comparing fast and slow twitch fibres Controlling movement Organisms • • Overview of how muscle tissue produces movement Animation showing how muscles work in antagonistic pairs Matching the parts of the arm to their functions Neuromuscular junctions Animation showing the stages at a neuromuscular junction True and false statements about controlling muscle contraction Sliding filament theory • • • Zoom activity showing levels of structural organisation in skeletal muscles The discovery of myofibrils and sarcomeres Guide to the components of a sarcomere Identifying the sarcomere cross sections Sliding filament theory Animation showing the sliding filament theory Identifying changes in length of the different parts of the myofibril The structure of the myosin and actin Animation showing how the sliding filaments are controlled Ordering the sequence of events during sarcomere contraction Summary activities Glossary of keywords in the presentation Labelling the sarcomere structures Identifying the correct spelling and definition of selected keywords in the presentation Multiple-choice quiz September 2009 11/16 Boardworks A2 Biology Contents Guide Inheritance 45 slides 18 Flash activities Alleles • Matching genetics terms to their definitions Overview of the terms homozygous, heterozygous, codominance Identifying genetic terms in relation to their location on a pair of homologous chromosomes Organisms Genetic crosses Animation illustrating the principle of monohybrid crosses Completing a Punnet square for a monohybrid cross • Overview of a test cross • Cystic fibrosis as an autosomal recessive condition Completing a Punnett square relating to the inheritance of thalassaemia • Albinism as an autosomal recessive condition Completing a Punnett square relating to the inheritance of Huntington’s disease Completing a Punnett square relating to a codominant cross Completing a Punnett square relating to the inheritance of blood groups • Sex determination and sex linkage Completing a Punnet square relating to the inheritance of haemophilia Interpreting a pedigree diagram illustrating haemophilia in the Royal Family Animation illustrating the principle of dihybrid crosses Guide to the chi-squared test Genetic interactions • • • Overview of the interaction between genes and the environment, with particular mention of height, point colouration and skin colour Animation illustrating epistasis, with reference to fur colour in mice Linkage as a factor in reduced genetic variation, with particular mention to the linkage of flower colour and pollen shape in pea plants Animation illustrating how crossing over during meiosis increases genetic variation Independent assortment and random fertilization as contributors to increased genetic variation Identifying whether processes increase or decrease genetic variation Summary activities Glossary of keywords in the presentation Identifying the correct spelling and definition of selected keywords in the presentation Multiple-choice quiz September 2009 12/16 Boardworks A2 Biology Contents Guide Nutrient Cycling and Global warming 33 slides 17 Flash activities The nitrogen cycle • • Introduction to the nitrogen cycle Interactive diagram showing the stages involved in the nitrogen cycle More information about each stage in the nitrogen cycle Using of fertilizers Identifying the chemicals and organisms involved in the nitrogen cycle Matching processes to their descriptions Populations The carbon cycle • • • • Introduction to the carbon cycle Interactive diagram showing the stages involved in the carbon cycle Identifying which processes release or absorb carbon Decomposition and the role of saprotrophic organisms Carbon in the oceans The effect of human activity on the carbon cycle Interactive diagram showing global flows of carbon Global warming • Identifying true or false statements about global warming Animation showing the greenhouse effect Identifying which gases contribute to the greenhouse effect Animation showing graphs of carbon dioxide and temperature change over time Other sources of evidence for global warming Animation showing different models of possible temperature change The limitations of climate change modelling The possible effects of global warming Summary activities Glossary of keywords in the presentation Identifying the correct spelling and definition of selected keywords in the presentation Multiple-choice quiz September 2009 13/16 Boardworks A2 Biology Contents Guide Energy Transfer 31 slides 13 Flash activities Introducing energy transfer • • Populations • • • Energy flow through ecosystems Quiz about autotrophs and heterotrophs An interactive diagram showing what happens to energy from sunlight Matching and arranging the terms involved in primary productivity The net primary productivity in different types of ecosystems Ordering the ecosystems in order of productivity How energy is transferred between organisms Calculating efficiency of energy transfers Loss of energy between trophic levels Comparing trophic efficiency of zooplankton and elephants Calculating the percentage efficiency at each trophic level Identifying true and false statements about energy transfer Representing energy flow • • • Pyramids of number Pyramids of biomass Pyramids of energy Identifying true and false statements about pyramids Productivity and farming • • • • • Maximizing primary productivity The energy inputs in agricultural ecosystems Chemical and biological pest control Maximizing secondary productivity Intensive rearing of animals Issues surrounding factory farming Sorting statements about natural and agricultural ecosystems Summary activities Glossary of keywords in the presentation Identifying the correct spelling and definition of selected keywords in the presentation Multiple-choice quiz September 2009 14/16 Boardworks A2 Biology Contents Guide Ecosystems and Populations 37 slides 18 Flash activities Ecosystems and succession • • Populations • Ecosystems, biotic and abiotic factors, and niches Matching descriptions of niches to animals Overview of succession Interactive animation of sand dune succession Plant adaptations for different stages in succession Completing the sentences about rocky surface successions Overview of habitat conservation Matching descriptions to pioneer or climate communities Describing populations • • • • Populations, communities and ecosystems Quantifying a population Using a simple population model Animation showing the different stages of a growth curve Density dependent and density independent factors Predator-prey interactions Animation showing competing populations within the same niche Questions about population curves Investigating populations Matching the sampling method to its description Animation showing the mark-release-recapture method to estimate population size Virtual woodland study investigation Human populations • • The human population and demography Animation showing the demographic transition model Interpreting population pyramids Survival curves and life expectancy Testing understanding of demography and human population dynamics Summary activities Glossary of keywords in the presentation Identifying the correct spelling and definition of selected keywords in the presentation Multiple-choice quiz September 2009 15/16 Boardworks A2 Biology Contents Guide Evolution and Natural Selection 37 slides 16 Flash activities Evidence for evolution • • Charles Darwin and evolution by natural selection The evidence for evolution available to Darwin Molecular evidence for evolution Evolution of haemoglobin in primates: creating an evolutionary tree Populations The process of evolution • • • • • • A sequence showing an example of natural selection The conditions needed for evolution Continuous and discontinuous variation Origins of genetic variation Matching Darwin’s observations and deductions Different types of selection Interactive graph showing different types of selection affect populations Humanity as a selection pressure Inbreeding and artificial selection Speciation • Overview of speciation Animation showing allopatric speciation Guide to the mechanisms of sympatric speciation Identifying true or false statements about speciation Population genetics • • Overview of the gene pool Animation illustrating genetic drift Population bottlenecks An interactive activity showing how the founder effect changes allele frequencies Guide to the Hardy-Weinberg principle Calculating allele frequencies Identifying how factors affect the gene pool Summary activities Glossary of keywords in the presentation Identifying the correct spelling and definition of selected keywords in the presentation Multiple-choice quiz September 2009 16/16
