Download BASIC INTRO TAXONOMY CELL THEORY PROKARYOTES

CELLS
BASIC INTRO TAXONOMY
CELL THEORY
PROKARYOTES / EUKARYOTES
WHY ARE CELLS SO SMALL?
LEVELS OF ORGANIZATION:
BRAIN
CELL STRUCTURES & FUNCTIONS
https://vimeo.com/37107992
Bellwork Review
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What are the eight characteristics of
living things?
What are the four major
macromolecules?
Answers
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1. Made up of cells
2. Reproduce
3. Maintain Homeostasis
4. Metabolism
5. Evolution /Adapt
6. Respond to Stimuli
7. Grow and Develop
8. DNA
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Carbohydrates, Proteins, Lipids, and Nucleic Acids
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Diversity of Life:
a little background
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Arises by evolutionary change leading to
the present biodiversity we see.
Divided into Three Domains:
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1. Bacteria- single celled prokaryotes (no
nucleus)
2. Archaea- single celled prokaryotes (no
nucleus)
3. Eukarya- Plants, animals, fungi, and
protists have complex organelles and
multicellular
Three Domains & Six Major
Kingdoms
KINGDOMS
DOMAINS
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Bacteria
Archaea
Eukarya
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Eubacteria
Archaea
AnimaliaAnimals
Plantae- Plants
Fungi- Fungus
Protista- animal
like and plant
like
Domain Eubacteria
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True bacteria, mostly heterotrophic, live in all sorts
of environments
Largest groups of organisms on Earth
Only a small amount are disease causing
Most have very important roles:
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Photoautotrophs such as cyanobacteria
Saprophytes- decomposers that break down dead
material.
Symbionts- they have a relationship with other organisms
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=znnp-Ivj2ek
http://ed.ted.com/lessons/you-are-your-microbes-jessica-g
reen-and-karen-guillemin
Domain Archaea
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Most recent domain, 1970’s
Live in extreme environments with high
temperatures, and some produce methane.
Vast difference in genetic and biochemical
make-up from other bacterium.
Microscopically similar in looks, so it’s likely
that it has been around for a long time, but
we just missed it.
Live in extreme environments
◼
Hot springs, hydrothermal vents, extremely acidic
or alkaline water, anoxic mud swamps, petroleum
deposits, and the digestive tracts of cows, termites,
and marine life where they produce methane.
Domain Eukarya
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Eukaryotes= have a nucleus, are unicellular or
multicellular
4 Kingdoms
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1. Kingdom Protista: unicellular eukaryotes,
multicellular algae (dinoflagellates, diatoms, etc)
2. Kingdom Plantae: have cells walls, cellulose, and
obtain energy through photosynthesis.
3. Kingdom Fungi: Cell walls are made of chitin,
obtain energy by secreting enzymes and absorb the
products they release.
4. Kingdom Animalia- no cell walls, obtain energy by
ingesting other organisms.
How did we
learn that
there are
different cells,
three
Domains, etc?
Zacharias Janssen- 1500’s
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Believed to be the first
person to invent the
microscope.
Robert Hooke1665
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First to identify and
name cells by
observing cork from
the bark of an oak
tree.
Anton Van
Leeuwenhoek-1674
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First to observe and describe living cells in
pond water. He called them “animalcules.”
They were not “animals,” but single celled
organisms.
Mattias Schleiden- 1838
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Studied plant tissues and found
that plants are made of cells.
Theodore Schwann-1839
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Discovered that animals
are also made up of cells.
Published the first part of
the cell theory- all living
things are made up of cells.
Rudolf Virchow- 1855
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Proposed that cells come
from pre-existing cells.
Three parts of the cell theory
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1. All living things are made up of one or
more cells.
2. Cells are the basic units of structure
and function in organisms.
3. All cells arise from existing cells.
Origin of the cell theory with
video notes
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http://ed.ted.com/lessons/the-wacky-historyof-cell-theory#watch
What is the relationship
between structure and
function of your cells?
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The way they are shaped
directly relates to their job
or function.
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=u54bRpbSOgs
Nerve Cells
http://www.pinterest.com/pin/32088216071181270/
White blood
cell engulfing
a bacteria cell
and spewing
out the
remnants
http://www.nature.com/naturejobs/2013
/130815/images/nj7462-367a-i1.0.jpg
http://io9.com/photos-of-the-amazing-an
d-gruesome-world-under-a-micros-129132
8130
Inside the
chloroplast of a
plant cell
Eyelashes!
http://www.ebaumsworld.com/pictures/view/83877873/
Bacteria on
the tongue
http://www.ebaumsworld.com/pictures/
view/83877873/
Artery
and blood
cells
http://www.ebaumsworld.com/pictures/
view/83877873/
Clump of
sperm tails in
the testes
http://www.ebaumsworld.com/pictures/
view/83877873/
Staphylococcus
bacteria in the
trachea
http://www.sciencephoto.com/media/12
812/enlarge
Liver cell
http://www.sciencephoto.com/media/31
0232/enlarge
Lung Cells
http://images.sciencesource.com/preview
/14917208/SQ7335.html
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http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Rpj0emE
GShQ&feature=related
Cells are separated into two
categories
1. Prokaryotic
⬜ 2. Eukaryotic
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How they are alike!
* Microscopic in size
* Composed of similar building
blocks
* Cell Membrane
* Cytoplasm
* Have DNA
* Loaded with ribosomes
Prokaryotes
Smaller, simpler than eukaryotes.
◼ No nucleus or membrane bound organelles
◼ DNA is suspended in the cytoplasm and is circular / loop
◼ Single celled
◼ Cell Walls
◼ Evolved 3.5 bya
◼ Ex- Bacteria or Archaea
Divided into groups based on their need for oxygen:
◼ Obligate anaerobes- cannot survive in the presence of
oxygen.
◼ Obligate aerobe- needs oxygen to survive
◼ Facultative aerobe- can survive whether or not oxygen is
present.
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Eukaryotes
Has a nucleus with membrane bound
organelles
◼ Nucleus store the genetic material
and is linear
◼ Multicellular or unicellular
◼ Larger, more complex
◼ Plants, animals, fungi, and protists
◼ Evolved 1.5 mya
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Structure of a Prokaryote
Cytoplasm
Cell
membrane
Pili
Cell
Wall
www.biologyjunction.com
DNA
Ribosomes
Flagella
Functions
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Pili- help prokaryotes stick to the surfaces
Flagellum- tail like structure used for movement.
Ribosomes- make proteins
DNA- shaped in a loop or circle and is located in
the cytoplasm.
Cytoplasm- jelly-like substance that surrounds
molecules and organelles in a cell.
Cell wall- structural support.
Cell membrane- controls the movement of
substances in and out of the cell.
Benefits of Prokaryotes
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Provide nutrients to humans and animals,
especially in digestion. Bacteria form a symbiotic
relationship called mutualism, where both the host
and bacteria benefit. The bacteria has a home and
obtains food from the host, while at the same time
the bacteria helps the host by breaking down food,
as well as absorbing nutrients.
Important in the ecosystem- some produce oxygen,
while others help cycle carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen,
and phosphorus throughout the environment.
Bioremediation- living things break down
pollutants. Some bacteria can digest oil= clean up oil
spills.
Bacterial Diseases
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Can attack the cells in tissues.
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Tuberculosis / TB, is caused by a bacteria that
invades the lungs and uses the tissues for nutrients.
Can make poisons called toxins
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Blood carries it to other parts of the body.
Food poisoning
E. coli bacteria
on a lettuce leaf
http://io9.com/photos-of-the-amazing-and-gruesome-world-under-amicros-1291328130
Antibiotics
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Antibiotics are used to fight bacterial disease
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Chemicals that kill or slow the growth of bacteria
Work by stopping the cell wall from developing. Animal
cells do not have cell walls, and viruses also lack cell
walls.
When you take antibiotics it can kill the good bacteria=
illness.
Antibiotic Resistance: overuse of antibiotics has caused
certain strains of bacteria to become resistant to
medications. This allows the bacteria to survive and
reproduce.
What is the biggest single
celled organism?
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https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FK9xHr
y877U&app=desktop
Why are cells so small?
•Cells constantly interact with their
environment
•Nutrients (O2) and food must be absorbed.
•Waste ( CO2) must be eliminated
•This is all done through the cell membrane.
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Cells are microscopic and they maximize their
surface area on the outside.
They aren’t infinitely small because we
wouldn’t be able to fit the machinery inside
(DNA, organelles).
How does it work? What is
surface area? Volume?
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Surface area- the area that goes around the
outside. Affects the rate at which particles enter
and leave the cell.
Volume- what’s inside. Affects chemical
reactions.
Example: the surface area is represented by the
four sides of the box.
Example: the surface area is
represented by the four sides
of the box.
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The broken up box still has the same volume,
but the surface area increased. We have more
locations on the outside for molecules to attach
and to move in and out.
What if we break up the four
boxes into 16?
Is the volume the same? _______________
Did the surface area increase, decrease, or stay the
same? __________________________
Explain-___________________________________________
___________________________________________________
___________________________________________________
________
What happens when the cell
grows bigger?
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The volume inside gets larger and the cell
membrane expands.
Volume increases more rapidly than the
surface area.
Do you think a
large cell or a small
cell is more
efficient?
Main Points
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Nutrients, such as oxygen, need to enter the cell.
Waste, such as carbon dioxide, need to leave the
cell.
The SA: V ratio gets smaller as the cell grows
larger.
If the cell grows too much, materials will not be
able to pass through the membrane. Therefore, it
won’t be able to accommodate the needs of the
organelles and structures inside the cell. This
typically results in the cell dividing into smaller
cells, or sometimes they stop functioning.
What happens if the SA:V ratio
gets too small?
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Substances can’t enter fast enough.
Waste products leave slowly, and can
accumulate in the cell.
Cells can’t maintain homeostasis because it is
not able to lose heat fast enough.
Practice
DATA TABLE: Cell Size Comparison
Cell
Dimensions
(cm)
1
1X1X1
2
2X2X2
3
3X3X3
Surface Area
(cm2)
Volume
(cm3)
Ratio
Surface area
to Volume
Directions: figure out the surface
area, volume, and the ratio using
the steps below.
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Step 1- Calculate the total surface area for each cell
model by the following formula:
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Step 2- Calculate the volumes for each cell model by
the following formula:
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Surface area = (Length X Width) X 6 sides
Record the surface areas in the DATA TABLE.
Volume = length X width X height
Record the volumes in the DATA TABLE.
Step 3- Calculate the surface area-to-volume ratio for
each cell model by the following formula:
ratio =surface area
volume
Level
Cell
Organelle
Cell
Tissue
Function
Example
Tiny organelles that each
have specific functions.
Nucleus
Basic unit of life.
Nerve Cell
A group of similar cells that
work together.
Nervous Tissue
Organ
Collection of tissues joined
together.
Brain
Organ
System
Organism
Collection of organs that
work together for a similar
goal.
Nervous System
A living thing.
Human
The Brain
1. Cerebral Cortex
2. Thalamus
3. Corpus
Callosum
4. Hypothalamus
5. Hippocampus
6. Pituitary Gland
7. Midbrain
8. Pons
9. Medulla
Oblongata
10. Brainstem
11. Spinal Cord
12. Cerebellum
Label the Lobes!
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1- Frontal lobe
2- Temporal
lobe
3- Spinal cord
4- Cerebellum
5- Occipital
lobe
6- Parietal lobe
Parts of the Brain
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Cerebrum: The largest part of the brain, divided into
the left and right hemisphere. Controls voluntary
movements, coordinates mental activity, and is the
center for all conscious living.
Cerebellum: 2nd largest part of the brain. Controls basic
movement, balance, and posture. Hangs like a bell off
the back of your head ☺
Brain Stem: Crucial because it controls involuntary
responses, things that happen automatically like
breathing.
Corpus Callosum: Large bundle of nerve fibers that
connect the left and right cerebral hemispheres. Looks
like a “C” on its side. Relays sensory information
between them.
Medulla Oblongata: Controls automatic functions
including heartbeat, breathing, etc.
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Hippocampus : Memory
and emotion. You would
never forget if you saw a
“hippo on campus,”
would you?
Amygdala : Aggression
(fight) and fear (flight)
Hypothalamus : Hunger,
thirst, body temperature,
pleasure; regulates
pituitary gland
(hormones).
HOMEOSTASIS
Pituitary Gland: “master
gland” of the brain that
secretes hormones.
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Thalamus: Relay station of sensory
information and motor information.
Also controls sleep and states of
consciousness.
Midbrain: Reflexes involving eyes and
ears.
Pons: Controls certain respiratory
functions. Serves as a relay station from
the medulla to higher structures in the
brain.
The Cerebral Cortex
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Cerebral Cortex: the ultimate control and
information processing center. Outer layer of the
cerebrum. Interprets information from your
sensory organs and generates a response.
⬜ Frontal: Personality, reasoning, and judgment.
Voluntary movement and speech.
⬜ Parietal: Sensory cortex that interprets and
coordinates information regarding the sense of
touch and taste.
⬜ Occipital: Visual information is processed.
⬜ Temporal: Speech interpretation and hearing.
Memory as well.
Cell
Organelles
http://viewpure.com/cj8dDTHGJBY?start
=0&end=0
http://viewpure.com/9UvlqAVCoqY?star
t=0&end=0
Reference your
foldables at this
time!
Cell/Plasma Membrane
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Regulates what enters and leaves the cell; selectively
permeable.
Cytoplasm
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Contains cytosol, a jelly-like substance
that contains dissolved materials
(proteins, nucleic acids, minerals).
Cytoskeleton
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Network of proteins that constantly
changes to meet the needs of the cell.
Helps maintain the shape of the cell.
Remember: One of the
functions of proteins is
SUPPORT!
Add to the
back of
your
foldable
⬜
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Three Main Fibers:
1. Microtubules= long hollow tubes.
Gives the cell its shape and acts as
“tracks” for organelle movement.
2. Intermediate filaments- gives the cell
strength
3. Microfilaments- tiny threads that allow
the cell to move and divide. Help the
muscles contract and relax.
Cell Wall
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Rigid, outer surface,
made of cellulose that
supports, protects, and
gives the cell shape.
Plasmodesma
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Channels that exist between neighboring
plants, allows them to exchange
materials.
Image taken with
transmission electron
microscope → Used to see the
INTERIOR of the cell
Amyloplast
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Synthesizes and stores starch
Central Vacuole
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Large fluid filled sac used for storage of
needed materials (water, food, enzymes)
Tonoplast
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Semi-permeable membrane that regulates
what goes in and out of the vacuole.
Chloroplast
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Carries out photosynthesis by
capturing and converting solar
energy.
Golgi Body
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Processes, sorts, packages, and delivers proteins and
carbohydrates into vesicles for export out of the cell;
“UPS” of the cell.
Golgi Vesicle
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Contains and transports substances
(enzymes and proteins) throughout the
cell; “taxi cab”
DNA in the Nucleoplasm
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Coiled around proteins called histones;
Proteins + DNA = chromatin.
Function- To package DNA into a smaller
volume so that it can fit into a cell.
Process- Cell Division
Nucleus
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Control center of the cell;
storehouse of DNA
Nucleolus
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Dense region in the center of the nucleus that
makes ribosomes.
Nuclear Membrane/
Envelope
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Double membrane around the nucleus; protects the
nucleus
Nuclear Pore
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Allows large
molecules
(mRNA) to pass
between the
nucleus and
cytoplasm.
Smooth Endoplasmic
Reticulum
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No ribosomes, makes proteins and lipids, controls calcium
levels, breaks down drugs and alcohol
Liver cells are one type of specialized cell that have a lot of
Smooth ER; to process the toxins we ingest!
Rough Endoplasmic
Reticulum
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Covered in ribosomes and attached to the
nucleus. Produces and transports
enzymes and proteins throughout the
cell.
Ribosomes
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Site of protein synthesis. Makes
proteins.
Mitochondria
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Powerhouse of the cell. Converts food
into energy via cellular respiration
(glucose into ATP); have their own
ribosomes and DNA
Centriole
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Small cylinders that help divide DNA
during cell division
Process- Mitosis / Meiosis
Lysosomes
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Contains enzymes, which digest old cell parts,
bacteria, and viruses.
Peroxisome
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Contains enzymes that are responsible for
metabolic functions.
Flagella and Cilia
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Whip-like tail
projection that aids in
movement
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Hair-like projections
that aid in movement.