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CELLS BASIC INTRO TAXONOMY CELL THEORY PROKARYOTES / EUKARYOTES WHY ARE CELLS SO SMALL? LEVELS OF ORGANIZATION: BRAIN CELL STRUCTURES & FUNCTIONS https://vimeo.com/37107992 Bellwork Review ⬜ ⬜ What are the eight characteristics of living things? What are the four major macromolecules? Answers ⬜ 1. Made up of cells 2. Reproduce 3. Maintain Homeostasis 4. Metabolism 5. Evolution /Adapt 6. Respond to Stimuli 7. Grow and Develop 8. DNA ⬜ Carbohydrates, Proteins, Lipids, and Nucleic Acids ⬜ ⬜ ⬜ ⬜ ⬜ ⬜ ⬜ Diversity of Life: a little background ⬜ ⬜ Arises by evolutionary change leading to the present biodiversity we see. Divided into Three Domains: ◼ ◼ ◼ 1. Bacteria- single celled prokaryotes (no nucleus) 2. Archaea- single celled prokaryotes (no nucleus) 3. Eukarya- Plants, animals, fungi, and protists have complex organelles and multicellular Three Domains & Six Major Kingdoms KINGDOMS DOMAINS ⬜ ⬜ ⬜ Bacteria Archaea Eukarya ⬜ ⬜ ⬜ ⬜ ⬜ ⬜ Eubacteria Archaea AnimaliaAnimals Plantae- Plants Fungi- Fungus Protista- animal like and plant like Domain Eubacteria ⬜ ⬜ ⬜ ⬜ True bacteria, mostly heterotrophic, live in all sorts of environments Largest groups of organisms on Earth Only a small amount are disease causing Most have very important roles: ◼ ◼ ◼ ◼ ◼ Photoautotrophs such as cyanobacteria Saprophytes- decomposers that break down dead material. Symbionts- they have a relationship with other organisms https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=znnp-Ivj2ek http://ed.ted.com/lessons/you-are-your-microbes-jessica-g reen-and-karen-guillemin Domain Archaea ⬜ ⬜ ⬜ ⬜ ⬜ Most recent domain, 1970’s Live in extreme environments with high temperatures, and some produce methane. Vast difference in genetic and biochemical make-up from other bacterium. Microscopically similar in looks, so it’s likely that it has been around for a long time, but we just missed it. Live in extreme environments ◼ Hot springs, hydrothermal vents, extremely acidic or alkaline water, anoxic mud swamps, petroleum deposits, and the digestive tracts of cows, termites, and marine life where they produce methane. Domain Eukarya ⬜ ⬜ Eukaryotes= have a nucleus, are unicellular or multicellular 4 Kingdoms ◼ ◼ ◼ ◼ 1. Kingdom Protista: unicellular eukaryotes, multicellular algae (dinoflagellates, diatoms, etc) 2. Kingdom Plantae: have cells walls, cellulose, and obtain energy through photosynthesis. 3. Kingdom Fungi: Cell walls are made of chitin, obtain energy by secreting enzymes and absorb the products they release. 4. Kingdom Animalia- no cell walls, obtain energy by ingesting other organisms. How did we learn that there are different cells, three Domains, etc? Zacharias Janssen- 1500’s ⬜ Believed to be the first person to invent the microscope. Robert Hooke1665 ⬜ First to identify and name cells by observing cork from the bark of an oak tree. Anton Van Leeuwenhoek-1674 ⬜ ⬜ First to observe and describe living cells in pond water. He called them “animalcules.” They were not “animals,” but single celled organisms. Mattias Schleiden- 1838 ⬜ Studied plant tissues and found that plants are made of cells. Theodore Schwann-1839 ⬜ ⬜ Discovered that animals are also made up of cells. Published the first part of the cell theory- all living things are made up of cells. Rudolf Virchow- 1855 ⬜ Proposed that cells come from pre-existing cells. Three parts of the cell theory ⬜ ⬜ ⬜ 1. All living things are made up of one or more cells. 2. Cells are the basic units of structure and function in organisms. 3. All cells arise from existing cells. Origin of the cell theory with video notes ⬜ http://ed.ted.com/lessons/the-wacky-historyof-cell-theory#watch What is the relationship between structure and function of your cells? ⬜ The way they are shaped directly relates to their job or function. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=u54bRpbSOgs Nerve Cells http://www.pinterest.com/pin/32088216071181270/ White blood cell engulfing a bacteria cell and spewing out the remnants http://www.nature.com/naturejobs/2013 /130815/images/nj7462-367a-i1.0.jpg http://io9.com/photos-of-the-amazing-an d-gruesome-world-under-a-micros-129132 8130 Inside the chloroplast of a plant cell Eyelashes! http://www.ebaumsworld.com/pictures/view/83877873/ Bacteria on the tongue http://www.ebaumsworld.com/pictures/ view/83877873/ Artery and blood cells http://www.ebaumsworld.com/pictures/ view/83877873/ Clump of sperm tails in the testes http://www.ebaumsworld.com/pictures/ view/83877873/ Staphylococcus bacteria in the trachea http://www.sciencephoto.com/media/12 812/enlarge Liver cell http://www.sciencephoto.com/media/31 0232/enlarge Lung Cells http://images.sciencesource.com/preview /14917208/SQ7335.html ⬜ http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Rpj0emE GShQ&feature=related Cells are separated into two categories 1. Prokaryotic ⬜ 2. Eukaryotic ⬜ How they are alike! * Microscopic in size * Composed of similar building blocks * Cell Membrane * Cytoplasm * Have DNA * Loaded with ribosomes Prokaryotes Smaller, simpler than eukaryotes. ◼ No nucleus or membrane bound organelles ◼ DNA is suspended in the cytoplasm and is circular / loop ◼ Single celled ◼ Cell Walls ◼ Evolved 3.5 bya ◼ Ex- Bacteria or Archaea Divided into groups based on their need for oxygen: ◼ Obligate anaerobes- cannot survive in the presence of oxygen. ◼ Obligate aerobe- needs oxygen to survive ◼ Facultative aerobe- can survive whether or not oxygen is present. ◼ ⬜ Eukaryotes Has a nucleus with membrane bound organelles ◼ Nucleus store the genetic material and is linear ◼ Multicellular or unicellular ◼ Larger, more complex ◼ Plants, animals, fungi, and protists ◼ Evolved 1.5 mya ◼ Structure of a Prokaryote Cytoplasm Cell membrane Pili Cell Wall www.biologyjunction.com DNA Ribosomes Flagella Functions ⬜ ⬜ ⬜ ⬜ ⬜ ⬜ ⬜ Pili- help prokaryotes stick to the surfaces Flagellum- tail like structure used for movement. Ribosomes- make proteins DNA- shaped in a loop or circle and is located in the cytoplasm. Cytoplasm- jelly-like substance that surrounds molecules and organelles in a cell. Cell wall- structural support. Cell membrane- controls the movement of substances in and out of the cell. Benefits of Prokaryotes ⬜ ⬜ ⬜ Provide nutrients to humans and animals, especially in digestion. Bacteria form a symbiotic relationship called mutualism, where both the host and bacteria benefit. The bacteria has a home and obtains food from the host, while at the same time the bacteria helps the host by breaking down food, as well as absorbing nutrients. Important in the ecosystem- some produce oxygen, while others help cycle carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, and phosphorus throughout the environment. Bioremediation- living things break down pollutants. Some bacteria can digest oil= clean up oil spills. Bacterial Diseases ⬜ Can attack the cells in tissues. ◼ ⬜ Tuberculosis / TB, is caused by a bacteria that invades the lungs and uses the tissues for nutrients. Can make poisons called toxins ◼ ◼ Blood carries it to other parts of the body. Food poisoning E. coli bacteria on a lettuce leaf http://io9.com/photos-of-the-amazing-and-gruesome-world-under-amicros-1291328130 Antibiotics ⬜ Antibiotics are used to fight bacterial disease ◼ ◼ ◼ ◼ Chemicals that kill or slow the growth of bacteria Work by stopping the cell wall from developing. Animal cells do not have cell walls, and viruses also lack cell walls. When you take antibiotics it can kill the good bacteria= illness. Antibiotic Resistance: overuse of antibiotics has caused certain strains of bacteria to become resistant to medications. This allows the bacteria to survive and reproduce. What is the biggest single celled organism? ⬜ https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FK9xHr y877U&app=desktop Why are cells so small? •Cells constantly interact with their environment •Nutrients (O2) and food must be absorbed. •Waste ( CO2) must be eliminated •This is all done through the cell membrane. ⬜ ⬜ Cells are microscopic and they maximize their surface area on the outside. They aren’t infinitely small because we wouldn’t be able to fit the machinery inside (DNA, organelles). How does it work? What is surface area? Volume? ⬜ ⬜ ⬜ Surface area- the area that goes around the outside. Affects the rate at which particles enter and leave the cell. Volume- what’s inside. Affects chemical reactions. Example: the surface area is represented by the four sides of the box. Example: the surface area is represented by the four sides of the box. ⬜ The broken up box still has the same volume, but the surface area increased. We have more locations on the outside for molecules to attach and to move in and out. What if we break up the four boxes into 16? Is the volume the same? _______________ Did the surface area increase, decrease, or stay the same? __________________________ Explain-___________________________________________ ___________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________ ________ What happens when the cell grows bigger? ⬜ ⬜ The volume inside gets larger and the cell membrane expands. Volume increases more rapidly than the surface area. Do you think a large cell or a small cell is more efficient? Main Points ⬜ ⬜ ⬜ Nutrients, such as oxygen, need to enter the cell. Waste, such as carbon dioxide, need to leave the cell. The SA: V ratio gets smaller as the cell grows larger. If the cell grows too much, materials will not be able to pass through the membrane. Therefore, it won’t be able to accommodate the needs of the organelles and structures inside the cell. This typically results in the cell dividing into smaller cells, or sometimes they stop functioning. What happens if the SA:V ratio gets too small? ⬜ ⬜ ⬜ Substances can’t enter fast enough. Waste products leave slowly, and can accumulate in the cell. Cells can’t maintain homeostasis because it is not able to lose heat fast enough. Practice DATA TABLE: Cell Size Comparison Cell Dimensions (cm) 1 1X1X1 2 2X2X2 3 3X3X3 Surface Area (cm2) Volume (cm3) Ratio Surface area to Volume Directions: figure out the surface area, volume, and the ratio using the steps below. ⬜ Step 1- Calculate the total surface area for each cell model by the following formula: ◼ ◼ ⬜ Step 2- Calculate the volumes for each cell model by the following formula: ◼ ◼ ⬜ ⬜ Surface area = (Length X Width) X 6 sides Record the surface areas in the DATA TABLE. Volume = length X width X height Record the volumes in the DATA TABLE. Step 3- Calculate the surface area-to-volume ratio for each cell model by the following formula: ratio =surface area volume Level Cell Organelle Cell Tissue Function Example Tiny organelles that each have specific functions. Nucleus Basic unit of life. Nerve Cell A group of similar cells that work together. Nervous Tissue Organ Collection of tissues joined together. Brain Organ System Organism Collection of organs that work together for a similar goal. Nervous System A living thing. Human The Brain 1. Cerebral Cortex 2. Thalamus 3. Corpus Callosum 4. Hypothalamus 5. Hippocampus 6. Pituitary Gland 7. Midbrain 8. Pons 9. Medulla Oblongata 10. Brainstem 11. Spinal Cord 12. Cerebellum Label the Lobes! ⬜ ⬜ ⬜ ⬜ ⬜ ⬜ 1- Frontal lobe 2- Temporal lobe 3- Spinal cord 4- Cerebellum 5- Occipital lobe 6- Parietal lobe Parts of the Brain ⬜ ⬜ ⬜ ⬜ ⬜ Cerebrum: The largest part of the brain, divided into the left and right hemisphere. Controls voluntary movements, coordinates mental activity, and is the center for all conscious living. Cerebellum: 2nd largest part of the brain. Controls basic movement, balance, and posture. Hangs like a bell off the back of your head ☺ Brain Stem: Crucial because it controls involuntary responses, things that happen automatically like breathing. Corpus Callosum: Large bundle of nerve fibers that connect the left and right cerebral hemispheres. Looks like a “C” on its side. Relays sensory information between them. Medulla Oblongata: Controls automatic functions including heartbeat, breathing, etc. ⬜ ⬜ ⬜ ⬜ Hippocampus : Memory and emotion. You would never forget if you saw a “hippo on campus,” would you? Amygdala : Aggression (fight) and fear (flight) Hypothalamus : Hunger, thirst, body temperature, pleasure; regulates pituitary gland (hormones). HOMEOSTASIS Pituitary Gland: “master gland” of the brain that secretes hormones. ⬜ ⬜ ⬜ Thalamus: Relay station of sensory information and motor information. Also controls sleep and states of consciousness. Midbrain: Reflexes involving eyes and ears. Pons: Controls certain respiratory functions. Serves as a relay station from the medulla to higher structures in the brain. The Cerebral Cortex ⬜ Cerebral Cortex: the ultimate control and information processing center. Outer layer of the cerebrum. Interprets information from your sensory organs and generates a response. ⬜ Frontal: Personality, reasoning, and judgment. Voluntary movement and speech. ⬜ Parietal: Sensory cortex that interprets and coordinates information regarding the sense of touch and taste. ⬜ Occipital: Visual information is processed. ⬜ Temporal: Speech interpretation and hearing. Memory as well. Cell Organelles http://viewpure.com/cj8dDTHGJBY?start =0&end=0 http://viewpure.com/9UvlqAVCoqY?star t=0&end=0 Reference your foldables at this time! Cell/Plasma Membrane ⬜ Regulates what enters and leaves the cell; selectively permeable. Cytoplasm ⬜ Contains cytosol, a jelly-like substance that contains dissolved materials (proteins, nucleic acids, minerals). Cytoskeleton ⬜ Network of proteins that constantly changes to meet the needs of the cell. Helps maintain the shape of the cell. Remember: One of the functions of proteins is SUPPORT! Add to the back of your foldable ⬜ ⬜ ⬜ Three Main Fibers: 1. Microtubules= long hollow tubes. Gives the cell its shape and acts as “tracks” for organelle movement. 2. Intermediate filaments- gives the cell strength 3. Microfilaments- tiny threads that allow the cell to move and divide. Help the muscles contract and relax. Cell Wall ⬜ Rigid, outer surface, made of cellulose that supports, protects, and gives the cell shape. Plasmodesma ⬜ Channels that exist between neighboring plants, allows them to exchange materials. Image taken with transmission electron microscope → Used to see the INTERIOR of the cell Amyloplast ⬜ Synthesizes and stores starch Central Vacuole ⬜ Large fluid filled sac used for storage of needed materials (water, food, enzymes) Tonoplast ⬜ Semi-permeable membrane that regulates what goes in and out of the vacuole. Chloroplast ⬜ Carries out photosynthesis by capturing and converting solar energy. Golgi Body ⬜ Processes, sorts, packages, and delivers proteins and carbohydrates into vesicles for export out of the cell; “UPS” of the cell. Golgi Vesicle ⬜ Contains and transports substances (enzymes and proteins) throughout the cell; “taxi cab” DNA in the Nucleoplasm ⬜ ⬜ ⬜ Coiled around proteins called histones; Proteins + DNA = chromatin. Function- To package DNA into a smaller volume so that it can fit into a cell. Process- Cell Division Nucleus ⬜ Control center of the cell; storehouse of DNA Nucleolus ⬜ Dense region in the center of the nucleus that makes ribosomes. Nuclear Membrane/ Envelope ⬜ Double membrane around the nucleus; protects the nucleus Nuclear Pore ⬜ Allows large molecules (mRNA) to pass between the nucleus and cytoplasm. Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum ⬜ ⬜ No ribosomes, makes proteins and lipids, controls calcium levels, breaks down drugs and alcohol Liver cells are one type of specialized cell that have a lot of Smooth ER; to process the toxins we ingest! Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum ⬜ Covered in ribosomes and attached to the nucleus. Produces and transports enzymes and proteins throughout the cell. Ribosomes ⬜ Site of protein synthesis. Makes proteins. Mitochondria ⬜ Powerhouse of the cell. Converts food into energy via cellular respiration (glucose into ATP); have their own ribosomes and DNA Centriole ⬜ ⬜ Small cylinders that help divide DNA during cell division Process- Mitosis / Meiosis Lysosomes ⬜ Contains enzymes, which digest old cell parts, bacteria, and viruses. Peroxisome ⬜ Contains enzymes that are responsible for metabolic functions. Flagella and Cilia ⬜ Whip-like tail projection that aids in movement ⬜ Hair-like projections that aid in movement.