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Evolution Notes
Name__________________________assign.#_________
1.
2. Unit learning Goals:
a. Trace the ____________of the theory. b. Explain the history of life in terms of _______________,
______________, and the _____________of evolution. c. Explain how ____________& ____________evidence
support the theory. d. Relate natural selection to changes in organisms. e. Recognize the role of evolution to
__________________ ___________________ (pesticide & antibiotic resistance).
3.
Scientists believe that the Earth is ____ ____________ years old. The continents have ____________ position.
The climate has ________ and cooled. It is estimated the ______ of all species are now extinct.
4.
Organisms have ____________ (GENES) that help them to ____________in different environments.
5.
What is Fitness? Fitness is a measure of _______________ _____________. Any trait that ______________
survival — at least until one's reproductive years are over — _______________ fitness. Such traits are called
_________________.
6.
What if an organism has a trait that makes it impossible to live in its environment? The organism will not
survive. If it does not survive—it _____________ reproduce. If it does not reproduce—its ___________ are not
___________to the next generation.
7.
What if the environment changes? If they _____ _______ have the traits (genes) that enable them to
survive…they die, and ___ ______ reproduce.
 If they do have the traits, then they ____________…and reproduce.
 SO… the next generation has ____________ of the “fit” traits for _____________ environment.
 The population then CHANGES!
 This is a very ___________process….does not occur over night…many generations must past before any
____________ in the _________________can be seen.
8. Natural Selection: The current theory of how species change is caused by ____________ _____________. The is
also know as “ ___________ ___ _____ _______.” Only certain members of the population will survive and
___________. Ones that are most ____________ to the environment.
9.
Artificial Selection: Selecting for the best traits in plants and animals (done by humans). Give 2
examples:___________________________________________________
10. Where do new traits come from?
11. How do new traits arise?
a.
________________
b.
Reproduction: A combo of traits may be necessary for survival……so… sexual reproduction
and ___________ ________ can create new ___________________ of traits.
12. Decent with Modifications: Overtime natural selection produces organisms that have ____________ structures,
established different niches, or occupy different habitats.
13. The Basics: A review. _____________________ (traits) that are ____________________ become more
prevalent within that population. These traits will be passed on to the next generation. The ___________
____________ of a population _______________ in favor of the ________________phenotype and genotype!!!
14. Natural Selection Examples.
15. & 16. Peppered Moth Example
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20-29. History:
James Hutton
______Proposed that
the Earth is
________ of
years old.
Thomas Malthus
______populations
outgrew their
___________
supplies, causing
____________
between
organisms and a
struggle for one
species to survive
against another
Jean Lamark
_______- all life
forms evolved
and that the
driving force of
evolution was the
inheritance of
________
characteristics.
Charles Lyle
______proposed that
plant and
animal species
had arisen,
developed
variations,
and then
became
________
over time.
Alfred
Wallace
______emphasis was
based on the
idea of
competition
for
________ as
the main
force in
natural
selection
Darwin
_______Publishes “On the
Origin of
_______”
-served as
naturalist aboard
the H.M.S.
________.
-Went to the
_____________
Islands
30-31. Summary of Darwin’s Ideas:
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Individual organisms ___________________, and some of this variation is heritable.
Organisms produce more offspring than can survive, and many that do survive do not reproduce.
Because more organisms are produced than can survive, they _________________________
_______________________.
Individuals __________________ to their environment _____________ and ____________ most
successfully.
These organisms __________ their heritable traits to their offspring. Other individuals die or leave
______________ offspring.
This process of natural selection causes species to ____________________ over time.
Species alive today are _______________________ with ___________________from ancestral
species that lived in the distant past.
This process, by which diverse species evolved from common ancestors, unites all organisms on Earth into a
single _______________________ of ___________________.
32. Evidence for Change Over Time
33. ____________ _______________: Fossils that show how the same organism looked millions of years ago.
**2 Ways to tell the age of fossils: 1) ____________ dating & 2) _____________ dating.
37. ___________________ structures. Structures that have different mature forms in different organisms but
have developed from the same type of tissue.
39. _______________-Early development of the organism
41. ___________ organs- Organs or structures that do not seem to be used by the organism any longer.
43. _______________-DNA sequences in organisms are close
*****Sources of genetic variation in species:*****
1. ___________________
2. Gene Shuffling
3. ______________ _________ during meiosis
4. __________________ reproduction
45. ____________________ Distribution.
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46. Adaptive ___________________. (The evolution of many diversely adapted species from a common ancestor)
49. Create chart:
50. Speciation: is the evolution of a ________________ _____________________. (MACROEVOLUTION)
51. -54. Speciation Mechanisms: The populations are capable of interbreeding, but
Behavioral Isolation
They have different
courtship _____________
or other type of behavior
Geographic Isolation
They are _______________
by bodies of water or
mountains
Temporal Isolation
The Reproduction takes place
at different _____________
of the year
53. **Overtime they can change so much that they become _________ to breed as they adapt to their environment.
56.
Gene Pool: _____________ genetic information of a particular population. _____ the genes present with in a
population. Can change.
57. Genetic Drift: Changes in _______________ ______________ with in a population ______________
____________________ in allele frequency that occurs in small populations. ________________individuals leave
more offspring. Also known as the “Founder Effect”
58. PATTERNS of EVOLUTION
59. ____________________ evolution: process of two or more _____________ species becoming more and more
__________. Example: ____________________________
_________________________________________________________________
61. __________________evolution: the emergence of biological structures or species that exhibit ___________
function and appearance but that evolved through widely ______________ evolutionary pathways. Example:
__________________________ ______________________________________________________
62. ___________________ development of _________________ structures.
63. _____________ is the _____________ change of two or more species in close interaction Example:
_________________________________________________
65. Evolution at the species level is called __________________________. These are ___________ changes. The
evolution of new species is called _________________.
67. Evolution is the ___________ in a species over ____________.
71. Title _____________________________________________.
72
Gradualism:
**Very gradually, over a long time... Over a short period of time it is
hard to notice. _________________________ changes.
73. Punctuated Equilibrium:
Change comes in ___________________. There is a period of very
little change, and then one or a few ____________
_____________ occur.
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75.
Biological Resistance: When organisms are ______ ________affected by a drug. First documented
around____________. Causes: natural consequence of ________________ ________________ in the
environment.
76. Example: ____________________________________________________________________
77. -Bacteria-_____________________ resistance
-Many __________________ have developed a resistance to ________________________. (simple point mutations)
79. The Effects of Selection on Populations
80. Types of selective Processes in Natural Selection:
• Stabilizing Selection
• Directional Selection
• Diversifyiny Selection or Disruptive
• Balancing Selection
81. __________________ ____________________
 ________________________ forms of a trait are _____________and alleles
that specify extreme forms are eliminated from a pop.
 Ex: Human __________ weight stay between 6-8 lbs. Lower or higher has higher
mortality.
82. __________________ ____________________
 One phenotype _______________ another in the gene pool
 Ex: ___________________ _________
83. __________________ ___________________ or _____________
 Increases the ___________ types in a population at the expense of the
intermediate forms.
 One population _____________into two.
 Example: ________________________________
85. ____________________ Advantage.
Tree of Life
-Exists when a heterozygote (Aa) has a ____________
____________ than either homozygote(AA, Aa).
- Example: __________________________________
86. ________________ dependent : The term given to an evolutionary process
where the fitness of a phenotype is dependent on its frequency. (Ex: mimicry)
87. _________________ is a key concept in natural selection. Natural
selection can _______________ the inherited characteristics in a population
and possibly even result in a ________ ____________.
88. Two main sources of genetic variation: 1-_______________________,
2-_______________________
89. Answer: ____ 90. Answer: _____ 91. Answer: _____ 92. Answer: _____
94. ___________ is the key concept in evolution by natural selection.
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Reading Questions:
1-Trace the History of the Theory
1.
What did Lamarck believe caused changes in organisms over time?
2. What two main points did Charles Lyell propose in his book?
3. What did Thomas Malthus propose in his book?
4. What two central concepts emerged from Darwin’s voyage?
5. What did Alfred Wallace believe was the main force behind natural selection?
6. What did Darwin focus on as the force behind natural selection?
7. What is population genetics?
8. What is natural selection?
2-Explain the History of Life in Terms of Biodiversity, Ancestry, and the Rates of Evolution
1.
What is adaptive radiation? Give an example.
2. What is convergent evolution? Give an example.
3. Why was myosin so interesting to evolutionary biologist? What did it show?
4. What is Biodiversity?
5. How do biologist used DNA to show how long ago genes branched off from a common ancestor?
6. What is speciation?
7. What are two rates of Speciation? Explain each.
8. What can cause speciation?
3- Explain How Fossil & Biochemical Evidence Supports the Theory
1.
What is a fossil?
2. What are some problems with the fossil record?
3. How does radioisotope dating work?
4. What if an organism is older than 50,000 years?
5. What is a phylogeny?
6. What is extinction?
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4- Relate Natural Selection to Changes in Organisms
1. What is a key to Darwin’s theory of organisms struggling for existence?
2. What causes gene pools to change over time?
3. Fill in the following chart.
Type of
Selection
Description of what happens
Stabilizing
Directional
Diversifying
Disruptive
Balancing
4. Does the strongest, biggest, and most aggressive animal always have the highest fitness rating? Explain
your answer.
5. Does natural selection produce NEW genotypes? Explain.
5-Recognize the Role of Evolution in Biological Resistance
1.
How has the use of pesticides and antibiotics caused evolution in some species? Explain and give
examples.
Starter Review
1.
Why did the development of sexual reproduction speed up the process of evolution?
2. What are two main sources of genetic variation within a population?
3. If a mutation introduces a new skin color in a lizard population, what factor might determine whether the
frequency of the new allele will increase or decrease?
4. What is the study of ancient life through fossils is called?
5. How is Lamarck’s mechanism for evolution different from that of Darwin’s?
6. Explain three mechanisms for speciation.
7.
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Evolution Online Activities
I. Peppered Moth Simulation
(online)
Objective: Simulate changes in moth population due to pollution and predation, and observe how species can change
over time.
Introduction: (READ THIS)
Charles Darwin accumulated a tremendous collection of facts to support the theory of evolution by natural selection. One of
his difficulties in demonstrating the theory, however, was the lack of an example of evolution over a short period of time, which
could be observed as it was taking place in nature. Although Darwin was unaware of it, remarkable examples of evolution, which
might have helped to persuade people of his theory, were in the countryside of his native England. One such example is the
evolution of the peppered moth Biston betularia.
The economic changes known as the industrial revolution began in the middle of the eighteenth century. Since then, tons of
soot has been deposited on the country side around industrial areas. The soot discolored and generally darkened the surfaces of
trees and rocks. In 1848, a dark-colored moth was first recorded. Today, in some areas, 90% or more of the-peppered moths
are dark in color. More than 70 species of moth in England have undergone a change from light to dark. Similar observations
have been made in other industrial nations, including the United States.
Question: What caused the forest to change? _________________________________________________
Instructions:
You will run two simulations for 1 minutes each, during this time you will play the part of a bluejay that eats moths.
After 1 minutes record the % of dark moths and light moths – you will need this information later.
1.
Go to http://www.techapps.net/interactives/pepperMoths.swf (
or
www.eaglehelp.net/wall)
2. Click on the last bubble that says “A bird’s Eye View…” when you mouse over it.
3. Read the information and click the butter fly to go to the next page.
4. Again, read the information and click the butter fly to go to the next page.
5. Chose the forest on you left ( Light Forest)
6. Run the simulation. Sketch the two graphs below in the data section.
7. Go back and run the Dark forest.
8. Run the simulation. Sketch the two graphs below in the data section.
9. Answer the post lab questions.
Peppered Moth Analysis
1. Graphs:
Light Forest:
DATA Table
Percent Dark
Moths After
Simulation
Light Moths
Dark Forest:
Dark Moths
Percent Light
Moths After
Simulation
Light
Forest
Dark
Forest
2. Explain how the color of moths increases or decreases their chances of survival depending on the
environment. __________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________
3. 500 light colored moths and 500 dark colored moths are released into a polluted forest. After 2 days the
moths were recaptured, make a prediction about the number of each type of moth that would be captured.
____________________________________________________________________________________
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4. How has the striking change in coloration come about? (Include an explanation of how the dark moth appeared
and how the proportion of dark moths changed from 0.0005% to more than 90% in polluted forests.)
____________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________
5. What underlying law of nature has produced this change? (Use Darwin's theory of evolution and apply it to
what you have learned in this investigation.)____________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________
II. Why Don’t Horses Have Wheels?
(video)
-Watch the video and answer the questions
1.
According to the principles of natural selection, animals best ___________ to their _____________survive and
are more likely to produce _______________.
2.
Wheels are a __________ change.
3.
How can complex changes occur?
4.
What is a neutral mutation?
5.
Do adaptations occur over night? How long?
III. Types of Selection:
(www.eaglehelp.net/payne)
Types of Selection:
Click on “Go to Animation”. Click “Play”. Watch, listen, and answer the questions below.
Directional Selection
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
What are the two types of beaks?
Which beak is the most common? (this might be a trick questions)
What happened after the drought?
In the box to the right, sketch and label the correct histogram that demonstrates
directional selection.
What is directional selection? What is favored?
What is a key feature of directional selection?
Disruptive Selection
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
What are the two types of bills?
Which bill is best for which food?
Which beak is selected against?
In the box to the right, sketch and label the correct curve that demonstrates
disruptive selection.
What is disruptive selection? What is favored?
Stabilizing Selection
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
Describe the population of lizards with respect to body size.
What happens to the large size lizards?
What happens to the small size lizards?
Which body size is best for this environment?
In the box to the right, sketch and label the correct curve that demonstrates
stabilizing selection.
What is stabilizing selection? What is favored?
Question: What is natural selection? ________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________
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IV. Biology Evolution Video:
(www.eaglehelp.net/payne)
From the video, what are four causes of natural selection? Briefly describe each.
1-__________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________
2-__________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________
3-__________________________________________________________________________ ________
____________________________________________________________________________ ________
4-__________________________________________________________________________ ________
____________________________________________________________________________ ________
5- Describe the process of natural selection and how it affects hummingbird populations. __________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________________
V. Biological Resistance Animation: (www.eaglehelp.net/wall)
Go to: http://www.sumanasinc.com/scienceinfocus/sif_antibiotics.html
More than 70 years ago, Alexander Fleming discovered penicillin and set in motion a medical revolution. In 1943,
penicillin was mass-produced and saved many wounded soldiers from death by bacterial infection. Yet even as we
enjoy the benefits of antibiotics, their use promotes antibiotic resistance in bacteria. By confronting bacteria with
antibiotics, we select for those that are resistant and change the course of their evolution. In fact, just three years
after the first mass-production of penicillin, resistant bacteria began to appear. View the animation to learn more
about the rise in antibiotic resistance.
1.
Can you use antibiotics for viruses?
2.
Does you body have any good bacteria? If so, give an example.
3.
What is one way an antibiotic can kill a bacteria?
4.
Why do some of the bacteria live when you take an antibiotic? What do they have?
5.
How do the bacteria reproduce?
6.
What happens to the proportion of resistance bacteria?
7.
How can a bacterium that is not resistant become resistant?
8.
Explain the role of evolution to biological resistance. ( hint: How do bacteria evolve resistance to chemicals?)
VI. Pesticide Resistance: Natural Selection
(www.eaglehelp.net/wall)
- Watch and listen to the animation. Click “next” when the speaker stops talking.
1. Fill in the table:
SS=___________________
SR=___________________
RR=___________________
Note: Susceptible means that it is killed by it.
S%
R%
Generation #1
After 1st spray of DDT- Survival Rate
Generation #2
After 2nd spray of DDT- Survival Rate
Generation #3
2. What happened to the frequency of the resistant allele in the population?
3. Could the entire population of insects become resistance to DDT in the future?
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VII. Evidence for Evolution Video:
(www.eaglehelp.net/payne)
-Watch the video and answer the questions
List and describe 4 pieces of evidence used to support the theory.
1234-
Book Work; On your Own
Evolution Vocabulary
1. Evolution
2. Theory
3. Fossil
4. Inheritance
5. Population
6. Natural variation
7. Fitness
8. Adaptation
9. Survival of the fittest
10. Natural selection
11. Artificial selection
12. Decent with modifications
13. Homologous structures
14. Vestigial organs
15. Gene pool
16. Reproductive Isolation
17. Galapagos Islands
18. Charles Darwin
19. Divergent Evolution
20. Convergent Evolution
QUIZ ON ________________
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