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Transcript
Unit Exam Review Sheet Key Vocab/Concepts Note: You need to be able to not only identify, but also describe, explain and give examples of the following terms: Creationism: the believe that God created the world and everything in it Evolution Macroevolution: how present-day organisms descended from ancient organisms Microevolution: changes in the gene pool over time Intelligent Design (extra credit): the idea that evolution is wrong because organisms are too complex to have arisen from natural selection, which is pretty much a random process. Common Descent: a group of organisms that share a common ancestor Adaptation: a trait that allows an organism to survive and reproduce within its environment Relative Dating: a type of technique to tell how old the earth is, by using surrounding sedimentary rock layers (that is the rocks around one piece of rock) Absolute Dating: using chemicals to tell how old the earth is; using the half-life of certain elements Fitness: the ability to survive and reproduce in an environment Fossil: a piece of bone left by an organism that lets you know something about how it was structured, Fossil Record: a collection of fossils that demonstrate how old Common ancestor: some animal that several animals descend from Homologous structures: parts of the body that are similar in structure to other species’ parts Vestigial structures: parts of the body that were once useful, but no longer have a purpose (ex: the human appendix, the human tailbone) DNA: molecular evidence used to show similarities in two species and common ancestry Phylogeny: the study of evolutionary relationships between organisms; phylogeny tries to answer the question: how are these organisms related? How are they not? MYA: millions of years ago Natural Selection: organisms that are best suited to live in their environments (due to their adaptations) will survive and higher rates, and reproduce at higher rates, thus making their genes more common in a population Survival of the Fittest: another term for natural selection; those animals that have the right traits to adapt to their environments survive and reproduce, while others do not. Darwin: considered to be the father of evolution, but we know he’s not. He helped advance evolution, came up with the theory of natural selection and discovered finches on the Galapagos islands. Grants: studied Darwin’s finches and observed these finches go through natural selection and evolution twice in 22 years Finches: birds that the Grants studied; important points to remember Before the drought hit, the finch population was 50 percent small beak and 50 percent big beaks After the drought hit, the small beaked birds died off at a higher rate, because they couldn’t eat the large seeds on the island. The big beaked birds could, and so they were best able to SURVIVE AND REPRODUCE AT HIGHER RATES. Because they survived and reproduced at higher rates, they passed on more of their genes and the finch population became 80 percent big beaked birds and only 20 percent small beaked birds. They underwent evolution in a short period of time. Trait: a characteristic that an organism has (for example, small beak, big beak) Adaptation: a characteristic that makes an organism better suited to live in its environment; Survival Rates: the rate at which an organism survives Variation: the differences in traits (example: beak size is a variation; you can have big beaks and little beaks; neck length is a variation, you can have long necks and short necks, etc) Population: organisms that belong to the same species Mutation: change in DNA sequence that leads to a genotypic (your genetic makeup) and phenotypic (your physical appearance) variation Migration: when organisms from a population move from one geographic area to another Genetic Drift: the change in allele frequencies (that is how often a variation of a gene appears in a population) due to chance (that means it’s random) Founder Effect: when organisms from a population migrate and move onto another location and form a new colony; this leads to reduced genetic variation and increase genetic drift Bottleneck Effect: when the population size of a population is drastically reduced for one generation due to a natural disaster or catastrophe Frequency: how often something happens Allele: a variation of a trait Gene Pool: all of the genes of a population (for example, the finch gene pool for Daphne Island would include all of the genes of the finches that lived on that particular island) Genotype: your genetic makeup (that is your genes that code for a certain trait/characteristic) Phenotype: your physical appearance/characteristics Species: members of a group that can reproduce and produce viable (that means they can live to be adults) and fertile (that means their babies can have babies) offspring Allopatric speciation: speciation (the formation of a new species) that occurs due to a geographic barrier Sympatric speciation: speciation that occurs without a geographic barrier, but oftentimes due to a reproductive barrier Ecological isolation: form of reproductive isolation where two species that live in the same habitat but do not come into contact with one another due to either a barrier or the way the habitat is arranged; because of this lack of contact, they cannot reproduce Temporal isolation: form of reproductive isolation where two species that live in the same habitat but mate at different times do not reproduce Behavioral isolation: form of reproductive isolation where two species that live in the same habitat but have different mating behaviors (for example, bird who sing songs vs. birds who show off their feathers vs. birds who dance to attract their mates) Mechanical isolation: form of reproductive isolation where two species that live in the same habitat cannot mate because their reproductive organs are physically incompatible (parts do not fit, and if they tried to engage in reproduction they would kill each other) Gametic isolation: form of reproductive isolation where two species that live in the same habitat cannot reproduce because their egg and sperm cells will not form an embryo Reduced hybrid viability: two species try to have a baby and their offspring has a lower chance of survival Reduced hybrid fertility: two species try to have a baby and their offspring can’t have offspring (their babies can’t have babies) Phylogenetics: the study of evolutionary relationships between organisms Cladogram: a diagram that shows the evolutionary relationships between organisms Clade: a monophyletic group composed of an ancestral species and all of its descendants Morphological evidence: structures that show how an organism’s body is arranged so that you can see similarities between organisms and ultimately determine if they share common ancestry Molecular evidence: DNA evidence that allows you to see how closely related species are (or how far apart they are) to determine common ancestry Waist to Hip Ratio: the measurement that compares the circumference of your waist to your hip (so waist size in inches/hip size in inches; NOT the other way around); important to note that men prefer waist to hip ratio of 0.7 and lower Broad Shoulders and Muscle Mass: important to note that according to various cross cultural studies, women found broader shoulders and higher levels of muscle mass to be more attractive Facial symmetry: how identical both sides of the face are; how similar to one another they are; important to note that people tend to prefer more symmetrical faces because it shows how healthy someone is Behavioral mimicry: copying someone else’s behavior due to underlying attraction Proximity: how close you are to someone; the closer you are, the more likely it is that you are attracted to them Smiling – GOTCHA! Just kidding; I didn’t mean to put this one on here; I just want you to know that this is a flirting behavior. Extraversion: needing lots of outside stimulation from people Introversion: needing very little stimulation from people Conscientiousness: being diligent, hardworking, self-disciplined Neuroticism: emotional volatility and reactivity to stress Agreeableness: having compassion and being cooperative Openness to Experience: being intellectually curious and adventurous; willing to try new things You Need to Be Able To: Identify, describe and explain all vocabulary words listed above Give examples of things that creationists and evolutionary theorists disagree on Age of the earth: creationists – 6,000; evolutionary theorists – 4.5 billion years old How the earth was formed: creationists – God made the world and everything in it; evolutionary theorists – earth and everything in it was created by a random process called evolution Give examples of places to find fossils Ice, tar pits, quick sand, amber and sap Explain why fossils are important, but are not a perfect piece of evidence for evolution Because the fossil record is incomplete since some organisms that lived did not leave a trace of their existence Explain DNA similarity and how it’s evidence for evolution The more similar the DNA sequences of two organisms, the more likely it is that they shared a recent common ancestor; the less similar it is, the more likely it is that they shared a distant common ancestor Explain how homologous and vestigial structures are evidence for evolution Homologous: if several organisms have similar looking body parts, they must have had a common ancestor; if they had a common ancestor, then evolution must have taken place because they are all different organisms; if evolution didn’t take place they would have a common ancestor; rather they would be the common ancestor (ex: humans and chimpanzees share a common ancestor. We can see this through homologous structures since humans and chimpanzees share similar body parts. If humans and chimpanzees didn’t evolve, then there wouldn’t be humans and there wouldn’t be chimpanzees. There would be some strange primate organism) Explain the importance of the Grant Finch study, including main findings and supporting details Finches vary in beak size. During the drought, big beaked birds survived at higher rates and Before the drought hit, the finch population was 50 percent small beak and 50 percent big beaks After the drought hit, the small beaked birds died off at a higher rate, because they couldn’t eat the large seeds on the island. The big beaked birds could, and so they were best able to SURVIVE AND REPRODUCE AT HIGHER RATES. Because they survived and reproduced at higher rates, they passed on more of their genes and the finch population became 80 percent big beaked birds and only 20 percent small beaked birds. They underwent evolution in a short period of time. Explain how Grant Finch study demonstrated natural selection and evolution See above Explain the four mechanisms for evolution (mutation, migration, genetic drift and natural selection) Mutation: change in DNA sequence Migration: population moves from one place to another Genetic drift: random change in allele frequencies due to chance Natural selection: the process by which a trait because more common in a population because an organism with the right traits (aka adaptations) survived and reproduced in its environment Explain how four mechanisms listed above can cause genotypic and phenotypic variation within a population Mutation: your genetic sequences changes as does your physical appearance Migration: reduces genetic variation so that organisms have similar genotypes and phenotypes Genetic drift: changes the percentage of genotypes and phenotypes in a population Natural selection: causes a certain genotype and phenotype to be more popular since that particular trait is what helps organisms to survive and reproduce Need to be able to make a cladogram Describe some factors that make men and women “universally” attractive as well as evolutionary theories that explain why these factors are attractive Men: broad shoulders and higher levels of muscle mass (aka musculature) because it means that men have more testosterone and will be healthier, therefore they will survive and pass on their traits to the next generation Women: lower waist to hip ratio which signals that women are healthier and will survive to bear healthy children Men and women: facial symmetry because if your face is aligned then it shows that internally you are more healthy; since facial asymmetry tends to be a sign of illness/disease (stroke, brain damage, etc) List and identify common flirting behaviors Smiling, proximity, behavioral mimicry, sustained eye contact, etc Explain evolutionary theory of why women have more flirting strategies than men Because women are more invested in the reproductive process (they get pregnant and have to have the kid – aka labor; they also in many cases spend more time raising the child), so it’s in their best interests to attract a suitable mate and they’re expected to spend more time doing so Compare and contrast extroverts and introverts Extroverts: need a lot of outside stimulation, gain energy from talking to people; tend to be more enthusiastic, tend to have more energy, more friends; tend to engage in more risky behaviors etc Introverts: need less outside stimulation, tend to be more neutral, tend to have less friends, tend to be more gifted, have a rich inner world (aka they spend a lot of time in their own minds, daydreaming, visualizing, planning, strategizing), need alone time in order to gain energy and recharge Explain why it’s important that we have both extroverts and introverts Because they both occupy two different roles in our society that are both completely necessary Come up with your own examples Explain how conscientiousness is beneficial in society High levels of conscientiousness are associated with higher academic and workplace performance; our society needs people who work hard and care about the things they do and the things they produce (ex: conscientious car engineers who make high quality cars so that we don’t all die from car accidents due to brakes that don’t work right or engines that aren’t constructed well) Describe the marshmallow experiment and its implications Kids were given one marshmallow with a choice: you can eat this now and get no more marshmallows, or you can wait and get another marshmallow They found that the kids who waited to get the second marshmallow demonstrated high levels of conscientiousness and were more likely to score higher on their SATS, get more education and have a lower BMI later in life This is tied to the principle of delayed gratification; if you can put off what you want now for what you want most in the future, you can be successful; and you’re probably very conscientious Explain the evolutionary significance of neuroticism, agreeableness and openness to experience Neuroticism: if we didn’t have some negative emotion and if we didn’t express these negative emotions sometimes, there would be no monogamy (that means more people would cheat on each other all the time without consequences), no fear (which means more people would put themselves in bad situations and kill themselves needlessly)… think of another example Agreeableness: If we’re not cooperate and compassionate with each other, we will not be friends, we will not fall in love, we will not survive and reproduce because everyone would be mean and everyone would hate each other. Openness to experience: If we’re not intellectually curious, there would be no vaccines, no treatment for asthma, everyone would probably die young, no interest in finding the cure to HIV/AIDS, Ebola; there would be no social media (tweet me at #notwitteryoudrawn); we would live a boring existence and we would not grow as a society.