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Transcript
Translation Tutorial Place your keyboard aside. Only use the mouse. Translation ribosome ribosome ribosome Translation takes place at the ribosome and it’s the process of the ribosomes creating proteins from smaller amino acids. How did we get to the ribosome? Let’s review. BACK Transcription Review CELL NUCEUS ribosome A process called transcription starts in the nucleus, where an enzyme called RNA polymerase splits the DNA molecule. NEXT BACK Transcription Review CELL NUCEUS AUG CCA UAU GGC UAA GCA ribosome NEXT A process called transcription starts in the nucleus, where an enzyme called RNA polymerase splits the DNA molecule. Next, free floating mRNA nucleotides bond to the open DNA molecule. Once finished, the mRNA breaks away and exits the nucleus. The mRNA will then join a ribosome. Now, the process of translation will begin. BACK Translation Process ribosome The ribosome will read 3 mRNA nucleotides at a time. The 3 mRNA nucleotides are called a codon. Each codon will match for the delivery of a specific amino acid. Remember that amino acids link together to create a single Click to see the codons protein. It took scientists many years of experimentation to learn which codon creates which amino acid. BACK The Genetic Code This table is the same for almost every organism on Earth. In the chart above, click on the “AUG” codon. BACK AUG codon Correct! Whenever an AUG codon is read by the ribosome, the amino acid called METHIONINE will be delivered to the ribosome. Notice how the chart says “start codon” below methionine? This also means that the codon AUG will activate the ribosome to start the process of making a protein. Click on the CCA codon. BACK CCA codon Correct! Whenever a CCA codon is read by the ribosome, the amino acid called PROLINE will be delivered to the ribosome. This process will continue until a “Stop codon” is read by the ribosome. This is how the ribosome knows that a protein is finished. Click on any of the STOP CODONS. BACK Transfer RNA Correct! Stop codons tell the ribosome to stop making a protein. So who…or what…is delivering these amino acids? In the cytoplasm, there are countless amino acids and other molecules called transfer RNA (tRNA). tRNA will pick up the proper amino acid and deliver it to the ribosome. Amino Acid serine Amino Acid proline Amino Acid methionine BACK Watching the Process The mRNA enters the ribosome. The ribosome will begin to read the mRNA one codon at a time. Click on the amino acid that will be 1st delivered to the ribosome? Hint: Examine the Genetic Code chart on your handout to find the 1st codon. Now that methionine is delivered, tRNA drops off methionine and the ribosome moves to the next codon. choices phenylalanine serine histidine Glutamic acid leucine proline glutamine cysteine isoleucine threonine asparagine tryptophan methionine alanine lysine arginine valine tyrosine Aspartic acid glycine Stop codon Amino Acid methionine 1st codon ribosome BACK Watching the Process The mRNA enters the ribosome. The ribosome will begin to read the mRNA one codon at a time. Click on the amino acid that will be 1st delivered to the ribosome? Hint: Examine the Genetic Code chart on your handout to find the 1st codon. Now that methionine is delivered, tRNA drops off methionine and the ribosome moves to the next codon. choices phenylalanine serine histidine Glutamic acid leucine proline glutamine cysteine isoleucine threonine asparagine tryptophan methionine alanine lysine arginine valine tyrosine Aspartic acid glycine Stop codon Amino Acid methionine ribosome Watching the Process The mRNA enters the ribosome. The ribosome will begin to read the mRNA one codon at a time. Click on the amino acid that will be 1st delivered to the ribosome? Hint: Examine the Genetic Code chart on your handout to find the 1st codon. Now that methionine is delivered, tRNA drops off methionine and the ribosome moves to the next codon. Click on the next amino acid to be delivered. choices phenylalanine serine histidine Glutamic acid leucine proline glutamine cysteine isoleucine threonine asparagine tryptophan methionine alanine lysine arginine valine tyrosine Aspartic acid glycine Stop codon Amino Acid methionine 2nd codon ribosome BACK Watching the Process Correct! CCA is the codon for the amino acid proline. Transfer RNA will deliver proline to the ribosome. Again, tRNA will drop off the amino acid and exit. The ribosome will move to the next codon. choices phenylalanine serine histidine Glutamic acid leucine proline glutamine cysteine isoleucine threonine asparagine tryptophan methionine alanine lysine arginine valine tyrosine Aspartic acid glycine Stop codon Amino Acid proline Amino Acid methionine ribosome BACK Watching the Process Correct! CCA is the codon for the amino acid proline. Transfer RNA will deliver proline to the ribosome. Again, tRNA will drop off the amino acid and exit. The ribosome will move to the next codon. choices phenylalanine serine histidine Glutamic acid leucine proline glutamine cysteine isoleucine threonine asparagine tryptophan methionine alanine lysine arginine valine tyrosine Aspartic acid glycine Stop codon Amino Acid proline Amino Acid methionine ribosome BACK Watching the Process Click on the amino acid which will be the 3rd delivered to the ribosome. Once again, the tRNA exits and the ribosome moves down a notch. choices phenylalanine serine histidine Glutamic acid leucine proline glutamine cysteine isoleucine threonine asparagine tryptophan methionine alanine lysine arginine valine tyrosine Aspartic acid glycine Stop codon Amino Acid tyrosine Amino Acid Amino Acid methionine proline ribosome BACK Watching the Process Click on the amino acid which will the 3rd delivered to the ribosome. Once again, the tRNA exits and the ribosome moves down a notch. Click on the amino acid that will be 4th delivered. choices phenylalanine serine histidine Glutamic acid leucine proline glutamine cysteine isoleucine threonine asparagine tryptophan methionine alanine lysine arginine valine tyrosine Aspartic acid glycine Stop codon Amino Acid tyrosine Amino Acid Amino Acid methionine proline ribosome BACK Watching the Process Yep… GGC is the codon for the amino acid GLYCINE. Transfer RNA will deliver glycine to the ribosome. Now what happens? choices DNA helix splits mRNA reads the DNA tRNA exits phenylalanine serine histidine Glutamic acid leucine proline glutamine cysteine isoleucine threonine asparagine tryptophan methionine alanine lysine arginine valine tyrosine Aspartic acid glycine Stop codon Amino Acid glycine Amino Acid Amino Acid Amino Acid methionine proline tyrosine ribosome BACK Watching the Process You got it! Examine the next codon and click the proper choice from the table below. choices phenylalanine serine histidine Glutamic acid leucine proline glutamine cysteine isoleucine threonine asparagine tryptophan methionine alanine lysine arginine valine tyrosine Aspartic acid glycine Stop codon Amino Acid glycine Amino Acid Amino Acid Amino Acid methionine proline tyrosine ribosome BACK Watching the Process STOP! This protein is finished. The ribosome and mRNA will break apart. How many amino acids long is this finished protein? One Two Four Three Five choices phenylalanine serine histidine Glutamic acid leucine proline glutamine cysteine isoleucine threonine asparagine tryptophan methionine alanine lysine arginine valine tyrosine Aspartic acid glycine Stop codon Amino Acid Amino Acid Amino Acid Amino Acid methionine proline glycine tyrosine ribosome BACK Amino Acid Amino Acid Amino Acid Amino Acid methionine proline glycine tyrosine This protein is only 4 amino acids in length. In reality, they are often thousands of amino acids in size. This finished protein will now by used by the cell or exported by which organelle of the cell? Mitochondria Golgi body Rough ER Chlorplast BACK Final Review Good memory. Review #1: Which process creates the mRNA that is read by the ribosome? Replication Transcription Translation BACK Final Review Correct! Review #2: What does tRNA deliver to the ribosome? mRNA DNA Amino acids Proteins BACK Final Review Correct! Review #3: Which molecule directly determines which amino acid transfer RNA delivers to the ribosome? messenger RNA DNA RNA polymerase The nucleus BACK Final Review Correct! Review #4: Where does the process of translation take place? Inside the nucleus Inside the Golgi body At the ribosome Inside the vacuole BACK Final Review Correct! Review #5: If the DNA code was TTC-AAT-GGC, perform transcription to determine the mRNA code. AAG-TTA-CCG TTC-AAT-GGC AAG-UUA-CCG UUG-TTA-UCG BACK Final Review Correct! Review #6: If the mRNA code is AAG-UUA-CCG, which three amino acids are going to be delivered to the ribosome? LYSINE – CYSTEINE - ASPARAGINE LEUCINE - PROLINE - VALINE LYSINE – LEUCINE - PROLINE SERINE – METHIONINE - GLUTAMIC ACID Correct! I hope this tutorial was helpful. This will be posted on my website for you to review at any time. Turn in your handout. Feel free to start over if you would like to do some review. Find the AUG codon. This code tells the ribosome to deliver the amino acid called methionine. Click on the AUG codon to proceed. Find the CCA codon. This code tells the ribosome to deliver the amino acid called proline. Click on the CCA codon to proceed. Find the stop codons. These codes tells the ribosome to stop creating the protein. Click on the any stop codon to proceed. The first three letters are AUG. The ribosome reads the AUG and the amino acid called methionine is delivered. Click return to try again. return The next three letters are CCA. The ribosome reads the CCA and the amino acid called proline is delivered. Click return to try again. return The next three letters are UAU. The ribosome reads the UAU and the amino acid called tyrosine is delivered. Click return to try again. return DNA is not directly involved in translation. Try again. return This has already happened. I want to know what happens next. Try again. return The next three letters are UAA. The ribosome reads the UAA and this is one of the signals to stop creating the protein. Click return to try again. return Amino Acid Amino Acid Amino Acid Amino Acid methionine proline glycine tyrosine Count ‘em up! This protein is only 4 amino acids in length. return Mitochondria Creates ATP energy Rough ER Transports ribosomes around the cell Chloroplast Creates sugars by photosynthesis Click return to try again. return Replication Process of DNA duplication Translation Process of creating proteins Click return to try again. return mRNA Their role is to read the DNA code and carry the message to a ribosome DNA It’s role is to provide the original code to create a protein Proteins They are created by translation and used in a wide variety of cell functions. Click return to try again. return DNA It’s role is to provide the original code to create a protein. RNA polymerase It’s role is to cut the DNA at the start of transcription. The Nucleus This is where transcription occurs when the DNA is copied by the mRNA. Click return to try again. return Inside the nucleus Transcription takes place inside the nucleus (not translation) Inside the Golgi body This is where a finished protein will travel to be sorted. However, the protein is not created at the Golgi body. Inside the Vacuole This is where food and water are stored. The vacuole plays no part in translation. Click return to try again. return DNA nucleotide mRNA nucleotide A U T A C G G C Remember this transcription table? return AAG -UUA-CCG I will help you get started. The first codon is AAG. Find AAG on the mRNA codon chart. AAG codes for lysine. This is the amino acid that tRNA will deliver. return
