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World History
4/10/14
Warm-up
• What sides fought in the Crusades? What was
the goal?
Our Crusades EQ…
• Were the Crusades primarily a religious
conflict?
• Paper assignment—due in two Mondays.
The Crusades begin…
• Pope Urban II declares the Crusades in 1095 at
the Council of Clermont…Crusades begin in
1096.
– Urban II wants to retake the city in a second.
• The Crusades last from 1096-1291.
• But…is this really the first Crusade? Is this
really when the Crusades end?
– 1096-1291 are the series of Crusades launched by
Western Europe to retake Jerusalem.
Crusades in other places
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Reconquista: 718-1492
Northern Crusades: 1193-1290
Albigensian Crusade: 1209-1229
Aragonese Crusade: 1284-1285
Reconquista
• Iberian Peninsula (Spain/Portugal)
• Attempt to retake Iberian Peninsula after
Muslim invasion (Moors)
• Potential spark for other Crusades—Christian
reconquest?
• Mostly finished by 1300, but the fall of
Granada (1492) in the far south is the official
end.
Reconquista
Northern Crusades
• Scandinavian & German kings attack pagans
(non-Abrahamic people).
• “Brothers of the Sword” aid conversion of
pagans to Christianity, but also protect
German trade.
• Some efforts of Northern Crusade spilled over
into attacks on Orthodox Russia
Albigensian Crusade
• 20-year war by Catholic Church to destroy
Catharism.
• Catharism was a group of Christians in
southern France who were led by local
ascetics. It challenged the Catholic Church—
they called it “the Church of Satan.”
• Albigensian Crusade ends with the Cathars
surrendering and child-king Louis IX (a later
Crusader) taking control of France.
Aragonese Crusade
• Part of the War of the Sicilian
Vespers
• A war between two sides (Aragon
and Angevin) to decide who was
king of Sicily
• Fought in northeastern Spain-Catalonia
• The Pope was against the King of
Aragon, but the two-year Crusade
ended with an Aragonese victory.
Crusades in the Levant
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First Crusade (1095-1099)
Second Crusade (1147-1149)
Third Crusade (1187-1192)
Fourth Crusade (1202-1204)
Fifth Crusade (1217-1221)
Sixth Crusade (1228-1229)
Seventh Crusade (1248-1254)
Eighth & Ninth Crusades
(1270-1272)
First Crusade
• Trying to retake land in the Levant lost to the
Muslims in the 600s (pre-Umayyad)
• Now fighting the Seljuq Turks
• Reconquered Jerusalem in 1099
• ONLY Crusade to reconquer Jerusalem
• Jerusalem had been under Muslim control for
400+ years…defensive or aggressive?
• Muslims and Jews slaughtered
Second Crusade
• After the First Crusade, many “Crusader
states” were established as footholds in the
Levant.
• One Crusader state fell and the Christians
attempt to retake it.
• They are destroyed by the Muslims, eventually
leading to the Muslim recapture of Jerusalem
(and then the Third Crusade).
Third Crusade
• Muslim leader Saladin reconquered lots of
parts of the Levant.
• England, France, and the Holy Roman Empire
band together.
• The Holy Roman Emperor was old and
drowned.
• Richard the Lionheart leads the Crusade.
• Reconquer lots of land, but do not take
Jerusalem (moderate success).
Fourth Crusade
• An attempt to retake Jerusalem after the Third
Crusade didn’t.
• Crusaders invade Constantinople (a Christian
city) and sack it.
• Final major Crusade.
• Ends any hope of reunification between
Catholic and Orthodox branches after Great
Schism.
Fifth Crusade
• Attempt to invade the Holy Land through
Egypt.
• Crushing defeat for Crusaders.
Sixth Crusade
• Army does not turn out to be very large.
• Not even supported by the Pope.
• The Holy Roman Emperor at the time
pretended the army was larger than it was
and negotiated to get Jerusalem back—didn’t
take it by force.
Seventh Crusade
• Jerusalem falls after the weird Sixth Crusade.
• Louis IX of France begins a Crusade!!1!
• Three groups fighting: Christians (French
forces under Louis), Muslims (Ayyubid
Dynasty), and Mamluks (Muslim soldiers who
were previously slaves).
• Mamluks overthrow Ayyubids in 1250—the
middle of the Crusade.
• Louis IX gets captured…epic fail.
Eighth & Ninth Crusades
• Launched by Louis IX to avenge himself. He dies.
• Louis’ dying word? Jerusalem.
• The next leader gives up and makes a deal with
the Mamluk leader Baibars that they’ll give up if
they can trade together! They leave.
• After the French leave, the English king arrives
and wins a few battles. However, he withdraws
and the Crusader states fall a few years later.
• THE END (until the 15th century, when there were some pseudoCrusades, but you know…)
Chart
• Go through your notes from yesterday/today
and fill out the chart—this will help you
prepare to write your paper.
Map of the Crusades
• Sketch a map of Europe, including Anatolia,
the Levant, and Egypt.
• At least label Italy, Spain, France, England,
Holy Roman Empire, and Jerusalem.
• Draw arrows showing each of the Crusades
(including non-Levant ones, 13 total) and put
years on them.
• Label “The Crusades” at the top.
Impact of the Crusades
• Brainstorm the impact of the Crusades on the
world (religious, political, economic, social,
etc.)
Impact of the Crusades
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“Europe Overseas”
Opened up trade
Pope reinforces position
Medieval heroism, chivalry, and piety
Militarism
Hatred of Jews/Muslims
Ended hope of Catholic/Orthodox
reunification
• Byzantine Empire weakened
Writing
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Formatting
Structure & transitions
Progress logically to answer the question
Information*
“I” and “me”
“I have written this” vs. “I wrote this”
Independent and dependent clauses
*APA-style citations