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Studying the Structure of Cells 1.1 The Cell Theory • All living organisms are made of one or more cells. • The cell is the basic organizational unit of life. • All cells come from previously existing cells. Cell Organelles Plant Cell Organelles Microscopes • The Leeuwenhoek microscope from the 1600s could magnify specimens up to 250x. • There have been many developments in microscopy since. Brightfield/Darkfield Microscope • Up to 2000x • Thin metal disk beneath stage converts brightfield to darkfield, making details more visible. Fluorescence Microscope • Up to 1500x • Specimen is treated with fluorescent stains to make certain cell structures or substances glow. Transmission Electron Microscope • Up to 1 000 000 x • Aims a beam of electrons through a specimen. • Denser parts of the specimen let less electrons through. Scanning Electron Microscope • Up to 200 000 x • Sweeps a beam of electrons across the surface of the specimen, producing a 3-D image. Phase-Contrast Microscope • Up to 1500x • Images produced by differences in specimen’s ability to refract light. • Good for viewing living cells. Compound Light Microscope • Up to 1000x (ours 400x) • This is the kind of microscope we will be using in class. • Two lenses increase the total magnification. • This video from 1948 (!) shows the parts & how to use. Parts of the Microscope