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Grammar Review: NOTES We are checking over the notes you should have already taken. You must add what you don’t have! Independent Clause Has a subject and a verb May include phrases of all kinds Always has the main idea/action of the whole sentence Can stand alone as a complete thought Foundation for all 4 sentence types (S, CD, CX, & CDCX) Independent Clause Example Can have just a subject and verb … Joanie swam. Can include phrases … Joanie swam across the pond. Subordinate Clause Has a subject AND a verb May have phrases of all kinds Cannot stand alone; is an incomplete thought; must be tied to/part of an independent clause Can be anywhere in a sentence Clause can be an Adverb or Adjective or Noun clause Must start with a subordinating conjunction or relative pronoun Subordinating Conjunctions After Although As As far as As if As long as As soon as As though Because Before Even though If In order that Since So that Than Though Unless Until When Whenever Where Wherever while These words ALWAYS start the subordinate clause These words always introduce a subject and a verb! Subordinate Clause Example Adverb clause in the front… AS LONG AS WE WANDER AIMLESSLY , AROUND THE FOREST we will remain lost. • Conjunction (as long as) • Subject (we) • Verb (wander) Note comma use! Subordinate Clause Example Adverb clause in the middle , WHILE SHE WORKED ON THE ENTRIES FOR THE BANK , about her Joanie thought vacation in Australia. Conjunction (while) Subject (she) Verb (worked) Note comma use! Subordinate Clause Example Adverb clause in the end Sally worked hard on her project BECAUSE SHE WANTED TO EARN THE TOP PRIZE. •Conjunction (because) •Subject (she) •Verb (wanted) Note NO comma use! Coordinating Conjunctions For And Nor But Or Yet so Used to combine independent clauses together. Uses a comma before the conjunction. A simple sentence has one independent clause, but a compound sentence has TWO independent clauses! Conjunctive Adverbs F – furthermore, finally L – likewise A – also, accordingly T – therefore T – thus H – however, hence I – instead N – nevertheless C – consequently O – otherwise M – moreover B – besides S – similarly, still Create compound sentences Needs both a semicolon and a comma EX: Independent clauses sometimes need clarification , ; consequently we add subordinate clauses, phrases, and other descriptors for understanding. Semicolon Used to create compound sentences Means the same thing as “comma and” ; EX: Sally worked on the project her efforts were noticed by the government. Notice punctuation 3 sentence types taught Simple (one independent clause with one subject and verb pair) Sally cooked dinner and played cards during the football game. 3 sentence types taught compound (two independent clauses and 3 ways to write) Notice punctuation Sally cooked dinner, and she played cards during the football game. Sally was distracted; consequently, her pasta burned. Sally’s burned pasta smoked and sparked; the fire department arrived just in time. 3 sentence types taught complex (one independent clause with one subordinate clause anywhere in the sentence) Notice punctuation While Sally cooked dinner and played cards, the football game ended. This is a good place to take notes! ADJECTIVE CLAUSE Starts with a relative pronoun: who, whom, whose, which, that (sometimes where or when) Describes a noun/pronoun…ALWAYS follows the noun/pronoun it modifies Has a subject and verb The relative pronoun may not only relate to the noun modified, it may also be the subject, direct object, object of the preposition, or possessive adjective within the adjective clause May be essential (no comma) or non-essential (with comma) Adjective Clause Example Joanie’s project that covered DNA combination patterns won first prize. (essential: NO commas) The project, which took 5 years to design, reflected complex DNA patterns in chimps. (non-essential: needs commas) Noun Clauses Used like a noun/pronoun Subject Direct object Indirect object Object of a preposition Predicate nominative Noun Clauses Because it’s used like a noun, it cannot be removed from the sentence like other subordinate clauses. It can be substituted with “Bob” or “it” or some other noun or pronoun to check for usage! Common Intro Words for NOUN Clauses How If That What Whatever When Where Whether Which Who Whoever Whom Whomever Whose Why Noun Clause Example (subject) Used as the Subject Whatever Joanie completed for her project will be evaluated by the review board. Bob…It…The Work will be evaluated by the review board. Substitution makes it easy to see where the noun clause is and what its function is! Noun Clause Example (d.o.) Used as the direct object Joanie gave whatever she had on the assignment to the review board. Joanie gave Bob…it…them to the review board. Substitution makes it easy to see where the noun clause is and what its function is! Noun Clause Example (i.o.) Used as the indirect object Joanie gave who asked for it a copy of the work. Joanie gave Bob… it… them a copy of the work. Substitution makes it easy to see where the noun clause is and what its function is! Noun Clause Example (o.p.) Used as the object of a preposition Joanie gave a copy of the work to whoever asked for it. Joanie gave a copy of the work to Bob…it... Substitution makes it easy to see where the noun clause is and what its function is! Noun Clause Example (p.n.) Used as the predicate nominative (after a linking verb!) Joanie’s favorite ice cream is whatever is full of nuts and marshmallows! Joanie’s favorite ice cream is Bob…it… mint! Substitution USUALLY makes it easy to see where the noun clause is and what its function is! Correlative Conjunctions Both/and Not only/but also Either/or Neither/nor Whether/or These are used to combine ideas within a single clause (usually a simple sentence) EX: Not only do we need strong grammar usage skills but also excellent sentence construction in communicating effectively. Compound-Complex Sentence Has 2 independent clauses Has 1 or more subordinate clauses Clauses can be in any order, which makes these the most difficult sentence type. Will use all types of conjunctions Compound-Complex Sentence EXAMPLE Joanie and Bill live in Seattle because they like the area, but it does rain a lot there. Because they like the area, Joanie and Bill live in Seattle, but it rains a lot there. Joanie and Bill live in Seattle, where it rains a lot, but they like it there. Notice subordinate clause and punctuation 4 Sentence Types in Review Simple Compound 1 independent clause + 1 independent clause Complex 1 subject and 1 verb = 1 clause 1 independent clause + 1 or more subordinate clause(s) Compound-Complex 2 independent clauses + 1 or more subordinate clauses