Download Grammar Review: NOTES

Grammar Review: NOTES
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Independent Clause
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Has a subject and a verb
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May include phrases of all kinds
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Always has the main idea/action of the whole
sentence
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Can stand alone as a complete thought
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Foundation for all 4 sentence types (S, CD, CX, &
CDCX)
Independent Clause Example
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Can have just a subject and verb
… Joanie swam.
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Can include phrases
… Joanie swam across the pond.
Subordinate Clause
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Has a subject AND a verb
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May have phrases of all kinds
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Cannot stand alone; is an incomplete thought; must be
tied to/part of an independent clause
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Can be anywhere in a sentence
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Clause can be an Adverb or Adjective or Noun clause
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Must start with a subordinating conjunction or relative
pronoun
Subordinating Conjunctions
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After
Although
As
As far as
As if
As long as
As soon as
As though
Because
Before
Even though
If
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In order that
Since
So that
Than
Though
Unless
Until
When
Whenever
Where
Wherever
while
These words
ALWAYS start the
subordinate
clause
These words
always introduce
a subject and a
verb!
Subordinate Clause Example
Adverb clause in the front…

AS LONG AS WE WANDER AIMLESSLY
,
AROUND THE FOREST we will remain lost.
• Conjunction
(as long as)
• Subject
(we)
• Verb (wander)
Note
comma
use!
Subordinate Clause Example
Adverb clause in the middle

, WHILE SHE WORKED ON
THE ENTRIES FOR THE BANK , about her
Joanie thought
vacation in Australia.
Conjunction (while)
Subject (she)
Verb (worked)
Note
comma
use!
Subordinate Clause Example
Adverb clause in the end

Sally worked hard on her project BECAUSE
SHE WANTED TO EARN THE TOP PRIZE.
•Conjunction
(because)
•Subject (she)
•Verb (wanted)
Note NO
comma
use!
Coordinating Conjunctions
For
 And
 Nor
 But
 Or
 Yet
 so
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Used to combine independent clauses
together.
Uses a comma before the conjunction.
A simple sentence has one
independent clause, but a compound
sentence has TWO independent
clauses!
Conjunctive Adverbs
F – furthermore, finally
L – likewise
A – also, accordingly
T – therefore
T – thus
H – however, hence
I – instead
N – nevertheless
C – consequently
O – otherwise
M – moreover
B – besides
S – similarly, still


Create compound sentences
Needs both a semicolon and a
comma
EX: Independent clauses
sometimes need clarification
,
;
consequently we add
subordinate clauses, phrases,
and other descriptors for
understanding.
Semicolon
Used to create compound sentences
 Means the same thing as “comma and”

;
EX: Sally worked on the project her efforts
were noticed by the government.
Notice
punctuation
3 sentence types taught
Simple
(one independent
clause with one subject and
verb pair)
Sally
cooked dinner and
played cards during the
football game.
3 sentence types taught
 compound
(two independent clauses
and 3 ways to write)
Notice
punctuation
Sally
cooked dinner, and she played cards
during the football game.
Sally
was distracted; consequently, her
pasta burned.
Sally’s
burned pasta smoked and sparked;
the fire department arrived just in time.
3 sentence types taught
complex
(one independent
clause with one subordinate
clause anywhere in the
sentence)
Notice
punctuation
While
Sally cooked dinner
and played cards, the football
game ended.
This is a good
place to take
notes!
ADJECTIVE CLAUSE

Starts with a relative pronoun: who, whom, whose, which, that
(sometimes where or when)
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Describes a noun/pronoun…ALWAYS follows the noun/pronoun
it modifies

Has a subject and verb

The relative pronoun may not only relate to the noun modified,
it may also be the subject, direct object, object of the
preposition, or possessive adjective within the adjective clause

May be essential (no comma) or non-essential (with comma)
Adjective Clause Example

Joanie’s project that covered DNA combination
patterns won first prize. (essential: NO
commas)

The project, which took 5 years to design,
reflected complex DNA patterns in chimps.
(non-essential: needs commas)
Noun Clauses
Used like a noun/pronoun
Subject
Direct
object
Indirect object
Object of a preposition
Predicate nominative
Noun Clauses
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Because it’s used like a noun, it cannot be
removed from the sentence like other
subordinate clauses.
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It can be substituted with “Bob” or “it” or
some other noun or pronoun to check for
usage!
Common Intro Words for NOUN
Clauses
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How
If
That
What
Whatever
When
Where
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Whether
Which
Who
Whoever
Whom
Whomever
Whose
Why
Noun Clause Example (subject)
Used as the Subject
Whatever Joanie completed for her project
will be evaluated by the review board.
Bob…It…The Work will be evaluated by the
review board.
Substitution makes it easy
to see where the noun
clause is and what its
function is!
Noun Clause Example (d.o.)
Used as the direct object
Joanie gave whatever she had on the
assignment to the review board.
Joanie gave Bob…it…them to the review
board.
Substitution makes it easy
to see where the noun
clause is and what its
function is!
Noun Clause Example (i.o.)
Used as the indirect object
Joanie gave who asked for it a copy of the
work.
Joanie gave Bob… it… them a copy of the
work.
Substitution makes it easy
to see where the noun
clause is and what its
function is!
Noun Clause Example (o.p.)
Used as the object of a preposition
Joanie gave a copy of the work to whoever
asked for it.
Joanie gave a copy of the work to Bob…it...
Substitution makes it easy
to see where the noun
clause is and what its
function is!
Noun Clause Example (p.n.)
Used as the predicate nominative (after a
linking verb!)
Joanie’s favorite ice cream is whatever is full
of nuts and marshmallows!
Joanie’s favorite ice cream is Bob…it… mint!
Substitution USUALLY
makes it easy to see where
the noun clause is and what
its function is!
Correlative Conjunctions
Both/and
 Not only/but also
 Either/or
 Neither/nor
 Whether/or

These are used to combine
ideas within a single clause
(usually a simple sentence)
EX: Not only do we need
strong grammar usage skills
but also excellent sentence
construction in
communicating effectively.
Compound-Complex Sentence
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Has 2 independent clauses
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Has 1 or more subordinate clauses
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Clauses can be in any order, which makes
these the most difficult sentence type.
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Will use all types of conjunctions
Compound-Complex Sentence
EXAMPLE

Joanie and Bill live in Seattle because they
like the area, but it does rain a lot there.

Because they like the area, Joanie and Bill
live in Seattle, but it rains a lot there.

Joanie and Bill live in Seattle, where it
rains a lot, but they like it there.
Notice
subordinate clause
and punctuation
4 Sentence Types in Review
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Simple
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Compound
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1 independent clause + 1 independent clause
Complex
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1 subject and 1 verb = 1 clause
1 independent clause + 1 or more subordinate
clause(s)
Compound-Complex
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2 independent clauses + 1 or more subordinate
clauses