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pGLO Reflection 1.What were we trying to do in this lab? Did we accomplish it? How do you know that the lab was/wasn’t successful? 2.What were the controls used in this lab? What did they show us? 3.What role did arabinose play in the GFP gene expression? Biology 11H Microbiology Fighting Infections – a nod to AP and Immunity Objectives By the end of the lesson you should be able to: • Describe the levels of our immune system • Describe the ways in which we fight back against an infection Immune System The immune system is mainly comprised of lymphatic system and a population of White Blood Cells (WBC) called leukocytes that patrol the circulatory system Immune System Overview • We have 2 ways of fighting infections: 1.Innate Immune System: “non-specific” broken down into 2 types External and Internal 2.Adaptive Immune System: “specific” broken down into 2 types Humoral and Cell-Mediated Innate Immune System Animals are the only organisms with a major immune system External: “barriers” Internal: phagocytes & inflammation 1. SKIN: water-proof, sweat glands, “good” micro-organisms 2. MUCOUS MEMBRANES: lined with mucus – sticks to pathogens, contains lysozyme – disrupts bacterial cell walls 3. CILIATED MEMBRANES: contain cilia, works with mucus to trap and move pathogens 1. PHAGOCYTES: WBCs that patrol circ system and “eat” anything that is foreign, present foreign pieces for specific response 2. INFLAMMATORY RESPONSE: Mast cells at area of infection release histamine and call phagocytes to the infected area. Histamine also increases blood flow to the area ( = red/swelling/hot) INFLAMMATORY RESPONSE Adaptive Immune System The responsibility of the WBCs called lymphocytes that live in the lymphatic system. There are 2 types: B cells & T cells • B Cells: born and raised in the bone marrow. Responsible for the HUMORAL response. • T cells: born in the bone marrow but raised in the thymus gland. Responsible for the CELL-MEDIATED response. Adaptive Immunity: Humoral Response • Responsibility of the B cells • Results in the production of antibodies SPECIFIC to the antigen of the invading pathogen STEPS: 4. The cloned B cell creates 2 types 1. Phagocytes present antigens to Helper T cells cells: Plasma cells and Memory B cells 2. 3. Helper T cells activate B cells Plasma Cells: make and secrete B cells produce different antigen receptors until the reactive one is made. This B cell is cloned. antibodies to the circ. system Memory B Cells: circulate in the lymphatic system in case of future infection from same pathogen So what?? Why antibodies??? Antibodies can cause 3 different responses when they’ve attached to an antigen 1.Opsonization: tagged pathogens are “eaten” by macrophage 2.Neutralization: tagged pathogens are unable to infect other cells 3.Complement Activation: complement system forms pores in the cell membrane of tagged pathogen - LYSIS!! Adaptive Immunity: Cell-Mediated Response • Responsibility of T cells • Results in activation of T cells that recognize specific antigens STEPS: 1. Phagocyte presents antigen to Helper T Cell 2.Activated Helper T Cell activates specific T Cells 3. Activated specific T Cells creates 2 populations of T Cells: Cytotoxic T cell and Memory T Cells Cytotoxic T Cells: find cells with specific antigen Memory T Cells: circulate lymphatic system in case of future infection by same pathogen 4. Cytotoxic T Cells trigger death by secreting perforin (creates holes in pathogen’s cell membrane)