Download Summary and example

Unit One – Scientific Thinking
and Connections in Biology
Science answers
The WHY and
HOW of the
world
Warm-up #1
Aug. 28th
Copy the steps and
come up with an
example for each.
 Get out your:
 composition books
 signed policies
procedures
 handbook money
1.1 What is Science?
 Science is NOT just a collection of facts, concepts and useful
ideas, but rather a method of investigating nature and
discovering reliable knowledge.
 Reliable knowledge is knowledge that has a high probability of
being true because it has been justified by a reliable method.
There are three critical components to reliable
scientific/critical thinking.
 The use of empirical evidence – evidence you can
experience (see, hear, etc) and that can be
repeated, versus circumstantial evidence,
testimonial evidence and authoritarian evidence
 The practice of logical reasoning – requires
careful analysis of evidence before:
Deductive reasoning – drawing conclusions based on
evidence
 Inductive reasoning – expanding on conclusions

 The use of skepticism – constant questioning of
the source and reliability of your beliefs and
conclusions, holding beliefs tentatively, requiring
adequate evidence or reason (Schafersman,
1997).
Summary and example:
The Scientific Method collects data using the critical
analysis traits that scientists value.
Summary and example:
Summary and example:
Summary and example:
Summary and example:
Summary and example:
Warm-up
Control
Group
Group that is NOT being
tested with the independent
variable. Often set up with
NORMAL conditions and
WITHOUT the tested
variable.
Acts as a STANDARD of
COMPARISON to see if
the variable really does have
an effect.
August 29
#2
Independent variable
Vs.
Dependent Variable
Independent variable (IV) is
the one changing factor in
an experiment.
The dependent variable (DV)
is the measureable results
of the change
Marissa is testing if cherry, orange, or
plain alkasetlzer tablets will dissolve the
fastest in room temperature water.
 What does Biology study? Science is divided into disciplines that
examine different components of the natural world.
Biology is the study of life.
The smallest unit of life is a cell.
Some organisms are multi-cellular and
consist of tissues, organs and organ
systems.
In order to understand cells, we need to
know what they are made of.
EVERYTHING, living or non-living is
made of matter.
The smallest unit of matter is an atom.
Multiple atoms are held together by
bonds to form both small and large
molecules.
 The matter in the universe is arranged in
repeating units that give each set of matter
unique characteristics. All matter is
composed of atoms of elements.
Important elements to life include
Carbon, Hydrogen and Oxygen. Other
important elements are abbreviated as
CHNOPS.
 These elements bond together by sharing electrons to form
molecules.
 Molecules can be grouped as organic (contains CHO) or
inorganic.The most important inorganic molecule is water.
 All life is carbon-based and there are four important organic
macromolecules needed to build cells. Carbohydrates, Proteins,
Lipids, and Nucleic Acids.
Summary:
Sharing Lab Results
 My group decided to test……..
 Here is how we tested….. Our control was….. Our
independent variable was……
 After analyzing our data we found out that……. This
(accepted or rejected) our hypothesis
 Our sources of error were……..
Warm-up # 3
August 30
“Testing the Greenhouse Effect”
Discovery Education
 Watch the Mythbusters video:
 Watch the scientific process we discussed as you watch the
video see if you can identify the following:
 Independent variable?
 Dependent variable?
 Control?
 Experimental groups?
 Constants?
 Good or bad experimental design? Explain WHY
Ticket out the Door
 1. Explain what makes science RELIABLE.
 2. A controlled experiment will only have ____ changing
variable.
 3. Maria tested the effect of different fertilizer on the growth of
her grass.
 Independent variable?
 Dependent variable?
 Control?
 4. What is the smallest unit of LIFE (it is considered to be
LIVING)?
 5. Why are buffers important in our body?
Warm-up
Aug.31st
#4
Buffer
Macromolecules
A chemical that is resistant
to change in pH.These
chemicals help regulate
the pH in living things
and maintain
homeostasis.
“giant molecules” made of
hundreds to thousands of
smaller molecules
:
The “Core Four” Organic Compounds
 Carbohydrates
 Lipids
 Nucleic Acids
 Proteins
So what does our body break these
organic molecules down into?
http://kitses.com/animation/swfs/digestion.swf
 Macromolecules (or polymers) are made of small repeating units
called monomers (aka subunits).Your body needs these molecules
to perform functions.Your source of these is the food you eat. It is
possible to use chemistry to perform indicator tests to see if
these macromolecules are found in a sample.
 Carbohydrates are atoms of C, H, O arranged into a polygon monomer
called a monosaccharide.
 Examples of small carbs are glucose and sucrose. These are quick
energy sources for your cells.
 Examples of large carbs are starch and glycogen. These are longer energy because
they are bigger.
 Plants have a special carb called cellulose. This big carb provides
support for plants as part of their cell wall.
Carbohydrates provide ENERGY
through Cellular Respiration
Chemical Indicator
 Benedict’s indicates glucose is present by turning from blue
to orange if boiled. Iodine indicates if starch is present by
turning from yellow/orange to blue/black.
Warm-up Sept. 4th
Monosaccharide
The subunit of a carbohydrate.
Example is glucose
(DRAW a picture of a
monosaccacharide)
#5
Carbohydrate
(polysaccharides)
A long chain of
monosaccharides bonded
together.
Examples include glycogen,
cellulose, and starch
Which is the MONOMER?
Which is the POLYMER?
 Lipids are atoms of C, H, O
arranged into a monomer
called a triglyceride
(glycerol and three fatty
acids). Lipids have long tails
called fatty acids. These can
be saturated or unsaturated.
Unsaturated fatty acids form
kinks and are liquid at room
temperature like plant oils.
 Lipids are important sources
of long-term energy. They
are often stored by animals
and can serve as insulation
and protection as well.
 The most important type is a
phospholipid. Phospholipids’
unique shapes form the cell
membrane around the
outside of EVERY cell.
Chemical Indicator for Lipids
The indicator for
lipids is a brown
paper bag. Lipids
get absorbed and
leave a
transparent spot.
 Nucleic acids are atoms of
CHNOP arranged into a 3-part
monomer called a nucleotide.
Nucleotides come in multiple
different types and can store
information in their sequence.
 Deoxyribonucleic acid (aka DNA) is a
double strand of nucleotides that carries
the code for cells to make their needed
molecules like proteins.
 Ribonucleic acid (aka RNA) is a
single strand of nucleotides that
performs different jobs to help
DNA make proteins.
 Proteins are atoms of
CHNOPS arranged into
a monomer called an
amino acid. Amino
acids come in 20
different types and
MUST go in the right
order to form the right
shaped protein.
 A protein’s shape is important to the
job it performs. There are 6
important jobs.
 Structure – like hair, nails, muscle
Communication – like the
hormone insulin
 Immune protection – like
antibodies
 Absorb light – like melanin and
chlorophyll
 Transport – like hemoglobin in
your blood
 Enzymes – like catalase that
breaks down hydrogen peroxide
Chemical Indicator for Protein
Biurent indicates if protein is present by
turning from blue to purple.

These four macromolecules are found in EVERY living thing on
Earth. Cells make and break down these molecules as part of the
cell’s regulation and homeostasis needed for survival.
5 for 5 for 5
5 sentences using 5 vocabulary words for 5 minutes
Summary:
Warm-up
sept. 5th
 Protein
#6
Nucleic Acid
 Made of amino acids and
perform many functions
for living things. For
instance they build
certain parts of
organisms (hair, nails,
muscle) and they can be
enzymes, which speed
up reaction rates.
 What chemical indicator
tests for the presence of
proteins? How would
we know protein is
present?
 Made of nucleotides
 Functions are they determine
our traits and help with the
making of proteins.
 Examples include DNA and
RNA
Organic Compound Progress Check
 1. What elements would be found in an ORGANIC molecule?
 2. Explain the difference between a polymer and a monomer.
 3. A storage form of carbohydrate for plants is called _____, in







animals extra carbohydrates are stored as ________.
4. What two organic molecules provide ENERGY?
5. The doubled stranded nucleic acid is _____.
6. The shape of a protein determines its ________.
7. The subunit of a carbohydrate is a __________.
8. The subunit of a lipid is ________ and ______ _____.
9. The subunit of a nucleic acid is a ____________.
10. The subunit of a protein is an ______ _____.
 Regulating conditions is
accomplished by through the
use of enzymes. Enzymes
have 4 unique properties.
 Enzymes speed up chemical
reactions (synthesizingbringing substrates together,
OR decomposition breaking
one substrate down) by
bringing substrates together,
thus lowering the activation
energy. Since enzymes are
usually proteins, they are
called organic catalysts.
 Enzymes have a specifically
shaped active site that fits
with only certain substrates.
Enzymes
 Functions
 Lowers Activation
Energy (energy needed
to start a reaction)
 Maintain homeostasis by
catalyzing (speeding up)
chemical reactions
Enzymes
 Enzymes are unchanged
during the reaction, so
they are reusable.
 Enzymes work at their
optimum rate in only some
conditions. Changes in pH,
temperature and salinity
can denature the enzyme
or change its shape. Now
the substrates don’t fit and
the reaction doesn’t occur.
Synthesis Reaction
Substrate 1
+
Enzyme
Substrate 2
+
Product
Enzyme-Substrate Complex
Enzyme
Decomposition Reaction
Substrate
Product 1
+
Enzyme
Enzyme-Substrate Complex
Product 2
Enzyme animations
 Mr. wannamaker
Enzyme Reaction Illustrations
 Follow the directions on the yellow sheet to complete the
enzyme activity.
 Each group will turn in ONE poster, make sure everything
is COLORED (enzyme yellow, substrates blue, products
green), and LABELED
 All vocabulary, illustrations (draw once group poster is
completed) and summary sentences should be completed in
YOUR journal.
Warm-up Sept. 5th
Enzyme
A protein that is a biological catalyst
and speeds up chemical reactions. An
enzyme is shaped to fit with only one
specific substrate. Three factors can
affect enzymes: temperature, pH, and
salinity.
Substrate
A reaction starts with the
substrate. During the
reaction, it is changed and
becomes the products.
Enzyme Reaction
Summary
Enzyme
Denature
Protein
Specific
activation energy
active site
Warm-up
Sept. 7th
Indicators:
chemicals or tools that
indicate a substance is
present by changing
color.
#8
Examples of
Indicators:
 pH paper for acids and bases
 Iodine tests for starch
 Benedict’s tests for simple
sugars (glucose)
 Biuret tests for proteins
 Brown paper bag tests for
lipids
Check Yourself!!
 Check answers for pgs. 9-12 ---HONOR
CODE!
 Take ONLY a colored pencil or highlighter
to the lab station
 Correct your answers
 Write a total number missed beside your
name
QUIZ
Enzymes are which type of organic molecule?
2.
Enzymes speed up or ______________ chemical reactions by lowering the
___________ energy needed to start the reaction.
3.
If a proteins shape is changed it is said to have _____.
4.
List two conditions that can cause a protein to change shapes and no longer
function.
5.
The iodine test indicates the presence of ______ by changing to a blue/black
color.
6.
Biuret indicates the presence of protein by changing from blue to __________.
7.
How do we test for the presence of lipids?
8.
Benedicts solution tests for ________ by changing from blue to a red-orange
color.
Match each organic molecule with its correct monomer.
 9. Carbohydrates
a. triglyceride (glycerol and fatty acids)
 10. Proteins
b. monosaccharide
 11. Lipids
c. nucleotide
 12. Nucleic Acids
d. amino acid
1.
Warm-up
Sept. 10
 Synthesis
 To make, create, or
build materials
 Organisms are constantly
making (synthesizing) proteins
that are essential to life
#9
 Metabolism
 All chemical
reactions occurring
in an organism
 This includes building
new molecules and
breaking molecules
down
Is it Living?
 From the list below, write down the things that you think are
considered “living”.
tree
grass
sun
rock
seed
potato
fire
egg
leaf
boy
wind
bacteria cell
fossil
river
rabbit cloud
molecule feather
butterfly mushroom
 Explain your thinking. What “rule” or reasoning did you use to
decide if something could be considered living?

1.2 Living organisms share many characteristics, such as
having enzymes. These characteristics can be described in
many ways, but one method is to list all the processes that
living organisms perform.
What characteristics make something LIVING???
Synthesis – to make ; organisms
build hair and nails (proteins!!)
Transport – to move; organisms
move things within their body,
like using blood
Excretion – to get rid of waste;
organisms get rid of solid, liquid
and gas waste
Regulation – to control; organisms
control their body temperature
Nutrition – food source; organisms
either make or consume food
Growth and development – to
increase in size/change; multicellular
organisms get bigger
Respiration – to break down sugars
for energy; organisms all need
energy in the form of ATP
Reproduction – to make more
organisms; either asexually or
sexually, organisms make offspring
 Together these reactions and processes
make up an organism’s metabolism.
Summary:
Warm-up #10
STERNGRR is LIFE
Use your notes from
yesterday to explain the
acronym
 Living organisms share many characteristics, but they come in
many different forms. Organisms can be grouped or classified
into 6 main kingdoms based on their similarities and differences.
 Eubacteria – a kingdom of simple unicellular organisms known
as prokaryotes. These are the main bacteria you hear of like
Staph, Strep and Salmonella.
 Archaebacteria– a kingdom of simple prokaryotic unicellular
organisms that live in extreme environments. They are even
found living in the Dead Sea!
 Protists – a
kingdom of
complex cells with
a nucleus, but
some are
unicellular, some
are multi. These
include algae and
brain-eating
amoebas!
 Plantae – a kingdom of complex multicellular organisms who make
their own food. They are divided into 4 main groups within this
kingdom.
 Fungi – a kingdom of complex organisms that consume their
food extracellularly. These include mushrooms, molds and
yeasts.
 Animalia – a kingdom of complex organisms that move and
consume food.
 Some don’t fit…. Viruses!!! These organisms don’t have cells
and don’t perform any of the life functions on their own. In
order to survive, they must invade YOUR cells to reproduce!
Summary:
Warm-up
Sept. 12
#11
The 6 kingdoms of life are…..
From your notes yesterday, list and
explain ONE thing about that
kingdom that sets it apart from the
rest.
STERNGRR Project
 Each group of 3 will be assigned a living organism
 You will need to research how that organism carries out each life
process (STERNGRR)
 Create a powerpoint presentation with pictures and slidesfollow the rubric
 Present – short 4 to 5 min. presentation
Review for Test
 Presentations
 Bio apps 1.2
 Don’t forget Review
 Test tomorrow if multiple choice with a short answer essay.
This test includes ALL topics covered in the notes for 1.1 and
1.2 (Scientific Method, Basic chemistry, organic chemistry,
enzyme reactions, STERNGRR, life characteristics, 6
kingdoms of life)
Warm-up Sept. 13 #12
A picture is worth a thousand words!
 Using your knowledge
of
MACROMOLECULES
and STERNGRR life
functions to
EXPLAIN (using
vocabulary from this
unit) the importance of
the items pictured to
OUR body.