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Chapter 2 Matter and Change Chemistry pg. 38 2.1 Properties of Matter • Properties used to describe matter are classified as: 1. Extensive – depends on the amount of matter in a sample ex. Mass, volume 2. Intensive – depends on the type of matter in a sample, not the amount ex. Color, hardness, boiling point Substance • Matter that has a uniform and definite composition ex. Gold, copper (pure substances) Every sample has identical intensive properties because every sample has the same composition Physical Property • A quality or condition of a substance that can be observed or measured without changing the substance’s composition • Help chemists identify substances • Hardness • Color • Conductivity • Malleability (see Table 2.1, Pg. 40) Three states of matter • Solid-definite shape, volume, not easily compressed • Liquid-indefinite shape, flows, definite volume, almost incompressible • Gas-indefinite shape, indefinite volume, easily compressed • http://www.chem.purdue.edu/gchelp/liquids/ character.html Physical Changes • Properties of a material change but the composition does not ex. Boil, freeze, melt, condense AND break, split, grind, cut, crush Physical changes can be REVERSIBLE or IRREVERSIBLE Classifying Matter (2.2 and 2.3) • Matter…has mass, takes up space • Mixture…physical blend of two or more components –Based on distribution, can be homogeneous or heterogeneous Heterogeneous Matter • The composition is not uniform throughout • Considered a mixture because more than one phase –Any region with a uniform set of properties Examples? Homogeneous Matter • The composition is uniform throughout • One phase…components evenly distributed Mixture (solution) Substance Solutions • Homogeneous mixtures • Solute in a solvent (dissolves the solute) • Many are liquids, but can be gases or solids Substances • Homogeneous matter, same composition throughout Elements Compounds -one kind of atom -2 or more elements chemically joined -fixed proportions Not sure, use the chart Separating mixtures • Distillation - a liquid is boiled to produce a vapor which is condensed into a liquid Other ways? distillation • How to perform simple distillation in the chemistry lab | Wonder How To 2.3 Elements and Compounds • Substances classified as 1. ____________- simplest form of matter that has a unique set of properties (O, H) 2. ___________- substance that contains 2 or more elements chemically combined in a fixed proportion (C6H12O6) • Compounds can be broken down by _____________ means. • Elements cannot be broken down • Chemical change produces matter with a different composition than the original matter Sugar Carbon + Water Properties of Compounds • Generally, properties of compounds are different from their component elements • Sodium - soft, gray metal, reacts with oxygen + • Chlorine - yellow-green poisonous gas Sodium chloride Reaction Distinguishing Substances and Mixtures • If the composition of a material is fixed, the material is a substance examples? • If the composition of a material may vary, the material is a mixture examples? Classifying Matter • Classify the following materials as an element, compound, or mixture. a. Table salt b. Salt water c. Sodium Symbols and Formulas • Chemical symbols O, C, Na, Ne elements • Chemical formulas CO2 , H2O compounds 2.4 Chemical Reactions • Chemical Property – the ability of a substance to undergo a specific chemical change (describes the way a substance may react to form other substances) examples? - can be observed only when a substance undergoes a chemical change • Fig. 2.13 (pg. 53) Chemical reaction S + Fe *physical - composition of matter never changes *chemical – composition of matter always changes Chemical change = chemical reaction Reactants Products • Chemical change = chemical reaction (one or more substances change into one or more new substances) Reactants Products Recognizing Chemical Changes 4 Ways: 1. 2. 3. 4. • Precipitate an insoluble substance that forms in, and separates from, a solution Identify clues for chemical changes magnesium ribbon in flame Sodium iodide solution added to mercury(II) chloride solution Law of Conservation of Mass • In any physical change or chemical reaction, mass is ________________. mass of products = mass of reactants